ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
  • ืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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32 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ืฉืžื—ื”

ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืจื•ืื•ืช ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ืš (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœ, ื›).
ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžืขืฉื™ื”ื,
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ [...] ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
(ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื•, ื’).

ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื: ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื–ื•ืจื” ืืœื•ืžืช ืื•ืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืชืช ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื—ืชื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ืžื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืื•ืจื—, ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืงื“ืฉืช "ืคื™ื ื”" ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื“ืฃ "ืžืื•ืจื•ืช" ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืฃ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื ื“ื‘ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” โ€“ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืืœืงื ื”, ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืŸ ืœื›ืœืœ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉืข"ื’ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื "ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื”ืจืฆืืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืขื ื”ื–ื ืงืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. 1
ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง, ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื›ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืขื ื•ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœืฉืืœืช ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžืžืฉืงื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื•ืœืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ืœืขื™ื ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื“ืขืช. 2 ื›ืžื™ ืฉื“ืžื•ืชื• ืžื ื—ื” ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœืžื›ืœืœืชื ื•, ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืืฃ ื ื“ืจืฉ. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื” ื™ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืืคื•ื ืœื”ืœืŸ. 3
ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช 4
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืจื "ื (1891), ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื–ื™ื™ืžืœ (Zaumel) ืฉื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ื‘ื ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ืœืื‘ื™ื•, ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”, ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื•ืœืืžื•, ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืจื™ื™ื–ื-ืจื‘ืงื” ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'-ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืชืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'-ืชืื•ืžื™ื (ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช). ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื” (1895) ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืกืง (Bauska) ืฉืœื™ื“ ืจื™ื’ื” ืฉื‘ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืจื‘ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื“, ืžืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจ' ืžืฉื” ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ (ืฉื™ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืœืŸ, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ). ืœื ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืœืžื“ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื’ื ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™.
ื‘ื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืก"ื“ (1904), ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื™ืคื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื" ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืคื•ืจืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ". ืžืฉื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ืขื–ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจืข"ื“ (1914), ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘"ืž ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื™ื™ืกืข ืœื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜ (Halberstadt) ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ืฆืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืจื˜ ื•ื ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืืš ื’ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืขืฆืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ื ืก ืœืžื—ื ื” ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, ื•ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืข"ื” (1914) ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืกื ื˜-ื’ืืœืŸ (St. Gallen) ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืคื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• "ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื"!
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื• (1916) ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ืฉืื˜ืœ ((Neuchate ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื’ืžืจื, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ืกืคืจื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื“ืข ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœื™ืžื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื’ืžืจื, ืชื "ืš ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจืฆื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืข"ื— (1917) ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืกื ื˜-ื’ืืœืŸ. ื‘ื”' ื‘ืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืข"ื˜ (1919) ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช "ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ืช".
ื‘ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืข"ื˜ (1919) ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจ"ืฃ (1920) ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื’ื–ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื“ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” "ื ืฆื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื•ืจื•ืช", ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ื ืก ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื‘ ืœืืจืฆื•.
