ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื‘ื”ืžืชื• ืœื ื•ื— ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื”ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืขืฉื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ื™ื‘): "ืฉืึตืฉืึถืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืช ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธื ื•ึผื—ึท ืฉืื•ึนืจึฐืšึธ ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึดื ึผึธืคึตืฉื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึตืจ". ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืœื ืชืขืฉื”', ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื™): "ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืœึทื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ, ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึดื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืชึผึถืšึธ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ". ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืœ"ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืชื” ืื• ืžืœืงื•ืช (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื“, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›, ื-ื‘).
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ื’ื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื”, ื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืกื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืœืคื™ื. ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” - ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืืช ืžืฉืื•ืช.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื“ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ื”ืžื” ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืื” ืื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ืžื—ืžืจ'. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ืคืงืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฉื ืฉืขืœื™ื”, ืืœื ืฉืื ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ 'ืœื ืชืขืฉื”', ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 'ืขืฉื”' ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื‘ื”ืžืชื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืกื•, ื-ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื–-ื—). ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. (ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื•, ื™ื˜).
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื”ืžืชื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืžืฉืื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื™ืคืงื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื•, ื’). ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงื ื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื ื•ื™ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ ืื—ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื•, ื”).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืžืชื• ืื• ืกื•ืกื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื: "ื—ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉื, ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื•. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืœืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื” ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืชื•ื ืœื‘ื”ืžื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื™ื—). ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืค"ื” ื”"ื‘), ื•ืฉืžื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืชื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ืงื•ืฆืจ' (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื•, ื‘).
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืœ, ื’). ื•ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžืกืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืจื•ืขื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื’ื•ื™, ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืฆื–, ื’-ื”). ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืชืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืžืจืฉื•ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืชืฆื ืžืขืฆืžื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื, ืื• ืฉืจื•ืขื” ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืฆืžื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื (ืจืž"ื ืฉื”, ื›ื’, ืž"ื‘ ืขื˜).

ื‘ - ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื”ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืื” ื•ื‘ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื”
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ืชืฆื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื›ืจืžืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืžืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื ืžืจื“ืขืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ืžื ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืขื ืžืจื“ืขืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžืฉื. ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ืขื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืฆืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื ื–ืงื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืžืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชืœื›ืœืš. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืคืœื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื•). ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืœืžืขื ื” ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื—ืจื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื™ื).
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืฉืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื•ืืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ, ื•ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืœ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืคืงื•ืง ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืงื•ืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืžื” ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ื ื’, ื; ื ื“, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ืฉื”, ืžื‘-ืžื’. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืคืœ ืœืืคืกืจ).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกื•ืก ื‘ืจืกืŸ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืกืจ, ืฉืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืจื ืฉื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ืชืœื ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ืจื—ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจืกืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืจืกืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืœื—ืžื•ืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœืœ: ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืฉืื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื—).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœื‘ ืœืฆืืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืื• ืงืฉื™ืจืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื”; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘). ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื˜ืคืœ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื•, ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื• ื˜ืคื— ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ืœื‘ ืœื ื™ืฉืชืœืฉืœ ืขื“ ื˜ืคื— ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ. ื•ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ืจื›ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืš ืœื ื™ืฉืชืœืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื˜ื–).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื‘ ื ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ืœื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื›ืœื‘, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื” ืœื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ (ืืžื ื ื‘ืืจื—"ืฉ ืœื, ื™ื–, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื“, ืœื˜, ื•ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื’ ื›ื–, ืžื˜, ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”, ื ื˜).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื‘ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื“ืกืงื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืื• ืœืื•ื–ื ื•, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื•. 1

ื’ - ื”ืื›ืœืช ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืื›ืœ ืžื”ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืงื•ืฆืจ', ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœืช ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื‘, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื“, ื™ื’).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืชืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ืช, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื, ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืš. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืžืœืื›ื”, ืืกืจื• ื–ืืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื—ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื“, ื™ื, ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ื•ื™ื•ื ื™').
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืจืขื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืžื”, ื˜): "ื•ึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึธื™ื• ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื™ื•", ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืฉื›ื“, ื‘-ื’; ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืœื).
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”' ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ืœื˜-ืž; ืž"ื‘ ืงื ื).
ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื”ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ืคื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืื›ื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื˜ืจื—ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื”, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื“, ื˜-ื™).
ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืคื˜ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืขื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืชื—ื‘ื• ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืจืขื‘ื• ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืคื˜ื ืื•ืชื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืคื˜ืžื ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื›ื“, ื›ื–). ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืคื˜ื ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื (ืขื™' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื, ื•ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื›ื•).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื ื‘ืœื” ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ืชื•ืš, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืงืœ ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืชื, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ืจื—ื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื“, ื’-ื—).

