ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” Venice, Italy
ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืก"ื—

ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ

ืฉืืœื”
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1858 ืœืžื ื™ื™ื ื ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืืจื•ื ื• ื•ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื•, ืขืงื‘ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ืœื—ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจืงื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื›ืชืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขืฅ.
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื•ื“, ื•ืžืื– ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉืžื—ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืœืžืงื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืžื—ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” (ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืขืชื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื—ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”).
ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืŸ:
ื. ื”ืื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืคื™ื“ื.
ื‘. ื”ืื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขื›ื‘, ืื• ืฉื˜ืขืžื• ืจืง ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืžืขืœ ืœืืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื• ื’ืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืืœืžื ื•ืช (ื•ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ืื• ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื)?
ื’. ื”ืื ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ (ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ) ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืขืœืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืงื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ 1 , ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืื™ ืžืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช 2 .
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื“ื ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืงื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœืžืงื ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื 3 , ืžืขืœ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ื•ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืœื), ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ืœืœ (ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“') 4 .
ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื•ืื ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืชืชืจื•ื ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืขืœื”.
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื”ืคืงืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื•ืœื ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• 5 .




^ 1. ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื ืข"ื): "ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืกื™ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘, ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉื’ื’ื•ืชื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ืจื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: 'ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•'". ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื–ื” ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื  ืกืข' ื‘): "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›"ื  ืืœื ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื". ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื‘), ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืš. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืš. ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื’ืจื–"ื  ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื–, ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ืžื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ืงื™ื. ืืœื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•"ืช "ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืœ), ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื’ื "ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ" (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื ืกืข' ื™ื–) ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืงืžืŸ (ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 2), ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ืœื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉื•"ืช "ืœื‘ ืืจื™ื”" (ืกื™' ื“) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ" ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืฉืื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• (ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื), ื”ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืœืžื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื”ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•"). ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฉื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื™ืจื—ืง ืžื–ื”", ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืž"ื ืขืฆืžื• (ืฉื ืกื™' ืงื  ืกืข' ื‘) ืคืกืง ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื•, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืžื•ืš ืžืžืงื•ื ื“ื™ืจืชื•, ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืœืงืžืŸ.
^ 2. ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื ืกืข' ื™ื‘) ืคืกืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื ืื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืฉื. ื•ื”ืจืž"ื (ืฉื) ืคืกืง ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื“ื• ืœื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื‘, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ. ื”ื˜"ื– (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื“) ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืžื) ื•ืฉื•"ืช "ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™" (ื” ืกื™' ื™ื—). ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืก ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื›ื“' ืคืกืงื• ื’ื ื”ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ. ื”ื˜"ื– (ืฉื) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ืฉื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื•, ืืš ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ ืืกื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื—) ื•ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืžื‘) ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ืช ืงื‘ืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฉื• ื™ืจื—ืง. ืืœื ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• "ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ", ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืžืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" (ืกื™' ืขื“), ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ.
ื•ื”ื ื”, ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืžื›ืš ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื’ื ืื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื— ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ืข"ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืžืขืœื™ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื).
^ 3. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื”ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
^ 4. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช "ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" (ืฉื), ืฉืžืžื ื” ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืฃ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืž), ืฉืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื ืกืข' ื™ื‘), ืฉืžืกืชืคืง ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืืจ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืž"ืคืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ" ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื“ื• ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื”, ืืš ืืจื•ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” (ืฉื ืกื™' ืงื ื“ ืกืข' ื’), ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกื™' ืžื‘ ืกืข' ื’, ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืœืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื ื”, ืืš ื‘ืกืชื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•). ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ" (ื• ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ื›ื• ืื•ืช ื”) ื ืชืŸ ืขืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื“'.
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืžืžืฉ, ืืš ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื (ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™" ื ืกื™' ื›ื–) ืฉืœื ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”. ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื ืื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื ื ืคืชืจื” (ืžื”"ื™ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืžืจ" ื•"ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™" ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš).
^ 5. ื”ื”ืคืงืขื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื). ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืงืขื”, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื–' ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื—, ืฉืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ืจื• โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ). ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ืจื• ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื’ ืกืข' ื–), ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืคืกืงื• ื”"ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื™ื‘) ื•ื”"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืœื’( ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ืจื•. ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™-ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืคืงืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง" (ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื— ื›ื).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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