ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“
  • ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื
โ€ข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ
โ€ข ืชื•ืจืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ
โ€ข ืชื•ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ
โ€ข ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
โ€ข ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ
โ€ข ื ืกืคื— - ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืจื”"ื’
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืœืฉืžืขืชื ื“ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื“, ื‘)
ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœืคืกื™ - ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื•ืขื“, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืœืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื•ื”ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืง ืขืฉื™ืจื™, ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœืฉ ื ืฉื™ื: "ื•ืคืจื™ืฉื ื ืœื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืชื ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชืจืชื™ ืฉืžืขืชืชื ืื—ืจื ื™ืืชื ืžื”ืื™ ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ื—ื–ื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื“ืœื ืกืœืงื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืงื ืคืจื™ืฉื ื ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื•ื—ื ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคื•ื ืžืื™ ื“ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื•ืŸ". ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”: "ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉื ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขืชื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื ืจื•ื™ื—ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื ื ืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืชื".
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ, ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืช"ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• (ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ) ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื• ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืขื™ื. ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›"ื™ ืคืจื™ืก 311 ื•ื‘ื›ืช"ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ 477. ืชืจื’ื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ืคืก ื‘: The Jewish Quarterly Review ื›ืจืš 19 ืข' 394 ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ, ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืข"ืค ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ื•ืกื— ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจ' ืขื–ืจื ืฉื‘ื˜, ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืจื™"ืฃ, ืฉืขืจืš ื•ื”ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ.
ืืœื• ืฉืœืฉ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื›ืชื ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื“, ื‘) ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืฆืคืจื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื›ืกื” ืœืจืืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ืœืื•ืจืชื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื• ืœืจ' ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื. ืืชื ืจืืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื” ืืชื ืจ' ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™. ืืชื ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืจ ืžืื™ ืžื˜ืžื ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงื“ื™ื. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืืœื ืžืจ ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืื ื ื ืžื™ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื—ื“ื ื“ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืžืจ ืœืื• ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื™ืงืจื ืœืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืชืช.
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ื ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืกืง ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” (ืฉื ืฆื’, ื‘) ืฉืืžืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื–ื›ืช, ืื ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื— ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื–ื›ืช. ื•ื’ืจืžืช ืจืขื™ืขื•ืชื• ืืฆืœื•, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช (ื‘"ื‘ ืงื ื, ื), ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืืžืจ, ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื›ืžืช ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื•. ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืฆืจื”.
ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื‘ืืจ. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช ื•ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืคื” ืคื ื™ื.
ื”ืื—ื“, ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžืชื ืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข, ืฉื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืื™ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื™ืคื” ื›ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื ื ืชืขืœืžื” ืžืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชืขืœืžื” ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœื›ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช, ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืœื• ืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืชื ืชื•. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืžืชื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื ืช ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืžืจ ื•ืžืชื”, ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืืžืจ ื•ืžืชื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื“ืจื ื‘ื” ื”ื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืืž' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืœื• ืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืชื ืชื•.
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืจืžื™ ื‘ืฆืคืจื ื•ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืื•ืจืชื, ืจ"ืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืจืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืชื ื•ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฆืคืจื ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ.
ื•ื”ืฉืœืฉื™, ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ.
ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืจืจื ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžืช, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืื‘ืืจ ืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ื•ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืžืชื ืช ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, (ื‘"ื‘ ืงื™ื“, ื) ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืžืชื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื, [ืื™ืš] ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืกื•ืง ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืœื ื›ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ื‘"ื‘ ืฆื“, ื), ืืชืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืจื‘ ืืžืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™. ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืคื” ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ืฆืคืจื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืชื ืื™ืš ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™.
ื ืฉื™ื‘ ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืกื•ืง ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืžืฉืขืช ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืœื ืชืจืื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื•, ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื›ืกื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืงื ื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืืžืจื• (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื•, ื), ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืงื ื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืงื”, ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืก ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืฉื“ื™ ืงื ื•ื™ื” ืœืš, ืฉื“ื™ ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืš ื‘ืžืชื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืชื•ื ื”.