ื“ - ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช
ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจื”, ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช 'ืžืคืจืง' ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ืช 'ื“ืฉ', ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื”, ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื”, ื).
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื—ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืคืจื” ื—ื•ืœื‘ืช, ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘, ื•ืื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืœื ื™ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื”, ืชืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ื•ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืœืžื•ื›ืจื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื›).
ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืœื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื• ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืคื’ืœ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืขืจ ืžื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื–ืืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื ื™ืขืช ืฆืขืจ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. 2
ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื”, ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ื ืฆืžื“ ืœืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘. ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ืœื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœืคืจื•ืช ืฆืขืจ. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื•ื™, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ, ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืขืฆืžื”. ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืง ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื™): "ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื”", ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื ืฉืืกืจื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื”. ื•ื›ืืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื—ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœืช 'ื’ืจืžื' ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœื‘.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืื ื™ื—ืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืœื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืขืจ ืžื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื . ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืžืืฉื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื, ื™ื–).

ื” - ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื›ื’, ื”), ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”' ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”' ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืชื ืžืžืงื•ืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื’ื•ืจืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืจื™ืžื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืฉื—, ืœื˜-ืž).
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“, ื›ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื, ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืฆืขืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ื—ืคื ืื• ืœื’ื•ืจืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืจื™ืžื (ื•ื›"ื› ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉืคื’, ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื˜, ืงื›ื“).
ืื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืื”, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืงื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืžื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข - ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืจื™ืžื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื” ื›ื‘, ื›ื) ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš (ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื—, ืขื“). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. 3
ื“ื’ ืฉืงืคืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ืœืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ื—ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื’ 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”' ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื•. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”'. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ืขื™' ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื™ื˜, ืž"ื‘ ืข, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื›ื—).
ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ืžืช, ื•ืื ื™ืฉืื™ืจื•ื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื. ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืชื•ืœ ืื• ื›ืœื‘, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ื”ื (ืข' ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื›ื˜).

ื• - ืžืœืื›ืช ืฆื™ื“ื”
ืฆื™ื“ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆื“ื™ื ืชื—ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื ืชื›ืœืช ืœืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช (ืฉื‘ืช ืขื’, ื, ื•ืจืฉ"ื™; ืฉื‘ืช ืขื”, ื).
ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ืฉืจื ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืจื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื’).
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืคืจื”, ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœื‘, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื” (ืจืž"ื ืฉื˜ื–, ื™ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื ื˜). ืืžื ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœืžื•ืฉื›ื ืœื“ื™ืจ ืื• ืœืžืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ืž; ืœืขื™ืœ ื›, ื’).
ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืžื˜ ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื ืœืชื•ืคืกื•, ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื•ื‘ื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• (ืจืž"ื ืฉื˜ื–, ื™ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื ื– ื•ื ื˜). ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ืื• ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• (ืข' ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื; ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ืœื•).
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื•ืคืกื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ื•ืฉืื—ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืชื•ืคืกื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืจื•ืฅ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื• ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืชื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืื ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉื ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื).
ื’ื ืฆื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื‘ ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื” - ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืจืž"ื ืฉื˜ื–, ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื™).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืœืฆื™ื“ืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืชืฆื•ื“ (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื™ื—). ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื›ื”).
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื• ืชื•ื›ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ื•ืื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคืชื— ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘: ืื ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœื™ืืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘. ื•ืื ื”ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืœื™ืืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช (ืคืž"ื’, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื˜ื–, ื•, 'ื•ื”ืœืš').

ื– - ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
ื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื ืงืœืขื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฆืจ ื•ืœืชื•ืคืกื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื ื›ื ืก ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช. ื•ืื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื”). ื•ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืก ืงื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืจืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
ื•ืื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ืจืฉื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืงื ืช ื‘ื• ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืงื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืจืฉืช. ื•ืื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืฉื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžื”ืงื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืชื•ืคืกื, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ื‘ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื•ืื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื™ื ื™ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืœืชื™ื‘ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืืช. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืืœื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืฉื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืชื•ืคืกื•, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—. 4

ื— - ืฉื•ื—ื˜
ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžื” ืžื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื˜ื• ืชื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื™ื–ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืขื’, ื; ืขื”, ื).
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื ืฉืžื” ืžืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžื”, ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื’ ื ืžืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื“ื’ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื™ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“ื• ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืขืงืจ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื–, ื‘).
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื•ื—ื˜ ืื•ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืจื” ืื• ืขื•ืจื” ืื• ื“ืžื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื’ ื“ืจืš ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื“ื•ืจืก ื ืžืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•, ื™ื“ืœื’ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื, ืฉืื ื™ื”ืจื’ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื ื—ื™ืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ืžืœื”, ื™ืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ. ื•ืื ื ืงืœืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืœืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืœืš ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืืกืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ืžื•ืชื•, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืคืคื• ืื• ื™ื–ื—ืœื• ืžืฉื. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ื ืžืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ืจ, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขื™ืคื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘. ื•ืื ืงืฉื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืคื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื•. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืจืš ืœืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ. 5

ื˜ - ื—ื•ื‘ืœ
ื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื“ื, ืฉื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืฆืช ื“ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื“ื ืœื ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื™ืฆื ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื ืฆืจืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจ (ืฉื˜ืฃ ื“ื), ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื—, ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ'). 6
ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžื›ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื•ืฆืขื• ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื˜ืฃ ื“ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื’ื ื—ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ 'ื—ื•ื‘ืœ'. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืชื• ื•ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื˜ืฃ ื“ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ 'ื—ื•ื‘ืœ'.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืจื“ ื‘ืคืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื, ืื• ืœืฆื—ืฆื— ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื“, ื‘).
ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืœื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ืฉืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื™ืฆื ื“ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืื• ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฆื ืงืฆืช ื“ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ื—, ื–).

