ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื’
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื’
  • ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
undefined
23619
8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืจื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–"ืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืšืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืขืจ ืื•ืชื ืืกื•ืจ, ืืœื ืืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžื”ื ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืฉืื“ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืคืจื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืฆืขืจ. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ื—ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืžืžืฆื•ืงืชื” 1 .

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื”, ืฉืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืจื, ื”ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื–ื•? ืืœื ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื–ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื“ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉื ื• ืกืคืง ืžื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ื”ืžื”, ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืจื’ืข ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืงืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื‘ืœ. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืจื“ื• ื‘ื“ื’ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ื›ื—), ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืื›ื–ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื.

ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื˜ืื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื ืคืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืžืขืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืœืื˜ื•ื ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืฉื—ืชื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื“ืจื“ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืœื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืง, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’. ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืชื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื™ื—ื“ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืจืง ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืจื•ืžืžื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ื—: "ื›ื™ืจืง ืขืฉื‘ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜, ื’; ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื˜, ื‘).

ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ืื™ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ - ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ืขื“ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข - ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ื— ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืฆื‘ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื ื ื—ื“ืœ ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืœื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœื ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืื–ื™ ืžืกืคืจื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื™ ืžืขื˜.

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืœื, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ, ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืชื—ื“ืฉื•, ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื, ื•ืื– ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื (ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘').

ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื‘"ืž ืคื”, ื) ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืžืคืขืœื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” - ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ืขืœื™ื• ื’ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื. ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืงื—ื• ืขื’ืœ ืœืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื’ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืœื•, ื‘ืจื— ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืคื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื’ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ื”. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืœืขื’ืœ: ืœืš ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื˜, ื›ื™ ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืงื˜ืจื•ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื’ืœ, ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ืžื›ืื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืฉืชืŸ. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืงืชื” ืฉืคื—ืชื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืฆืื” ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœื–ื•ืจืงื. ืืžืจ ืœื” ืจื‘ื™, ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ ืœื”ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•" (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืžื”, ื˜). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืจื—ืžื•, ื•ื ืกืชืœืงื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื•.

ืืฃ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื, ื‘ืื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื. ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—. ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืจื“ ืžืžืขืœืชื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื’ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืœื ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื’ืœ, ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื ืžืขืœืชื• ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื’ืœ, ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืžืขื˜ ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ื™ืชืจืฆื”. ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฆืขืจื• ื•ื’ืจืฉื•, ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืจื™ื—ืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื (ืข"ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื').

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ื“ืงื“ืงื• ืขื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืš ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื–ื›ื›ื ื•ืœื˜ื”ืจื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืฉืื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื“ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœืชื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื›ื• ื•ืœื˜ื”ืจื•, ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืกืจ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื (ื‘"ืž ืฉื).
ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืืœื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืชื•ืงืŸ, ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื.

ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื ืš ืœืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืžืืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ? ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื’ืชื” ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื›'ืชืื•ื•ื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื›ื™ ืชืื•ื” ื ืคืฉืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉืš ืชืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื‘, ื›). ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ืชืื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื•ืชื” ืจืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืชืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื“'). ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื, ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื“ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืขืช ื•ืจื’ืฉ, ื•ื›ืฉืžืขื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื• ืขื•ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ื•ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืขืช. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš", ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ืฉื ื•' ื–').

ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืคื‘, ื), ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ืจืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื—ืžืœื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื ื•ืจื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ืชื— ืืฆืœื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื: "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ื™ืœืชื, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ื ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื ืื›ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื". ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืจืฉืข ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืคื•ื ื, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื’ื ื•ื‘, ืœืขืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•' ื™"ื). ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ.

ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืชืจื•ืžื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชืขืœื• ื‘ืžืขืœืชื ื•ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื“ ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืžืขืœืชื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืชืฉืชื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื™ื, ื•-ื˜): "ื•ื’ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืขื ื›ื‘ืฉ, ื•ื ืžืจ ืขื ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืจื‘ืฅ, ื•ืขื’ืœ ื•ื›ืคื™ืจ ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื•, ื•ื ืขืจ ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื. ื•ืคืจื” ื•ื“ื‘ ืชืจืขื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ื• ื™ืจื‘ืฆื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืืจื™ื” ื›ื‘ืงืจ ื™ืื›ืœ ืชื‘ืŸ. ื•ืฉืขืฉืข ื™ื•ื ืง ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืคืชืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืžืื•ืจืช ืฆืคืขื•ื ื™ ื’ืžื•ืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื“ื”. ืœื ื™ืจืขื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™, ื›ื™ ืžืœืื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ืขื” ืืช ื”' ื›ืžื™ื ืœื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ื". ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื. ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ื‘, ื›): "ื•ื›ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืขื ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ืขื ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืจืžืฉ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืงืฉืช ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ" (ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื™"ื‘ ืœ"ื‘).

ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ
ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™, ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื ื˜, ื‘). ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืžื“ืจื’ืชื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื‘ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืงื›ื˜, ื‘, ื“"ื” 'ื›ื™ืฆื“'). ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื’, ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืขื ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื , ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื‘, ื). ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.

ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉืžื—ื”, ืžืžื™ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืขืจืš ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืจื“ ืžืžื“ืจื’ืชื•, ื”ื“ื•ืžื, ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื ืคืœื• ืžืžื“ืจื’ืชื ื•ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืจืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” - ื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืฉื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืกื, ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืกืคื’ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžืชืขืœื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ืช ืื“ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื™ื•ื ืง ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืžื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื ืœืžื“ืจื’ืช ืฆื•ืžื—. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืžื— ืœืžื“ืจื’ืช ื—ื™. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”', ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื• ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื– ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืขืฉื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืื—"ื› ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžื ืขื• ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืฉื•ืช. ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื’ืžืชื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื›ื™ืœืชื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืชื, ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื.

ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืจืฉืข ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืžื˜, ื‘). ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš, ืฉืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื•ืœืื•ื›ืœื. ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื—ืก ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•. ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืข ืœืœื™ื‘ื, ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืฉืœื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ("ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“" ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจ). ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”', ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

^ 1. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืฅ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉืื• ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื“ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืืœืช ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ ื—"ื ืง"ื™ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื, ื›ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ "ื™ื—ืก ื ืื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
undefined

ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืžื—ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื–"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ืคื•ืจืช ื–"ืœ
  • ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
     ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฅ (ื›ืฆืœ'ื”)
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il