ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื
  • ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ
  • ืขื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื
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3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื˜ (1848), ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืŸ 39, ืขืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’ื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ืฉ ื•ืื›ืœ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื”ืจืงืข ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืจืข ืฉื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื” ืื– ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ื ืžื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”. ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื™ื ืื– ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืคืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื•ืจื• ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื“ืคื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ื ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ.
ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื’ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ โ€“ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืืœื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื.
ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืช, ืฉืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื ื•, ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ื›ืŸ ืจืง ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื›ืœ (ืกืคืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ื“ื‘ ื›ืฅ, ืขืž' 152). ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืคืจืกื ื‘ืขืฆื” ืื—ืช ืขืžื ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืฉื”ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืฉื ืงื˜ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืจื•ืคื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• (ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืื˜ืงืก, ืขืž' 183).
ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืžืœ ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืฉื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืจืข, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ "ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงืœื”" (ืœื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ืื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• (ืœืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ืืœื•ืœ, ืขืž' ื˜). ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ื’ืจืกื” ื–ื• ื•ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’ ืฆื).
ืืœื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืžื” ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ, ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืจื•ืคื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• (ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ืฉื). ืœืคื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉืฆืขืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉื•ืช? ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื• (ืื˜ืงืก, ืฉื).
ืืš ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื”ื’ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”. ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ (ืžืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืจ' ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ): "ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืœืชื ื”ื•ื™ ื—ื–ืงื”, ืžืืœืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืช"ืœ, ื”ืชืขื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืฉื ืช ืชืงืฆ"ื˜ (1838), ื•ืชืจ"ื˜ (1848), ื•ืชืจื›"ื– (1866) ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื• ืื–, ื•ืœื ืงืจื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืจืข ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื–. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืื–, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื—ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืื“ื ื—"ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ื›ืœืœ, ืจืง ืœืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืชื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ืชื ื•ืžื™ืœืื• ื›ืจื™ืกื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•"ื› ื•ื›"ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•"ื› (ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ื ื•ื“ืข). ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื’"ื ื”ื "ืœ (ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’"ื ืœื ืื™ื™ืจื™ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” [ื”ืžื’"ื ืกื™' ืชืงืขื•, ืกืง"ื‘ ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื’ืœืœื”, ื"ื•]) ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื’"ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”' ื™ืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื•" (ืฉื•"ืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ืœ"ื’).
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื“ื™-ื—ืžื“ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ (ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’, ืื•ืช ื“). ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืจืข ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื›"ื• (1865): "ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื—ื• ื›ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ืชืขื ื• ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืกืก ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉืžื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื” โ€“ ืœื ืžืœืื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืจืง ืฆื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉื‘ื— ืœื ืœ ื™ืช', ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืœื ืžืช ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื (ื›ื™ ืื ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ืชื ืฉื ืœืงื• ืžืงื•ื“ื) ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืก ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืจื™ื". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ โ€“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื ื”ืขื–ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ.
ืžื•ืจื™-ื”ื•ืจืื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™' ืชืจื™ื— ืก"ื ืกื•ื“"ื” ื—ื•ืœื”), ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.
ื ื–ื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื—ืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.



ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
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