ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
  • ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื
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9 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ืืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ืกื•ื›ื•ืช





ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืงื”ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ืฃ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืœืจื’ืœ, ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ืจื–ื•ืช ืœืืžื•ื ื”, ื™ืจืื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™-ื™ื’): "ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื• ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืื•ึนืชึธื ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ืžึดืงึผึตืฅ ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึนืขึตื“ ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืžึดื˜ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื›ึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืจึธืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื‘ึฐื—ึธืจ, ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื ึถื’ึถื“ ื›ึผึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืึธื–ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื. ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึธื ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผึทืฃ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถื™ืšึธ, ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดืœึฐืžึฐื“ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช. ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึนื ื™ึธื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึธืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ืœึฐื™ึดืจึฐืึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื” ืœึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธื”ึผ".
ืžื’ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืžื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื•, ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”? ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืืœื™ื”: "ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื“ื ื• ื•ืชืคืืจืชื ื•, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ ืขืจื›ื”, ื•ื™ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื—ืฉืงื”, ื•ืขื ื”ื—ืฉืง ื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”', ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉืžื— ื”' ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•" (ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื™ื‘).
ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื™ื™ืžื. ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ื™ื ืื•ื–ื ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืฉืง ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืขืฆื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ืืฃ ื”ื˜ืฃ ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืกืคื’ื• ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืขื”. ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื: ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™ื‘-ื™ื’; ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
ื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื‘ื ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืชื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื•).
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงืจื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ. ืื•ืœื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืื• ืฉืงื•ืœื• ื—ืœืฉ ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื–, ื—; ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื™ื‘; ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™ื; ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ' ืคืจืง ื).

ื‘ - ื”ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™ื): "ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืขื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื‘, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื”-ื•).
ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื, ื - ื•, ื˜). ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื–ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื•, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื—ื ื›ื• ืœื›ืš ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืืจื™ื›ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช 'ืฉืžืข' ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”'.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืคืจืฉืช 'ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืฉืžื•ืข' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื’-ื›ื), ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ.
ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช: 'ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืจ' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื›ื‘-ื›ื–), ื•'ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื” ืœืขืฉืจ' (ืฉื ื›ื•, ื™ื‘-ื˜ื•). ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• (ืฉื ื™ื–, ื™ื“-ื›), ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื—), ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื ืื ืœื ื™ืฉืžืจื• (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื).
ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื›ื‘ - ื›ื—, ืกื˜). ืงืจื™ืื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื” ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• (ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืข"ื’-ืชืจื™"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš), ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื“ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ. 1

ื’ - ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”
ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™-ื™ื): "ืžึดืงึผึตืฅ ืฉืึถื‘ึทืข ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืžึนืขึตื“ ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืžึดื˜ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื›ึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืจึธืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื‘ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื›ึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ", ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื). ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืขืžื“ ื”ืžืœืš. ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืœื ืจืฆื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจื”, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืœืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืฉ"ื™). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื‘ืžื•ืขื“', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• (ืชื•ืก').
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ), ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช (ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช).
ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื—ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืชื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื ืฆื—ื™, ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื - ื ืฉื›ื— ื•ื ืื‘ื“. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื’ืœ, ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”'ืจืื™ื™ื”', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ 'ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื”' ื•'ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”' (ืค"ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื˜ื•), ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืจืฉ, ื”ืื™ืœื, ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื’ืจ, ื”ื˜ืžื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื - ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ.
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ื ืฉืžื—ืžืชื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชืจื™ื‘, ื“. ืขืจืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ, ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”, ื’, ื‘).
ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืขืชื• ื”ื—ืœืฉื”, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช - ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื”, "ืฉืœื ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืœื ืœื—ื–ืง ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช, ื•ื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืชื” ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื” ื•ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืžืขื”, ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื-ืœ" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื•, ืขืค"ื™ ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื).

ื“ - ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”
ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื”ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืืชื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื“). ื•ืื ืจืฆื” ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืก' ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื, 'ืžืฆื•ื”'). 2
ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืœืš. ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื•: ื—ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื•ืชื ื• ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืœืš, ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื“).
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื) ืจืฆื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘) ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืš ื•ื›ื•'. ื’) ืืชื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•', ืขื“ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืœื”. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื“) ืžืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“, ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”) ืžืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืชืขืžื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื, ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•) ืžืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ื”ื-ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื. ื–) ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื” ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”' ืืช ืขืžืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขืžืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฉืข, ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคืœื” (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื“).