ื‘ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจ"ืฃ (1920) ื™ืฆื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืกืคื” ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืคืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขืžืœ ืœืฆืจืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืจื•ืฉื ืขื–, ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”, ืœื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื•ืขื•ื“, ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื: ืขื ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื–'ื™ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืฆ'ื•ืจื˜ืงื•ื‘, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื”ื•ืกื™ืื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื™ืืŸ ื•ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืกื“ื™ื’ื•ืจื, ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ืืจื™ืง, ื‘ืขืœ "ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ" ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจ, ืขื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจ, ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ืฆื” ื•ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืจืื“ื–ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช "ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื‘ื›"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืจืค"ื‘ (1922), ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื”, ื ืฉื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื—ื•ื”-ืœืื” ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ, ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื•ืจืฉื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื™"ื’ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ. ืžืจืช ื—ื•ื”-ืœืื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืžืžื—ืœื” ื‘ื–' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉ"ื“ (1944). ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื—ื™ ืžืื– ื‘ื’ืคื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” 30 ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืชืจืค"ื’ (1923), ืขื ื”ืงืžืช "ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื ืชืžื ื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื’ื™ืกื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ-ืงื•ืง, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ื—' ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืค"ื• (1925) ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืจืค"ื• (1925) ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ื’ืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื‘ ืœืืจืฅ. ื‘ื—' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืค"ื• (1925) ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื™ื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: "ื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืคื™ื• ื›ืคื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื›ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™". ื‘ื™"ื’ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืค"ื— (1927) ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื-ื›ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืฆ"ื (1930) ื™ืฆื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
ื‘ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืฆ"ื” (1935) ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจ, ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ืจืฃ ืœืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืžื“ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆืช ืœ"ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”", ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืืฃ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื—ืชืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืืฆ"ืœ ื’ืœืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ "ืืช ืื—ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ", ืฉื‘ื• ืงืจื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืื—ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”. ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉ"ื— (1947), ืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืขื ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื™"ืž ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื•: "ื•ืืช ืืจืฆื™ ื—ื™ืœืงื•", ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ื“ื“ื•: "ืžืืช ื”' ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœืืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•". ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืงืจื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก, 5 ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืชืฉ"ื˜) ื™ืฆื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืืช ืชืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, "ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”".
ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉื™"ื (1951) ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืืžื•, ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืจื™ื™ื–ื ืจื‘ืงื”, "ืื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”". ื‘ื–' ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉื™"ื‘ (1951) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื•ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•. ื’ื™ืกื•, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืจืขื ืŸ-ืงื•ืง, ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื• ื›ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœื”.
ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื™"ื“ (1954) ืขื ื”ื’ืขืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ืš (1960) ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื“ (1964), ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื” (1964) ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื›ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื– (1967), ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืื•ืžื•, ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืขืง ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช: "ืื™ืคื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื”ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืฉืœื ื• [...] ื•ื™ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืœื ื• [...] ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืจื’ื‘ ื•ืจื’ื‘!". ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ืฆื”"ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื‘ื›"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื›"ื– (1967) ื–ื›ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ ("ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ"), ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
ื‘ื›"ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉื›"ื– (1967) ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”: ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ึดืจื‘ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉื›"ื– (1967) ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื– "ืœื ืชื’ื•ืจื•", ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ื›ืจื•ื– ืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื’ืจืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉืž"ื‘ (1982) ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 91. ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืขื, ื‘ื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืžื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ืคืจื–ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื’ืฉื ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื ืงื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืกื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”
ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืื™ื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืืกื•ืคืช "ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื "ื, ืื™ื’ืจืช ื“, ืขืž' ื”โ€“ื•), ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ "ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžื“ืข":
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืชื•ืจื” ื•"ื—ื›ืžื”" ื•"ืžื“ืขื™ื", ืฉื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื”"ืจ, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ื•ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื’ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”"ืชื•ืจื”" ื•ื”"ื—ื›ืžื”" ื”"ืืžื•ื ื”" ื•ื”"ืชื‘ื•ื ื”" ืืฉื” ืืœ ืจืขื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•, ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื•ื›ื”ื•ืช ืœื‘.
ืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืืคื•ื, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื "ืชื•ืจื”", "ื—ื›ืžื”" ื•"ืžื“ืขื™ื" ื›ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืื™ื ื” ืืœื "ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื‘ื›ืš ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื”ืจืื™"ื” (ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื, ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื, ืื•ืช ืชืชืง; ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื”, ื˜ื–): 6
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ "ืฉืžืข" "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช", ืฉืขืœ ื–ื” ืกื•ื‘ื‘ "ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ืš" [...] ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืจ ื“' ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื“ืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ื’ืจืช ืœืจืฆื™"ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืžืขืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื:
ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื ืจืง ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื [...] ื•ื”ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ื›ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ [ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื] ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืฆื—ืฆื—ื, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืคืชื—ื• ื›"ื› ืืช ืขืจื›ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ืข"ื› ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื›ื— ื”ื‘ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื•ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื’ืžืข ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ืœื ืขืชื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืข"ื› ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืื“ื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช. ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืžืจ ืข' ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื•ืช ืžืฉืžื•, ืฉื ื' ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžื• ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืคืช ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืฉืžืข (ืกื•ื˜ื”). ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืชืฉื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืจืžื–ืชื™ ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื’"ื› ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžืฆื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“"ื ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” (ื’ื ื–ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ื“, ืขืž' 106).