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ืืœื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื”, ืœื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘. ื”ืœื ืชืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘"ืž ื™ื—, ื), ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืชื ืŸ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืื‘ื™ื™ (ืฉื ื™ื’, ื) ืฉืืžืจ ืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื• ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ื” ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื ื” ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ืฉื), ืืœื ื”ื ื“ืชื ืŸ ืžืฆื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืืชื™ืงื™ ืžืชื ื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื•ื ืžืœืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืชื ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ ื ืžืœืš ืžืื™ ื”ืื•ื™, ื”ื ืืžืจืช ืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื•, ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื˜ื ืฉื˜ืจื ืœื™ื“ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืœื ืžื˜ื ืฉื˜ืจื ืœื“ื™ื” ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ.
ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืชืงื•ื ื”ืงื ื™ื” ืœืจืžื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉื˜ืจื• ื‘ืฆืคืจื, ื•ื™ื“ื—ื” ืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื˜ืจื• ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืจืชื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืจืžื™ ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจื• ืœื™ื“ื• ืžืฉืขืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื™ ืœื™ื“ื•, ืืฃ ืฉืฉื˜ืจื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืจืช ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ.
ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื–ืงืชื• ื•ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื˜ืจื•, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืขื”. ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื“ืจื–ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื“, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœื• ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื 1 . ืœื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœ ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื“ื ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืืœื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื“ืจื–ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืื ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช.
ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืฉืชื”ื” ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื™, ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื, ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉืฆื•ืชื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืœืจืžื™. ื•ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื™, ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืฆื•ืชื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื, ื•ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืจื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืกื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืจื‘ ืืžืจ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™.
ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืฉืื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื›ืจืชื™ ื•ืขื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื” ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•.
ืชื•ืจืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ
ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืกืชื ื’ืื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ื™, ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฆ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ ืขืœื™ ืกืคืจ 13 ืฆื“ 79. ื’ื ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืงื™ืœืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™. ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืงื“ื™ืžืช ืฉืขื•ืช ืชืงืคื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื–, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืกืคื— ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืžืฆื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืœื”ืœืŸ:
ื. ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื–ื›ืช". ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื™ ืงื“ื ืœืžื™, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื.
ื‘. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืžื•ืคืจืฉ ืฉืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื’. ื›ืขืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืžื”?
ื“. ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื ืจื™ืขื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ 2 , ื•ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื”. ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข: ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืฉื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ืจืกื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื•.
ืชื•ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ
ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื‘"ื‘ ื—ืกืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ "ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ". ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•"ืž ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืœ ืžืชื ืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข.
ื‘. ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
ื’. ืื™ืœื• ืžืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
ื) ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื‘"ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืชื ืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข, ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืชื ืช ื‘ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช.
ื‘) ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื“ื™ืชื, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจืื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื“ืจื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžืกื™ืจื” ืžืจื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ 3 . ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœืคืกื™, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืกืคืจื“, ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื•ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจ ืœืจื’ืœื• ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•, ืฉืืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืชื•ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืชืžื” ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืš ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉืœื ืงืจื‘ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื” 4 .
ื’) ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ื•ืคื•ืกืง ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื• ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื.
ื“) ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื•, ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืฆืจืš ืืœื™ื•. ื›ื™ ื”ืœื ืืฃ ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืจื™ืขื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืžืจื ืฉืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช" ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืจืง ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืืžืจื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื›ืชื”, ื•ื”ืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืžืจื ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™. ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœืœ.
ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ
ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื ืกืคื—, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืคืงืคืง ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื: "ื•ืžื™ืžืจื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื—ื ื”ืื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืคืกื™ืงื". ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืš: ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื™ืžืจื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ. ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื•, (ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืฆืคืจื ื•ืื•ืจืชื, ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช), ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ, ืœื ื ื“ื—ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช. ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื™"ืฃ? ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืจื™"ืฃ ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•, ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื ื‘ื”ืข' ื‘ื“"ื” ืื‘ืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืกืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
โ€ƒ
ื ืกืคื— ื โ€“ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžืจื‘ ื”ืื™ื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
ืžืชื•ืš: ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืื•ืคืง) ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื  - ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉื•"ืช. ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ื’ืจืฉ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ '. ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ืชื”"ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
ื•ื›ืชื‘ืช ืืฉื›ื—ืŸ ืœืžืจื ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ืคื™ ืืœ ืคืฆืœ ืืœ ื›ื– (= ืคืจืง ื›ื–) ื“ืืžืจ ื”ื›ื™, ืืœ ืื•ืœ ืคื™ ืืœ ืื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื“ื•ื™ ืืœื—ืงื•ืง ืืกื‘ืง ืžืŸ ืืœื“ื™ ื‘ืขื“ื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืืŸ ืชืกืื•ืช ืืœืื•ืงืืช ื•ืฆื— ืœื ื ืกื‘ืืง ื‘ืขืฆื”ื ื•ืœื• ื‘ืกืืขื” ื›ืืŸ ืื—ืง ื‘ืืœืกื‘ืืง. (= ื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืชื—ืœื” 5 ). ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื“ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื“ื”ื•ื” ื™ื“ื™ืข ืžื™ืœืช'ื ื“ืจืžื™ ืงื“ื™ื, ื•ืงืืž'ืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™'ื ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื‘ื™'ื ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื“ืืœืž'ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื›ื—ื“ื ืฉืขืชื ื“ืžื™ ื•ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™.
ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ื ื, ืฉื–ื” ืฉืืžืจืช ื“ื”ื ื™ื“[ื™]ืข 6 ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ืงื“ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื ืœื ื—ื–ื™ื ื ืœื” ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื”ื™ื 7 , ื›ืžืชื ื™'ืชื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ื›ื“ืืžืจื™'ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจืชื” ืืคื™' ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื–ื›ืชื”. ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง 8 ื“ืงืืž'ืจ ืœื”ื ืžื™ืœืชื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืฉืขื•ืช, ื“ืืœืž'ื ื”ื•ื• ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช'ื™ื”ื• ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืงืืž'ืจ ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืœื.
ื•ื”ืชื, ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื”ื•ื ื“ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื‘ืฆืคืจื ื›ืชื‘ืชื ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ื”. ื•ื›ื™ ืืž'ืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืž'ื ืขื‘ื“ ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™, ื•ืืž'ืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงื“ื™ื, ื•ืื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืž'ืจ ืœื™ื”, ืžื ื ื™ื“ืขื™ื ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื“ื™ื, ืื˜ื• ื›ื•ื™ื ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ ืฉืขืชื ื“ืืกื”ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ ืฉืขืชื ื“ืฉื”ื™ื“ื• 9 , ื“ื™ืœืž'ื ืœื ื›ื•ื™ื ื•, ื›ื“ื”ื•ื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื, ื•ืœื ื“ืขืชื™ื”ื• ืื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ ื›ื•ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ืกืคืง ื”ื™ ืงื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ ืžืื—ืจ, ืขื‘ื“ื™'ื ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ื ื; ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื–ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื 10 , ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืœื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืืคื™'ืœื• ื‘ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืžื.
ื•ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ 11 , ื“ืงื ืงื˜ืœื™'ื ืŸ ืžื™ืงื˜ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื“ืชื ืŸ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืž, ื) ืื—ื“ ืื•ืž'ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืื•ืž'ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื—ื“ ืื•ืž'ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ื•ืื—ื“ ืื•ืž'ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืž'ืจ ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ืื—ื“ ืื•ืž'ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืื—ื“ ืื•'ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข, ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืฉื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื•ืืž' ืจื‘ื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™ื‘, ื) ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืฉื) ื“ื™ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื• ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ื˜ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื• 12 .
ื”ืฉืชื ืื™['ืคืฉืจ] 13 ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืž'ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืžื” 14 .
ืื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ ืžื™ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืžืกืชืœืง ื›ืœ ืกืคื™ืงื ืžื™ื ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืชื ื™'ืชื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืืคื™'ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื–ื›ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื™ื›ื ืจืื™ื” ื“ื”ื ืžื™ืœืชื ืœื ื ื”ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืช, ื•ืžื™ืžืจื ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืœืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื—ื ื”ืื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืคืกื™ืงื.




