ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” Torino, Italy
ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”'ืชืฉื "ื•


ืฉืืœื”
ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืชื ื• ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช "ืค" ืžืœื•ืคืคื•ืช.
ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืื ืกืคืจ ื›ื–ื” ื›ืฉืจ ืœืงืจื™ืื”? 1

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื. ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ืžืื“, ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: 2 "ื•ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืคื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื™ ืื™ืฉ".
ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืื’, ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื•, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื’ืœื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ืคืจืง ื“). ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ืฉืขืœื™ ืžืกืจื• ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืกืจื• ืœืคืœื˜ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•' ืขื“... ื•ืจ' ื ื—ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ืœืจ ืžืกืจื• ืœืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” 3 .
ื‘. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื‘"ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ 4 ื•ื‘ืจืž"ื 5 ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื 6 .
ื’. ื‘ืจื, ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ 7 .
ื“. ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืฉืชื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• (ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ) ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ืคืœื• ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช 8 ืื ื ืฉืชื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืก"ืช ืื—ืจ 9 .
ื”. ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืค"ื” "ืžืœื•ืคืคื•ืช", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืช, ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™) ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช ืค"ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืืœื•. ืืš ืื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ 10 .
ื•. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืง ื™ื— ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื“ ื•ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื 11 , ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” 12 .
ื–. ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืกืง ื›ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ืœ 13 , ืื‘ืœ ืœืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืœื’ื•ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืงืœืฃ ืฉืœื ื• 14 .



^ 1. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ-ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื "ืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืง ื™ื—.
^ 2. ืค"ื– ืžื”ืœ' ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ื”"ื—.
^ 3. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘"ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”" (ื›ืจืš ื›ื˜), ืฉื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
^ 4. ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” (ืกื™' ืจืขื”).
^ 5.ืฉื (ืกืขื™ืฃ ื•). ื•ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื "ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช", ื•"ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" (ื—ืœืง ื™"ื ืกื™' ืกื”) ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื–ื” ืฉืจืž"ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช", ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช" ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืจืž"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื˜ืขื•ืช-ืกื•ืคืจ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืจืž"ื ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื” "ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘"ืœื‘ื•ืฉ" (ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจืž"ื) ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ "ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ื•ื’ื ื‘"ืงืกืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ" (ืกื™' ื˜ื– ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“) ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘"ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื" (ื›ืœืœ ื™ื’). ื•ืืžื ื, ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ืžื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ" ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ืจืž"ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื™ื "ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”"ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘" ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืžืฉื•ื›ื•ืช". ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืงืžื’ ืก"ืง ื›ื–) ื‘ืฉื "ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฉืื ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื•ื’ื ื‘"ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”" (ืฉื ืคืจืง ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืื•ืช ื‘) ืœืžื“ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืž"ื ื•ื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ื”ื "ืœ.
^ 6. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื” 5 ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื "ืงืกืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ" ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
^ 7. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”" ื”ื "ืœ (ืคืจืง ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืื•ืช ื) ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘"ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" (ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™' ืจืกื”) ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" ื”ื "ืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืชื‘ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ืœื ื ืฉืžืจื”.
^ 8. ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 5. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘"ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" (ืกื™' ืจืกื”) - "ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ื ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืชืจื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" (ืฉื) ื‘ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
^ 9. "ืงืกืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ" (ืกื™' ื˜ื– ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืก"ืง ื–) ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ "ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”". ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘"ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”" ื”ื "ืœ (ืคืจืง ืชืฉื™ืขื™).
^ 10.ื›ื "ืœ.
^ 11."ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”" ื”ื "ืœ (ืขืž' ืจื˜).
^ 12.ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 5 ืฉืžืฉืžืข, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืžื™ื ืฅ (ืกื™' ื˜ื•) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื“ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ื”"ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" ื”ื "ืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื”"ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ" ื™ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืฆ"ืข.
^ 13.ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” (ืกื™' ืงืขื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื’) ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื˜) ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงืœืฃ.
^ 14.ืจืž"ื (ืฉื).
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