ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืกืคืจ ืื”ื‘ื”
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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4 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”






ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืฉืึดืฉึผืึดื™

ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื–ื”



ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื


ื ืขึฒืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ืชึผึฐื ึธืึดื™ืŸ ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื™ึดืชึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื‘ ื”ึทื“ึผึธืจ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืœื•ึน ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ื•ึฐืึดื ื—ึธืกึตืจ ืชึผึฐื ึทืื™ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถืŸ - ืคึผึธื˜ื•ึผืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ื•ึฐืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึตืŸ: ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ืื•ึน ื™ึธืชึตืจ, ื•ึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœื•ึน ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœื•ึน ืžึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ, ื•ึฐืชึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœื•ึน ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ื“ึผึฐืœึธืชื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื’ึผึนื‘ึทื”ึผ ื”ึทืฉึผืึทืขึทืจ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ื˜ึฐืคึธื—ึดื™ื ืื•ึน ื™ึธืชึตืจ, ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื—ึนืœ, ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ืึธื“ึธื, ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ื›ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื“, ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ืงึถื‘ึทืข.

ื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืึทืžึผื•ึนืช - "ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืฉื™ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื•" (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘,ื˜ื•). ื•ืืžื” - ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ. ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ื•ึนืช - ืฉืชื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื— ืื• ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ. ืžึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ - ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื—. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื—ึนืœ - ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•). ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ื›ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื“ - ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“. ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ืงึถื‘ึทืข - ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ื–ืžื ื™ืช.

ืฉืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช


ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœ


ื• ื”ึทืจ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช, ื”ึทืœึผึฐืฉืึธื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึฒื–ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึผึตื™ ื›ึผึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึผึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื“ึผึดื™ืจึธื” - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึถืกึถืช ืฉืึถืœึผึทื›ึผึฐืคึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื”ึธืื•ึนืจึฐื—ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึธืจึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน - ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทื›ึผึฐื ึถืกึถืช ืฉืึถืœึผึทื›ึผึฐืจึทื›ึผึดื™ืŸ, ืึดื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื“ึผึดื™ืจึธื”. ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืขึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื - ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื”ึถืŸ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดืฉึผืึทืขึทืจ ื ึดื™ืงึธื ื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœึผึดืคึฐื ึดื™ื ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทืช ืคึผึทืœึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื”ึทืœึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื“ึผึดื™ืจึธื” ืœึฐื›ึนื”ึตืŸ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึทืคึฐืจึธืฉืึธื”.

ื• ื”ึทืจ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช - "ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืžื” ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ ื—ื•ืžื”" (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”,ื), ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื”ึทืœึผึฐืฉืึธื›ื•ึนืช - ื‘ืชื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืฉื ื,ื–). ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึฒื–ึธืจื•ึนืช - ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืจืื” ืื™ื•ืจ. ื›ึผึฐืจึทื›ึผึดื™ืŸ - ืขืจื™ื. ืžึดืฉึผืึทืขึทืจ ื ึดื™ืงึธื ื•ึนืจ - ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœึผึดืคึฐื ึดื™ื ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ - ืฉืฉืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ - ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“; ื•ืžื“ืจื•ื - ืฉืขืจ ื”ื“ืœืง, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื™ื. ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึทืช ืคึผึทืœึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ - ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ (ืจืื” ืื™ื•ืจ). ืคึผึทืœึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ - ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื•ื ืงืจืืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ (ืคื”"ืž ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื,ื’). ืจืื” ืื™ื•ืจ. ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึทืคึฐืจึธืฉืึธื” - "ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืœืฉื›ืชื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•. ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืžืืฉืชื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉืžื ืชื™ืžืฆื ื ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื˜ืžื ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“" (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื,ื’).

ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ

ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“, ื•ื”ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขืจ. ืงืฆื” ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื–ืจื•ืช. ืœืฉื›ืช ืคืœื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืขืจ ื ื™ืงื ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื.