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืžืฆื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”" ื”ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ืื•ืžื ื•ืช" (ื’ื ื–ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ืฉื). ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ, "ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”" ื–ื• ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” "ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื“ืขื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื”", ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, "ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืจื’ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ "ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื". ื™ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ืฉืืžื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืืœื ืžืขืฉื™ืช: "ื‘ื–ื” ืชืฉื›ื™ืœ [...] ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื’"ื› ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช".
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื›ืš, ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืคื•. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืก"ื˜โ€“ืชืจืข"ื”, ื•ืœืฆื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืชืคืกื• ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ: ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืจ' ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ืคืŸ, 7 ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” 8 "ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™".
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ื’ืขืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื—ื•"ืœ, ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜ ืœืžื“ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืฉืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•:
ื›' ืื™ื™ืจ ืข"ื• [...] ืœืงื“ื ื”ื“ืจ"ืง ืืืžื•"ืจ ืขื˜"ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื:
ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•"ื  [...] ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืชื "ืš ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืขื”"ื™. ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื˜ ืืช ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืืฉืจ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืชื•. ื•ืขื ื–ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื ื›"ื› ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ืื™ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžื‘, ืขืž' ืงื™ืโ€“ืงื™ื‘).
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืืคื•ื "ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ", ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืจืžื” "ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช", ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืชื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• "ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”". ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ืืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืขืชื™ื ("ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจื”") ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ("ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื") ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ("ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื").
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืจืื™"ื”:
[ื“' ืชืžื•ื– ืข"ื• ื ื•ื™ืฉืื˜ื™ืœ]:
ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœื” ืœืื˜ื” ืงื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื“"ืจ ืืฉืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื–ื” ืคื” ืกื™ื•ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ืข"ืค. ืžืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืื–ื›ื™ืจ: ื›ืจืš ื' ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื ื˜ ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”, ื•ืžืืžืจ ื' ืฉืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืก ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื [...] ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืืคื ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžื“, ืขืž' ืงื˜ื•).
ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆืช: "ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช". ืืฉืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™-"ืจื•ื—ื ื™", ืžื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ืžืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“: ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงื ื˜ (1724โ€“1804), ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”; ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ ืœืฆืจื•ืก (1824โ€“1903), ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช; ื•ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื "ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”.
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ:
ื™"ื ื›ืกืœื• ืข"ื– ื ื•ื™ืฉืื˜ื™ืœ: ื›ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืงืฆืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืงืฆืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™, ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืช. ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” (ื›ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื“"ืจ ืืฉืจ ื•ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื˜ืขืžืชื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ื” ืคื” ืœืชื•ืขืœืช, ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืข"ื“ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื•ื›ื— ื›ืงืืืžื•"ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”) ืœื ื‘ืืชื™, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ื ื‘, ืขืž' ืงืœื“).
ืฉื•ื‘: ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืื™ื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”: ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฆื™ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืš, ืื ื›ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื”, ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ: "ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืœื ื‘ืืชื™".
ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืื‘ื™ื• ("ื•' ืื“ืจ ืข"ื–"). ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืจื•ืš, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืœ: "ืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืืชื™ ื’ืžืจื ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืจื›ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืงื•ืจื ืžืขื˜" (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ื ื—, ืขืž' ืงืžื—).
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™, ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•, ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืข ื›"ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™") ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื:
ื“"ืฉ [...] ื•ืžืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ [...] ืื ื™ ื™ืขืฆืชื™ื• ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื•ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืžื” ืฉื™ืกื™ืข ื’ื ืœืกื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฆื‘-ืจื•ื—ื•, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืข"ืค ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ื”ืชืื•ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ื’ ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืืชื” (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืžื’, ืขืž' ืงื™ื’โ€“ืงื™ื“).
ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืฆื“ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœ"ื ื–ื™ืจ" ืขืฆืชื• ื”ื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื "ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ืœืžื•ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”". ืœื ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืžืœืฆื” ื–ื• ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื ืžืงืชื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• "ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื”", ื•ื“ืื™ ืœืื•ืจ "ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื•" ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”. ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›"ืชืื•ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช" ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืืœื ืž"ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื—ืจ ืฉ"ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ" ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื, ื•ืœื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช-ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื-ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื.
ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ื’ื ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืจืชืง ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ืฉื”ืจื™ืฅ ืœืจืื™"ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ื ืžืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื•ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืคื•ื ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื ื™ืฆืœ ื›ื“ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ืขื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืœื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, 9 ืฉืœื— ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืื™ื’ืจืช ืœืจืื™"ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืจ:
ืืจื”ื™ื‘-ืขื– ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืงืืืžื•"ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืกืขื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืคื”. ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืืฆืคื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื’ืจื•ืชื™.
ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ [...]
ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื›ื•"ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•"ืื•ืžื", ื”ื›ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื‘"ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื, ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืขืžืงื™ ืชื—ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ ื›ืžืื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” โ€“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืคืชื— ืชืขืœืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื. ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™, ื›ืคื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช, ื‘ื’ื ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™, ืขืชื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืกื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืคืืคื™ืจื•ืก, ื”ืขื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™-ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืงืžื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืžื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื”.
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื™, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื™ืคื”, ื›ืชื•ืก' ืฉื‘ืช ืค' ืฉื•ืืœ (ืงืžื˜ ืข"ื ื“"ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื™) ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ื“ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื•ืœื ื“ืžืกืชืคื™ื ื, ืฉื’ื ืžื“ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžืื™ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื  ืข"ื) ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื“ื–ื•ื–ื, ืื• ืฉืืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกืจ ื•ืื™ืกืชื™ืจื (ื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืœื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืคืจื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•), ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื›ื•"ื ืืœื ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืฉื ืขื›ื•"ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื›ื•"ื, ื•ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื, ืฉื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’"ื› ืžืœืชื ื“ืขื›ื•"ื ืžืžืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ืืœื•ื” [...] ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื’ื ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืขื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื›ื "ืœ, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื‘ื˜ืœื• ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืคื—ื™ืกื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ, ืจืง ืื•ืœื™ ืžื‘ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื›ื•"ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืขื‘ืช ืฉืงื•ืฅ ื”ืขืคื™ืฉ (ืฉื ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืœ"ืฃ ืœืขื™ื™"ืŸ ื•ืžืกืž"ืš ืœืฉื™"ืŸ) ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•ืžืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื•. ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจื›ื™, ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ืœ ืจื™ื— ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ืจืื”, ืฉืชืืจื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืขื’ืœ", ื ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืช-ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ืข"ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘ ืฉืขืœื” ืืชื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ื–ื” (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ื™ื˜, ืขืž' ื ื“โ€“ื ื”).
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืจืš ืื ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืจ 10 ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืงื˜ืงื•ืžื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ("ืจืื™ืชื™ [...] ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™") ื‘ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืงืกื™ื, ื‘ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืกืœื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื”ืกืก ืœื‘ื˜ื ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช: "ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื". ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื, ืืฃ ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช (ื”ืฉืขืจืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ "ืฉื™ืงื•ืฅ ื”ืขืคื™ืฉ" [ื”ืืคื™ืก] 11 ืขื "ื”ืขื’ืœ") ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช (ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœืŸ), 12 ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜. 13
ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžื•ืจ ืžืขืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื˜ืžืŸ ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื“ืข ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™; ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืคืš. ื™ื“ื™ื• ืจื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื–ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ื“ืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืช.