^ 1.ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื˜ืจื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจ ืœืœื•ื•ื”, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื” ืขืžื•, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”"ื” ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืขืžื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื"ื› ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื”, ืจืง ืขื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžื”, ื”ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืชืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืฉืื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื ืื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืœืžืœื•ื•ื”, ืื• ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืœื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.
^ 2. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื“, ื‘
ืืžื™ื” ื“ืจืืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืฆืคืจื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืกื” ืœืจืืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ืœืื•ืจืชื ื›ืชื‘ืชื ื”ื• ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื. ืืชื ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช, ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื›ืกื™. ืืชื ืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื›ืกื™. ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงื ื, ื
ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ืื•ืจืชื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื• ืœื ื›ืกื” ืœืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื‘ืฆืคืจื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื• ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื.[ื•ืžืชื” ]. ืืชื ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช, ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™. ืื–ืœ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™.
ืืชื ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ื•ืžืจ ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงื“ื™ื. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ืืœื ืžืจ ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™. ืื ื ื ืžื™ ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ื"ืœ, ื—ื“ื, ื“ืื ื ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืžืจ ืœืื• ื“ื™ื™ื ื, ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžืขื™ืงืจื ืœืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืชืช. ืืชื ืจื‘ ืฉืฉืช ืœืงืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ืžืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ืžืจ ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื? ืื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”ื“ืจื ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืœื• ืขืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืชื ืชื•. ืื™ืžื•ืจ ื“ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ ืืžืจ? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ.

^ 3.ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฆืœ ืจื‘ ื”ืื™ ื•ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืคื” ืื—ื“ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืจืื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื’ ื‘ืชื’"ื ืชืจืคื– ืœื’-ืœื– ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื”, ื‘: ื•ื“ืงื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ืชืจื•ื™ื™ื”ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจื ืœื”ื•, ืœื™ื›ื ืœืžืกืžืš ืขืœื™ื”... ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืื™ื’ืœื™ื ืœื” ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื, ื“ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœ ืงื ืžืชืœื™ ื•ื“ื—ื™ืชื ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ืงื ืžื“ื—ื™... ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืœื™ืช ืœืžืกืžืš ืขืœื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื’, ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื ื•ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื”: ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ืืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื›ืจื™ืขื•ืช.
^ 4.[ืื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืžืฉื ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืœืžื•ื“. ืจืื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื•"ืง ื™, ื: "ืื“ืืžืจ ืฉ"ืž ืชืœืช, ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœืžื™ืžืจ ืฉ"ืž ืืจื‘ืข". ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”, ื‘: "ื“ืื™ ืจื‘ ืืกื™ ืžืคืœื™ื’ ืืžืชื ื™ืชื, ื”ื•ื” ืžื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืชื™ื•ื‘ืชื ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื“ืœื ืคืœื™ื’ ืจื‘ ืืกื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืžืชื ื™ืชื". ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ: "ืžื“ืœื ืื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืžืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ื ืŸ ื“ืœื ืคืœื™ื’ื ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ". ืขื–ืจื ืฉื‘ื˜.]
^ 5.ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื— ื”ื ื“ืคืก.
^ 6.ื›ืฆ"ืœ.
^ 7.ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ื—. ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” "ื“ื”ื ื™ื“ื™ืข" ื•ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•'.
^ 8.ื‘ื›ืชื”"ื™: "ื•ื™ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง" ื•ื ืงื•ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืช ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ืงื”.
^ 9.ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื”. ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ, ืžื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื•" ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืœืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืžืชื ื”.
^ 10.ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื‘"ื‘ ืงื ื, ื, ืฉืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืคืกืง ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœืจ' ืขื•ืงื‘ื ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืžื– ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ื ื™ื ืœืจ' ืขื•ืงื‘ื, ืื• ืžื˜ืขื ืฉื•ื“ื ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื™, ืื• ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืžืจืข, ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
^ 11.ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ืฆืจืš ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืžื™ ืงื“ื.
^ 12.ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื: "ืœืจ"ืž ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืžืฉ... ืœืจ"ื™ ื™ื”ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช".
^ 13.ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” "ื‘ืฆืคืจื" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช "ืœืื•ืจืชื" ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ืœื ืงื“ื ื”ืฆืคืจื ืœืื•ืจืชื.
^ 14.ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช, ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉืจื”. ืจืื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื ืฉื.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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