ื“ื™ืจืช ืื“ื


ื– ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืชึผึถื‘ึถืŸ, ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ, ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึธืขึตืฆึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึธืื•ึนืฆึธืจื•ึนืช - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึถืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•,ื˜; ื™ื,ื›) - ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึฐืšึธ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื™ึปื—ึธื“ ืœึฐืšึธ, ืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ ืœึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ. ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ, ืจึถืคึถืช ื‘ึผึธืงึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ึทื ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืงึทืฉึผืึฐื˜ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ - ื—ึทื™ึผึถื‘ึถืช ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืฉืึถื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื™ึดื—ื•ึผื“ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ืึธื“ึธื. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืฉืึทืขึทืจ, ืึทื›ึฐืกึทื“ึฐืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดืจึฐืคึผึถืกึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึดื ึผึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืจ - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึธื”. ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ืคึผึฐืชื•ึผื—ึดื™ืŸ ืœึดืžึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ืึตืœึผื•ึผ - ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื’ึผึทื ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”.

ื– ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืชึผึถื‘ึถืŸ - ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืŸ, ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึธืขึตืฆึดื™ื - ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกืงื”. ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึธืื•ึนืฆึธืจื•ึนืช - ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืฉืึถื”ึทื ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ - ื›ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื›ืœืช ืคืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ (ืง'). ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืฉืึทืขึทืจ - ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื—ืฆืจ (ืคื”"ืž: ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’,ื•; ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—,ื“). ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืื—ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฆืจ. ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขืจ ืœืื›ืกื“ืจื” ืื• ืœืžืจืคืกืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”. ืึทื›ึฐืกึทื“ึฐืจึธื” - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ื’. ืžึดืจึฐืคึผึถืกึถืช - ืžืŸ ืจืค"ืก, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื• 'ืœืจืžื•ืก', ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•"ื ืงืจื ืžืจืคืกืช, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจืก ืœืืœื• ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช" (ืคื”"ืž ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—,ื’). ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื•ื›ื•' - ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ื“ื™ืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื“ื™ืจืช ืงื‘ืข


ื˜ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทื›ึผึดืกึผึตื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทืžึผึถืจึฐื—ึธืฅ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืœึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึผืจึฐืกึฐืงึดื™ ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ื›ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื“. ืกึปื›ึผึทืช ื”ึถื—ึธื’ ื‘ึผึถื—ึธื’ ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึดืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืกึผึฐืคึดื™ื ึธื” - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึทืช ืงึถื‘ึทืข. ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืกึปื›ึผื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœึผึฐื™ื•ึนืฆึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื–ื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึดื™ื ืžึดื–ึผื•ึน - ื”ึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึธื” ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึธื”. ื”ึทื—ึฒื ึปื™ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐื•ึธืงึดื™ื - ืคึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึดื™ืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึดื™ื ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึธื”.

ื˜ ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืœึธื” - ืžืงื•ื•ื”. ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึผืจึฐืกึฐืงึดื™ - ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื‘ึผึถื—ึธื’ - ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื™ื•ึนืฆึฐืจึดื™ืŸ - ืงื“ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก. ื”ึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึธื” - ืฉืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื”ึทื—ึฒื ึปื™ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐื•ึธืงึดื™ื - ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืจืง ืœืžืกื—ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื›ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ืฉื (ื“ืขื•ืช ื”,ื‘).

ื™ ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืœื•ึน ืคึผึฐืชึธื—ึดื™ื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” - ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืจึธื’ึดื™ืœ ืœึธืฆึตืืช ื•ึฐืœึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืคึถืชึทื— ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถืŸ, ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึผึถืชึทื— ื•ึธืคึถืชึทื—. ืคึผึถืชึทื— ืงึธื˜ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื•ึทืขึฒืœึดื™ึผึธื” - ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”. ื—ึถื“ึถืจ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช, ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื—ึถื“ึถืจ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึถื“ึถืจ - ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ืขึทืœ ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ื”ึทื—ึถื“ึถืจ ื”ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ื”ึทื—ึถื“ึถืจ ื”ึทื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช, ืฉืึถื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ ืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึผื™ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐื“ึดื™ืจึธื” ื•ึผืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึดื™ืŸ.