ื™ - ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื•ืฆื™ื“ืช ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ืจืงื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉื—ืœืชื” ื‘ื›ืœื‘ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื.
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื™ื›ืชื ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื ืืจืกื™ื™ื. ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืœืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืžื™ืชื. ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืฉืžื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžื–ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ื–ืง. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื“ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
ื•ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื“ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื™ืง. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืกืง ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืงื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืงืฆื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื–, ืž"ื‘ ื›ื–).
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืงื™ืฆืชื ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืœืชื•ืคืกื•, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืกื• ื•ืœืกืœืงื•, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืžื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื™ืžืขืš ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžื ื™ืžื™ืชื ื•. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืงื™ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜ื–, ื˜). ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืฉ ื•ืœืกืœืงื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ืœื–, ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืกื’).
ื”ื™ื• ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจืกืก ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ืจื›ื•, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืคืชื— ืœื‘ืจื•ื—, ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื’, ื›, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื”, ื•).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืžืจื•ื— ื ื•ื–ืœ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื—ื” ืืกื•ืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื“, ื”).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื˜ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ืžืžืช ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื” ืจื™ื— ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ (ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื—"ื‘ ืข' 364). ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืกืคืง ืื ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื™ืช ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืกื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื• - ืžื•ืชืจ.




^ 1.. ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืฉื”, ื”, ืืกืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœื‘ ืขื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื•, ื•ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืกื™ืžืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื”, ื™ื–). ื•ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื”ืขืจื” ืœื“, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืจืฉื–"ื ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื’ื•ื”ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืงื ืก - ืืกื•ืจ. ืขื•ื“ ื ืจืื”, ืฉืื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœืฆื•ื•ืืจื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืคืœ ืœื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉืื•ื™, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“, ื‘, 'ืžืฉื•ื', ื•ืž"ื ืฉื”, ื•, ื•ื"ืจ.
ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื• ื›ืœื‘ ืขื ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืื• ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”. ื•ืœืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืคืกืง ื”ื‘"ื— ืœื—ื•ืžืจื (ืž"ื ืฉื”, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื™ื‘).
^ 2.. ืืžื ื ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื™"ืฃ, ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™, ืฉื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. (ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื’' ื™, ื•). ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ - ื™ื—ืœื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจ"ืช ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•, ื, ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจ"ื™ ื’ื ื—ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืคืจื” ืฆืขืจ ืžื•ืชืจ (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ืžื˜, ื—ื–ื•"ื ื ื•, ื“).
^ 3.. ืžื”ืจ"ื— ืื•"ื– ื‘ืกื™' ืค"ื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉื—, ืงืžื•, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื–, ื›ื–. (ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื”, ื›ื•, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆืขืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข). ืื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื ืืžืจื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื•ื›"ื› ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“ ืกื•"ืก ื˜ื–, ืฉืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื— ื—"ื” ื›ื‘, ื›ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจืฉื–"ื ื‘ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื—, ืขื“. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉืคื’; ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื˜, ืงื›ื“). ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ - ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื ื•ื™, ืœื“ืขืช ืจืฉื–"ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื—, ืขื“, ื‘).
^ 4.. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ื) ื”ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœื’ืžืจื™ (ืื ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—). ื‘) ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื - ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆื™ื“ืชื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื’) ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืœืฉื ืฆื™ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื”, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื”"ืค ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืœื ืจืง ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืกื›ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜, 2. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื˜ื•, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”). ื•ื›"ื› ื—"ื ืœ, ื‘, ื•ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื”, ืฉืื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆื™ื“ืชื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืœืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื–, ื), ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•, ื‘): "ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• - ื—ื™ื™ื‘", ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืจืฉื‘"ื, ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืืช ืกื‘ืจืชื• ืœื”ืงืœ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
^ 5.. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ื ืžืœื™ื ืื• ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื) ืžืงืœืงืœ, ื‘) ื”ื•ืจื’ื ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜, 2, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื’ื” ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคืกื™ืง ืจื™ืฉื ื“ืœื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื˜ื–, ื”; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืฉื›ื, ืกื—; ืฉืœื–, ื™), ื•ื™"ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื‘, ืžื•). ื•ืื ื™ืœืš ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ื’ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื’ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื’ ื™ื—, ื™; ื•ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื“, ื›ื–, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื•. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ืื™ืฉ ื™ื˜, ื˜. ื•ื‘ืžื ื—"ื™ ื™, ื›ื–, ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื•ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืฆืœ"ื’ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืขืกืง). ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•, ืฆื“.
ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื›ื™ื ื™ื: ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘, ื, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื, ื•ื ืคืกืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ืคืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื, ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
^ 6.. ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜. ื•ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“), ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ืื• ื—ืœืง ืžืื‘ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื•ื—ื˜. ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืคืจืง.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืจ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœ

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il