ื” - ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ
ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืžื” ืชืงื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื–ืืช ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ, ื™ื–): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืึฒืจึปื›ึธื” ืœึธืšึฐ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึทื›ึผื•ึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืึถืจึฐืคึผึธืึตืšึฐ ื ึฐืึปื ื”', ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดื“ึผึธื—ึธื” ืงึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ, ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดื™ื ื“ึผึนืจึตืฉื ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ", ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื“ึผึนืจึตืฉื ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืชืชืจืคื ืžื›ืชื” (ืจ"ื” ืœ, ื).
ืืžื ื ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื, ื™-ื™ื): "ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผื•ึนืช, ื‘ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื ื›ึธืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึตืจึธืื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื‘ึฐื—ึธืจ", ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ 'ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•'ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”', ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœ (ืค"ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื˜ื–). ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืงื˜ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืจืื™ื”' (ื’ืžืจื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื). ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื‘): "ื›ืœ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืฃ..."
ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฆื•. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช, ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ', ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืขืœื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืงื˜ ื’ื ื—ืชื ื•, ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืœื›ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื—"ื“ ืคืจืง ื˜ื•), ื•ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ. ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืคืขืœื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ื ื, ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืื‘"ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืืจืฉื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื–ื ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื™ 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ืงื”ืœ'.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขืžื“ 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ', ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข 'ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™'. ืžืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ืงื”ืœ', ื–ื•ืœืช ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืœืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื—ืจืฃ ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืž"ื— ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื›ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื. ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืœืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ, ืฉื”ืชืžืœืื” ืขื“ ืืคืก ืžืงื•ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื™ื”. ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆืžืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื˜ืงืก, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ึทืงึฐื”ึตืœ', ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”' ื•ืœืชื•ืจืชื•. 3



^ 1.. ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื’, ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืค"ื– ื”"ื—, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจืก ื‘ืžืฉื ื”. ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ื•ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืœืคื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžืœืš.
^ 2.. ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื, ื, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืกื•ื˜ื” ื–, ื—, ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื•, ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื. ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืชืืกืฃ ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืืกืคื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื“ืขืช ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืข"ื›.
ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืืกืคื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื ืจืžืงื•ืœ? ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ืื ืงื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง, ื™ื›ืœื• ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืžืขื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ืืกืคื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ืจืฉ, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื” ืขืชื” ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื•. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจืง ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืขืžื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืžืœืš, ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื”. (ืœืชื•ืก' ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื’, ื, 'ืืฃ', ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ, ื•ืฆ"ืข ื”ื™ืืš ื™ื›ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืž"ืž ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืžืงื•ืœ, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืค"ื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื˜, 8).
^ 3.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘'ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื”ืœ', ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ืœื“ืŸ - ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช 'ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ืงื”ืœ' ืขืž' 653-678. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืžื“, ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” - ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืชื’ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื•ื”ื• ืœื™ืกื•ื“: "ื—ื“ืฉ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”". ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ืœื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™ 'ืชืงื ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ' ืขืž' 606-617, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ - ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื›ืš ืงืœืงื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืœื•ืœื‘, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืž' 620 ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื™, ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื‘, ื—ื™ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื.



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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
  • ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืค"ื‘
  • ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ื—ืื™
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ื—ืื™

    ื˜ื• ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
  • ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื”
  • ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื“ืœื™ืงื ื• ืžืืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื“ืœื™ืงื ื• ืžืืฉ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืืฃ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื•
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืืฃ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื
    57 ื“ืง'
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชืฉืคื– โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ - ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื“ื•ืข ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื - "ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื"
    36 ื“ืง'
    ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืžื“ื•ืข ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื - "ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื"

    ื”' ืžื ืกื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื“ื•ืข? ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• | ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” | ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื‘ื ื ืื• ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืื ื”ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช | ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ื–ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ืขื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื›ืขืก | ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”
    ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”

    ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื–
    ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ

    ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื–

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจ"ืœ
    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืจ"ืœ

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉื "ื—
  • ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืขื ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™
    27 ื“ืง'
    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• โ€“ ืขื ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™

    ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื’ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื˜
    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ

    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื˜

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื”' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืžื›ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”
    43 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืžื›ืื‘ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื–, ื– | ืคืจืง ื—, ื-ื‘

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืชื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื˜ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื“ืจืš ืคืกืงืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื”ืžืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืื“ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื“' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”
    ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”: ืžืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
    ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”

    ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื”: ืžืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจืช ื™ืžื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื’ืžืจื ื•ืœื—ื˜ื ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืคืจื™ื•ืŸ | ื’' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื—
    26 ื“ืง'
    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ

    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื—

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื“' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• - ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื: ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—?
    4 ื“ืง'
    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• - ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื: ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“
    ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ

    ืืฃ ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื™ ื˜ื—ืŸ | ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”
    43 ื“ืง'
    ืขื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ืขืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื’ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ | ื›"ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื–
    31 ื“ืง'
    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ

    ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืงืœ"ื–

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ ืกื˜ืคื ืกืงื™ | ื’' ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื–
  • ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ
    36 ื“ืง'
    ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืจืžื‘"ื

    ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ

    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 4

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ืžื” ื›ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื’ื ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ื“ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืžื•ื ืข ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“ | ื›"ื— ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il