ื™ ืคึผึถืชึทื— ืงึธื˜ึธืŸ - ื“ืœืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”


ื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึตื™ื›ึธืŸ ืงื•ึนื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”? ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื—ึฒืœึทืœ ื”ึทืคึผึถืชึทื—, ื‘ึผึทื˜ึผึถืคึทื— ื”ึทืกึผึธืžื•ึผืšึฐ ืœึทื—ื•ึผืฅ, ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื—ึดืœึผึทืช ืฉืึฐืœึดื™ืฉื ื”ึธืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึฐื’ึนื‘ึทื”ึผ ื”ึทืฉึผืึทืขึทืจ; ื•ึฐืึดื ืงึฐื‘ึธืขึธื”ึผ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื” ืžึดื–ึผึถื” - ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตืจึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืฉืึถื™ึผึทืจึฐื—ึดื™ืงึถื ึผึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืงื•ึนืฃ ื˜ึถืคึทื—. ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึดื›ึฐื ึธืก ืœึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช; ื•ึฐืึดื ืงึฐื‘ึธืขึธื”ึผ ืžึดืฉึผื‚ึฐืžึนืืœ - ืคึผึฐืกื•ึผืœึธื”. ื•ึผื‘ึทื™ึดืช ืฉืึถืœึผึฐืฉืึปืชึผึธืคึดื™ืŸ - ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”.


ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”


ื™ื’ ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื”ึดื–ึผึธื”ึตืจ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ื—ื•ึนื‘ึทืช ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึตืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื›ึผึธื ึตืก ื•ึฐื™ึตืฆึตื ื™ึดืคึฐื’ึผึทืข ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดื—ื•ึผื“ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึฐื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื, ื•ึฐื™ึดื–ึฐื›ึผึนืจ ืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธืชื•ึน, ื•ึฐื™ึตืขื•ึนืจ ืžึดืฉึผืึฐื ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึผืฉืึฐื’ึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ, ื•ึฐื™ึตื“ึทืข ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึผืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึฐืžึตื™ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžึดื™ื ืึถืœึผึธื ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ืขึทืช ืฆื•ึผืจ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื, ื•ึผืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื”ื•ึผื ื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ืœึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ืžึตื™ืฉืึธืจึดื™ื. ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื: ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืœื•ึน ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขื•ึน, ื•ึฐืฆึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึดื’ึฐื“ื•ึน, ื•ึผืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืคึดืชึฐื—ื•ึน - ืžึปื—ึฐื–ึธืง ืœื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื, ืฉืึถื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืœื•ึน ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึตืŸ ื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืœึฐืึธื›ึดื™ื ืฉืึถืžึผึทืฆึผึดื™ืœึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืžึดืœึผึทื—ึฒื˜ึนื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: "ื—ึนื ึถื” ืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื™ื™ ืกึธื‘ึดื™ื‘ ืœึดื™ืจึตืึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึฐื—ึทืœึผึฐืฆึตื" (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“,ื—).

ื™ื’ ื™ึดืคึฐื’ึผึทืข - ื™ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ึฐื™ึตืขื•ึนืจ ืžึดืฉึผืึฐื ึธืชื•ึน - ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ืฉ"ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื" ืžื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื. ื•ึผืฉืึฐื’ึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ - ื“ื‘ืงื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื. ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื - ืฉืื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืœืช 'ืฉื' ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื. ื”ึธืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื... ืึถืœึผึธื ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ืขึทืช ืฆื•ึผืจ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื - ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ืช (ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“,ื˜).

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ืื”ื‘ื”.
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”

ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™
ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื”ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืงืืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืขื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ
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ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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