ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
  • ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ื•ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”





ืคึผึถืจึถืง ืึทื—ึทื“ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธืจ

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช



ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช


ื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ - ืคึผื•ึนืชึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึผึฐ'ื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ' ื•ึฐื—ื•ึนืชึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึผึฐ'ื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ', ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึธื” ืฉืึถืœึผึดืงึฐืจึดื™ึผึทืช ืฉืึฐืžึทืข, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื”ึทืกึผึฐืžื•ึผื›ึธื” ืœึทื—ึฒื‘ึถืจึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึผื‘ึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ื”ึทืคึผึตืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผื•ึนืžึถื” ืœึธื”ึผ, ื•ึผื‘ึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึธืžึทืจึฐื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืฉืึถื‘ึทื— ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนื“ึธื™ึธื”, ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืžึตื”ึถืŸ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืคึผื•ึนืชึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึฐ'ื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ' ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื—ื•ึนืชึตื, ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ืžึตื”ึถืŸ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื—ื•ึนืชึตื ื‘ึผึฐ'ื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ' ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืคึผื•ึนืชึตื—ึท; ืึถืœึผึธื ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืžึดื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ืกึตืคึถืจ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื•ึผื›ึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืจื•ึนืึถื” ืงึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึตืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืฉืึถื‘ึทื— ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนื“ึธื™ึธื”. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ - ืคึผื•ึนืชึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ื‘ึผึฐ'ื‘ึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ' ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื—ื•ึนืชึตื.

ื  ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนื ึธื” ืฉืึถืœึผึดืงึฐืจึดื™ึผึทืช ืฉืึฐืžึทืข - 'ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘' ืื• 'ืืžืช ืืžื•ื ื”' (ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™, ื™ื’), ืฉืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœืช 'ื‘ืจื•ืš'. ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื”ึทืกึผึฐืžื•ึผื›ึธื” ืœึทื—ึฒื‘ึถืจึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื,ื”. ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ื”ึทืคึผึตืจื•ึนืช - "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'... ื‘ื•ืจื ืคืจื™ ื”ืขืฅ/ื”ืื“ืžื”", ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืจืง 'ื‘ืจื•ืš' ืื—ื“. ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช - "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”'... ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื•". ื‘ึผึดืจึฐื›ึผึทืช ืกึตืคึถืจ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” - ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ื—ืชื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”"; "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื•ืจืช ืืžืช, ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•. ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”', ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”" (ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™ื‘,ื”). ืจื•ึนืึถื” ืงึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ - ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื™,ื™.

ื‘ ื™ึตืฉื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืฉืึถืึธื“ึธื ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื“ึผึตืœ ื•ึฐืœึดืจึฐื“ึผึนืฃ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืกึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืœื•ึผืœึธื‘ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ, ื•ึฐืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึตืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึดืงึฐืจึธืึดื™ืŸ 'ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”', ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถืึธื“ึธื ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืคึผึธื ึดื™ื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืชึธืŸ. ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ืึถืœึผึธื ื“ึผื•ึนืžึดื™ืŸ ืœึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผืช, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืงึถื”; ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืึธื“ึธื ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึทื™ึดืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”, ืึถืœึผึธื ืึดื ืจึธืฆึธื” ืœึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึนืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐืึนื”ึถืœ ืื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืกึฐืคึดื™ื ึธื” - ื™ึตืฉืึตื‘; ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึดื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืžึทืขึฒืงึถื”. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืงึนื“ึถื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธื”ึผ.

ื‘  ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืงึถื” - ืœื’ื’, ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื“ื ืžืžื ื• (ืขืฉื” ืคื“; ืจื•ืฆื— ื™ื,ื). ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ืฉืึถื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉ ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื - ื›ืš ื›ื•ื ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืืœื ืœืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช (ืžื•"ื  ื’,ืœื”), ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืช ื”'.

ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื


ื’ ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืกื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ึตืŸ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืžึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึฐืœึธืงึทืช ื ึตืจ ืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึฐืœึธืงึทืช ื ึตืจ ื—ึฒื ึปื›ึผึธื”, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืขึตืจื•ึผื‘ ื•ึผื ึฐื˜ึดื™ืœึทืช ื™ึธื“ึทื™ึดื - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืงึนื“ึถื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธืŸ 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช'. ื•ึฐื”ึตื™ื›ึธืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ? ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ: "ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึนืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื”" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–,ื™ื). ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึถืกึผึตืขึธืŸ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื: ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืขึท ืžึตืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผื•ึผ ืœึดืงึฐืจื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” ืื•ึน ืœึฐื”ึทื“ึฐืœึดื™ืง ื ึตืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึทื—ึฒื ึปื›ึผึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืžึผึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืกื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื.

ื’  ืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืกื•ึนืคึฐืจึดื™ื - ืžืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืžึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” - ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื. ืขึตืจื•ึผื‘ - ืฉื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื. ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช - ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื ื ื”; ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืจืื” ื,ื˜ื–); ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ - ื”ื ื—ืช ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ืกืžืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืืžื” ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืงื™ื ื• ื—; ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืจืื” ื•,ื›ื“); ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ืŸ - ืชืงื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืช (ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•,ื ื™ื“; ืœื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืจืื” ื•,ื—). ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืขึตืจื•ึผื‘ ื•ึผื ึฐื˜ึดื™ืœึทืช ื™ึธื“ึทื™ึดื - ื›ื™ ืื ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืจื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื,ื‘); ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื, ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• (ืœืขื™ืœ ื•,ื’). ื”ึถืกึผึตืขึธืŸ - ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื. ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืขึท ืžึตืึตืœึผื•ึผ - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืง').

ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื”


ื” ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึตืจึตืšึฐ: ืึดื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธื”ึผ ืงึทื™ึผึถืžึถืช - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื”; ื•ึฐืึดื ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถืขึธื‘ึทืจ ื”ื•ึผื - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ. ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“? ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืขึทื˜ึผึตืฃ ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึธื‘ึทืฉื ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึน ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืฉืึทื‘ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึตืจึตืšึฐ ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” - ื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื•ึผืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืขึทื˜ึผึตืฃ 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืขึทื˜ึผึตืฃ ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช', ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึธื‘ึทืฉื 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึทื ึผึดื™ื—ึท ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ', ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืฉืึทื‘ 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึตื™ืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึธื”'. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ.

ื”  ืœึฐื”ึทื ึผึดื™ื—ึท - ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื—ืจืช: "ืœึฐื”ึธื ึดื™ื—ึท". ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืฉืึทื‘ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึธื” - ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ืฉื‘.

ื• ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึดื ืฉืึธื—ึทื˜ ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” ื•ึผืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื”'. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืึดื ื›ึผึดืกึผึธื” ื”ึทื“ึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ืื•ึน ื”ึดืคึฐืจึดื™ืฉื ืชึผึฐืจื•ึผืžึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืขึทืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืช ืื•ึน ืฉืึถื˜ึผึธื‘ึทืœ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึตืจึตืšึฐ - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื—ื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื•ึผืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื”. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธืึตืœื•ึผ.

ื•  ื›ึผึดืกึผึธื” ื”ึทื“ึผึธื - ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื“ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืฃ (ืขืฉื” ืžื–; ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื™ื“,ื). ืฉืึถื˜ึผึธื‘ึทืœ - ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื˜ื”ืจืชื•.

ื— ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธื”ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื’ึผึฐืžึทืจ ื—ึดื™ึผื•ึผื‘ึธื”ึผ - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื”. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธื”ึผ ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผื™ ืึทื—ึตืจ - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื”ึทืฆึผึดื•ึผื•ึผื™ ื”ึธืึทื—ึฒืจื•ึนืŸ. ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“? ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืกึปื›ึผึธื” ืื•ึน ืœื•ึผืœึธื‘ ืื•ึน ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ืื•ึน ืฆึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช ืื•ึน ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึน ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” - ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื” 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืกึปื›ึผึธื”' ืื•ึน 'ืœึดื›ึฐืชึผึนื‘ ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ', ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืึทื—ึทืจ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธืชึธืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผื•ึผื™ ืึทื—ึตืจ. ื•ึฐืึตืžึธืชึทื™ ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ? ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึธื” ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึตืขึท ื”ึทืœึผื•ึผืœึธื‘ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืงื•ึนืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืคึธืจ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐืขึทื˜ึผึตืฃ ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืœึฐื‘ึดื™ืฉืึทืช ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืงึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึทืช ืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื”. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึดื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืžึทืขึฒืงึถื” - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื” 'ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืงึดื“ึผึฐืฉืึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืžึทืขึฒืงึถื”'. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื”.


