ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื ืขืกื•ืง ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืฆื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ (ืชืง"ืข-ืชืจืž"ื’, 1810-1883). ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืชืจืขืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื™ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ืืžืŸ, ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืืžื ื™ื, ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ื›ืฅ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื 'ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ'.
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกืก ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื (ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื•ื‘ืงื•ื‘ื ื”). ืื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื™"ื—, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื ื ื“ืคืกื• ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืืฆืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื”.

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืžืžืœ, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืœื™ื˜ื, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืกืœื ื˜. ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื (ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื—"ื 174-176)
ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืฉืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืงืจื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœืคืจื™ื– ืฉื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื’ืžืจื, "ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืจื™ื– ืขื ื’ืžืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื" (ืฉื ืข' 217.)

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข
ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืกืง ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืขื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืœื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืฉืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ "ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ืกืจ ืœืื“ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช - ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื™ื—ืกืจื• ืœื• ืžืื” ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“".
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื”ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืคืขื ื ืกืข ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืง"ืž ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืขื ืจื•ืคื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื”. ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆืจืš ืœืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉืคื”, ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื“"ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืจื‘ืชื” ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžื• ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืงืœืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื•ืกื™", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ืขืžื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืคื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื™ื (ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื—"ื ืข' 204-206).

ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ ื›ืฅ: "ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืœืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื ืื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ื–ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืชืžืš ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื–ื™ื’ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ" (ืฉื ืข' 209). ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžืฉื ืช 'ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ' ืœืคื™ื” ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืงื‘ืœื• ื’ื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื“"ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื.

ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื, ืขื•ื“ื“ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืฃ ื ืœื—ืžื• ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื•, ืงืจื ืœื• ื•ืืžืจ: "ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื ื™ ื‘ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืจื›ื•ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืœื–ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืคืœืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืื—"ื› ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’), ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ ื ืคืชืœื™ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืฉื 210).
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื—ื™ื ืš ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืกื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื ืจืชืข ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื—ื™ื ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœื ื™ื (ืฉื ืข' 163).
ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืขืžื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื ืฉืืจื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืœ ื”ืชื” ื•ื™ืกื•ืฆืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื”.

ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืื” ื•ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื•ื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช.
ืืžื ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืœื— ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืจื•ืคื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืคื ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืŸ. ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ืื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื• ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื˜ืช 'ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ', ื•ื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (ืฉื ืข' 168).

ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืœื ื•ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ื•, 'ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืงืœื', ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืงืœื ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื, ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื—"ื› ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื”ื ืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืื”.
ืืœื ืฉื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื•ื• ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืฉืžื ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืฉื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื‘ื, ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœ ืขื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืง ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื™ืกืœ ืกืžืš ืฉื™ื™ื“ืข ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ื–ื”. ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื™ืกืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ (ืฉื ืข' 209). ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื–ื™ืกืœ ื–ื™ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื”.

ืจืง ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื
ืืžื ื ื“ืขืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืขืกืงื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข. ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ื•ืืฃ ื”ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจืš ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืจืื”, ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืชื•, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืชื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืœื, ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื’ื ื‘ืงืœื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื“ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื‘ืขื–"ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ.


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