ื˜ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืžึดื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืฉืื•ึนืคึธืจ ื•ึฐืกึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืœื•ึผืœึธื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ืžึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” ื•ึฐื ึตืจ ื—ึฒื ึปื›ึผึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืงึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ืœื•ึน, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืฆึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช ื•ึผืชึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืžึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืขึฒืงึถื”, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืชึผึฐื“ึดื™ืจึธื” ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืžึฐืฆื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึตืช, ืฉืึถื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ื“ึผื•ึนืžึธื” ืœึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืžึดื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ ืœึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืžึดื™ืœึทืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึผืคึดื“ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื” 'ืฉืึถื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืงึดื™ึผึฐืžึธื ื•ึผ'. ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ื‘ึผึตืจึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ืกึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืœื•ึผืœึธื‘ ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ 'ืฉืึถื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึธื ื•ึผ' ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึทืช ืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื” - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถืŸ 'ืฉืึถื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึธื ื•ึผ' ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฆึตื ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื”.

ื˜  ืœื•ึผืœึธื‘ - ืฉื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื.

ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”


ื™ื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื”: ืึดื ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ 'ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช'; ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืœึทืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื - ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ 'ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึธื”'.


ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’


ื˜ื– ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึดื ึฐื”ึธื’ - ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึดื ึฐื”ึทื’ ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื ึฐื˜ึดื™ืœึทืช ืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึถืœึผึถื—ึธื’, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืžึดื ึฐื”ึทื’ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืงึฐืจึดื™ืึทืช ื”ึทืœึผึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืจึธืืฉืึตื™ ื—ึณื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึปืœึผื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึทืคึผึถืกึทื—, ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึดื™ืŸ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืกึฐืชึผึทืคึผึตืง ืœึฐืšึธ ืึดื ื˜ึธืขื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืึดื ืœึธืื• - ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื”. ื•ึผืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึดื–ึผึธื”ึตืจ ืึธื“ึธื ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื”, ื•ึฐื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืจึดื™ื›ื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: "ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ืึฒื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึถืšึผึธ, ื•ึทืึฒื”ึทืœึฐืœึธื” ืฉืึดืžึฐืšึธ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึธืขึถื“" (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงืžื”,ื‘).

ื˜ื–  ื ึฐื˜ึดื™ืœึทืช ืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดื™ ืฉืึถืœึผึถื—ึธื’ - ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ื‘ื™ื˜ืช ืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉ: "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื”? ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื“ [=ืขื ืฃ] ืื—ื“ ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื‘ [=ืฉื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื], ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื•ื" (ืœื•ืœื‘ ื–,ื›ื‘). ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึปืœึผื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึทืคึผึถืกึทื— - ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—. ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึธื” - ืจืื” ื—ื•ืžืจืชื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื,ื˜ื•. ื•ึฐื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืจึดื™ื›ื•ึนืช - ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืจืง ืขืœ ืคืจื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืื›ืœื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืจื™ (ืง' ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื–,ื˜ื–).

ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึธื ึธื ื“ึผึฐืกึทื™ึผึฐืขึทืŸ ( ( (


ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” - ืกืคืจ ืื”ื‘ื”.
ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”

ืžืคืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืžื‘ืืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื™: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™
ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื”: ื”ืœืœ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื“"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืงืืจื”, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื‘ื™ืจ ื˜ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืจื•ืขื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืงื™ืŸ
(c) ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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