ื”ื•ืงืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื
ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืžืฉืงื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข, ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกืคื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ "ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื›ืžื”". ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ (ื™"ื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืจืœ"ื˜ โ€“ ื—' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉ"ื“, 1879โ€“1944) ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืจืš, ื›ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื’ืจืช ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืขื•ืจืš ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” "ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื" โ€“ ืืกื•ืคืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, 14 ื•ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื•ื”ืกืžื›ืชื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช "ื ืฆื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื. ืืฉืจ ืœืจืฆื™"ื”, ืงืฉืจื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“"ืจ ื‘"ืž ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืงื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจืื™"ื”.
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืกืคื™ื“ื• ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงืจืชื• ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืืช ื”ืจื“"ืจ ื‘"ืž ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืืœื ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ โ€“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช โ€“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื:
ื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืขื ืžืจืŸ ืื‘ื ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ [...] ืœื™ืžื“ื ื™ ืื– ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืคืจืง ื™ืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช [...] ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืื™ืฉ-ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืคืขืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ [...] ื”ืžืชืœืžื“ ืฉื ื•ื‘ื•ืœืข ืžืคื™ "ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื" ืืช ืžื“ืข ื”ืกืœืฃ ืฉืœ "ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื", ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืงืคื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื›ืกืœ ืจืฉืข ื–ื• (ืžื•ืงื™ืข ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื [...] ) [...] ืžื•ืฆื™ื [...] ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช "ืชื—ื›ืžื•ื ื™", ืžืืกืฃ ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืคืจืกื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื–"ืœ [...] ื”ื•ื ืžืคืจืกื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืคืจืื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ืจืช ืจื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ [...] ื‘ืฆืืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืžืจืŸ ืื‘ื ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื›ื™ "ื™ืฆื ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืจืืชื•" ("ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘, ืขืž' ื™ื—โ€“ื›ื, ืื—ืจ "ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื”ืจื‘"ืž ื“"ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื ืฆื‘"ื”").
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืจื•ืื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘"ืž ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชื™ืช ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข. ืขืœ ืื“ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจื” ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืจื›ืฉ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™, ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื; ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช; ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช-ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”; ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ืœืฆืืช "ืฉืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื™ืจืืชื•".
ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ื’ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ (ื–' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ืชืจืž"ื• โ€“ ื›"ื” ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืœ"ื, 1886โ€“1970), ืขืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื“"ืจ ื‘"ืž ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืŸ, ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื•, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ "ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื". ื›ืขืžื™ืชื•, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ "ืžื–ืจื—ื™" ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื•ืช. ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื•ื”ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. 15 ืืฉืจ ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ืกืชื•ืคืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื–ื ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” โ€“ ืชื "ืš.
ืืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคื™ื“ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืกืคื“ ื–ื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืืกื•ืคืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ:
ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขื ืืืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ [...] ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื“' ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื• [...] ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื“' ื•ื™ืจืืชื•, ืืฉืจ ื ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื•ืื—"ื› ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื’ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืคื” ("ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘, ืขืž' ืกื‘โ€“ืกื’, ืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช "ืžื•"ืจ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื“"ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื–ืฆ"ืœ").
ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกืคื“, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืฉืœืžื™-ืืžื•ื ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืชื "ืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื“ ืชื "ืš: "ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื“' ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื• [...] ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื“' ื•ื™ืจืืชื•". ืœืžืฆืขืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉ"ื”ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื", ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.
ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš "ืžื“ืขื™ืช"
ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืžืžืฉืงื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื. ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•: ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช, "ืžื“ืขื™ืช", ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืชื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืžืช ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื, ื–ืืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืชื•ื“ื” "ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ืช" ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื•. ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ืช" ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœืชื”, ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš "ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช": 16
ื’. ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื“ืข, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ, ื’ื ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื. ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืžืื™ืŸ [...] ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืฉื ื•ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช-ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” 17 ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ [...] ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื›ื ื” [...] ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ: ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื [...] ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื, ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื” [...] ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”, ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื”. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ืจืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจ-ื”ืžืกื•ืจ-ืœืœื‘, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ "ื•ื™ืจืืช".
ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืคืช ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืื ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช, ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืคืกื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข. ื–ืืช ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืจืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืคื” ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืžืฉื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฆืจืฃ ื’ื ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™. 18
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืชื ืขืจ, ืœืžืฆืขืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืžืžืชื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื•ืช" ื•"ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช", ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•"ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช", ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”, ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืืžืช, ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืชืกืžื•ืš. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืžื›ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืžืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื™ืžื•ืฆื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืœื” ื•ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืžื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืืช ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืจืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืจืื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื“ื™ื“ื•, ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื›"ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื".
ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืจืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื-ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ืœื ืคืขื ื™ืฆื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื ื’ื“ ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ:
ื‘"ืกื™ื ื™" [...] ื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืงืืจืœ ืœืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ืฉ. ืงืจื•ื™ืก ืœืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืจืชื” ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ื”ืขืžื“ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืืžืชืชื ("ืœืืžืชืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”!", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘, ืขืž' ืงืฆื“โ€“ืจื).

ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ:
ื‘ืžืืžืจ [...] ืฉืœ [...] ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ "ื‘ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืจื" [...] ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ "ื”ืžื“ืข" ื”ื”ื ("ืœืชืงื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื•ืช", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื, ืขืž' ืงืคโ€“ืงืคื).
ื•ืขื•ื“ 19 ืขืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™-ืžื—ืงืจื™ "ืกื™ื ื™" ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ื’ื™ืขื”-ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื–ืขื–ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืข, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ืฆืฅ.
ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœ"ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™". ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืฉืืœ: ืžื”ื™ "ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ืžื” ื™ื—ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”, ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื: ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื•ืชื™-ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขืฉื™-ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™:
ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื“ืขืช, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ืืช ื“' ืืœื”ื™ืš" ื•ืื ื• ื”ืจื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืœื•ื ื ื’ืฉื™ื ืื ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื? ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ืข ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•. ืžื“ืข โ€“ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ืขืช. ืื•ืœื ื“ื ืขืงื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื” ืžื“ืข ื›ื‘ืžืœื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื“ืขืช. ื‘ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ืข ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื ื•, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืœืžืชื•ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ.
ื”"ืžื“ืข" ื‘ืžืจื›ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืชื "ืš, ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืื’ื“ื”, ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื”. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืœื ืœื™ื“ืข ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืžืงื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจืช ืืžืช, ืืžืช ืžืžืฉ, ืืžืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ, ืืžืช ืžืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉืืžืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื ื ืกืชืจืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื™ืคืชื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื›ื ื”.
ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื [...] ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืจืฉ ืฉืœื” ืคืกื•ืœ. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžื™ื ื”ื. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื” ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ื•ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืฉืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื ื• ื ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ืžืฉืžื™ื [...] ื•ื›ืœ ืžื’ืžืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืชื”, ืœื’ืœื•ืชื” ื•ืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืœืฉื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ื ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื˜ื˜, ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื˜ื‘, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืข"ื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ("ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘, ืขืž' ืจืžื‘โ€“ืจืžื’).
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ: ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” "ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื”" ื”ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื“ืข" ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ืข, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข ืžืฉืžืขื” ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘"ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš". ื•ืื•ืœื, ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช, ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœ"ืžื“ืข" ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ืœืžืชื•ื“ื”, ืœื“ืจืš, ืœืืžืฆืขื™, ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™. ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“. ืื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื "ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจืช ืืžืช [...] ืืžืช ืžืฉืžื™ื", ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืืžืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—, ืจืฆื•ื™ ื•ืืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืจื, ืื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช "ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื”", ืื–ื™ ื›ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ืคืœ ืขื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืคื’ื•ื ื•ืคืกื•ืœ ืžืขื™ืงืจื•. "ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืฉืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ".
ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื‘ืจื•ื‘-ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื™ืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช "ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื" ื•ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. 20 ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืขืฆื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืœื”ืคืš: ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ: ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช "ื•ื™ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื", ืื•ืœื ืžื›ืœืœ ืฆื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™-ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืกื•ืžื” ื•ื ืขื•ืœื”. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœืœ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืžืช ืืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ
ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืกื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืค' ืกืกื™ืœ (ื‘ืฆืœืืœ) ืจื•ืช', (Cecil Roth). ืจื•ืช' ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1939โ€“1964 ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื” ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืื™ืงื”. ืจื•ืช' ื”ื•ืจื” ื’ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ืœืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื” ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื’ื˜ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืœื•ึผ ื–ืžื ื™, ืœื ืจืง ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืืœื ืืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ โ€“ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, "ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™" ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” (ื‘ืฉืขืชื•). 21 ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ืช' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืกื™ืœืฃ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืžืฉื” ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ืขืฉื”.
ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื™ื“ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคืจืฉื”, 22 ืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉืขืชื• (ืชืฉื›"ื”) ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืฆืคื”" ืžืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืชืžืฆื™ืชื•:
ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขื ืคืจื•ืค' ืœื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 23 ื•ื”ืฉืชื•ืžืžืชื™. ืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ื ืชื™ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, (ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจ ืœื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ). ื•ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืคื™ ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘"ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ" ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืžื ื•ืช?
ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืœื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ "ื—ืคื•ืฉ ืคื’ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช", ืืฉืžื— ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืจืช ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ืŸ:

ื‘"ื” ื“' ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืฉื›"ื”
ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ืฆื‘ื™
ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื•' ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”' ื”ื‘ืจื•ื›ื”!
ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืงืจืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื›ื ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ืขื™ืจื›ื:
[...] ื›ื™ ืืช ืื™-ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ืขืžื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื‘ื–ื•ื™ ื’ืกื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆืคื™ื, ืขืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืžืœื›ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ื™ืจื“ ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช", ืขืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” "ื›ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืฉื", ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื "ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช", ืขื ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืื—ื“-ื”ืขืžื™ (ื’ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืฉื ื” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ) ืžืฉื•ื ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืจื•ืฉื ืžืกืจืชื”, ื•ื”ืฉืžืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืžืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืช". ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ืืจืกื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœื˜ื” (ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืงืกื ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืคืชื ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช) ืืœ ืื•ืชื• "ืคื•ืฉืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขืฉืื•ื”ื• ื ื›ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”" (ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืืืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช) "ืฉื›ื™ืฉืฃ ื•ื”ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื›ื‘ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก) ื•ื”ืจืฉืขืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ "ืฉื’ืจื ืœืื‘ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ืจื‘, ื•ืœืคื–ืจ ืฉืืจื™ืชื ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืœื•-ื” ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื“' " (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ืคื™"ื); ื•ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืืœื ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืขืžื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉ"ื• โ€“ ื›ื™ ืืช ืื™-ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื ืงืจื ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื•ื ืงืจื ืข"ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืจ"ืž ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ื”ืœื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื™ืฉืจ.
ื”ื ื ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืฆืช ื™ืงืจื›ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื“' ื•ื ืขืžื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืงืจืื™ื”.
ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง

ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืืœื ื ืงื˜ ื’ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืจืฆื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื–ื•, ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื›ืžืจืฆื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”:
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืชืืจื’ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, 24 ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” โ€“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ" ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืžืจืฆื” ืื“ื ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”.
ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ืžืชืจืขื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืกืกื™ืœ ืจื•ืช' ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ". ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืคื’ืข ืคืจื•ืค' ืกืกื™ืœ ืจื•ืช' ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืœืฃ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืžืฉื” ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืจ ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื ื”ืœืช "ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ" ืžืฆืจืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื ืš ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™". ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ.
ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉ"ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ" ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื•ื ืืžื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ (ื ื— ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ื ื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืช).
ื•ืฉื•ื‘:
ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืงืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืฆืœืืœ (ืกืกื™ืœ) ืจื•ืช' ืžืชื›ื ืก ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืกื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืืฉืจ ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืข"ื™ ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืœ ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชึนื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื ื˜ ืชื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื ื”ืœืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”.
ื”ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืก. ืจื•ืช' ื™ื•ืขืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ื’ื’ ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“.
ื”ืกื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” "ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ" ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืชื“ื”ืžืชื• ื•ืืช ืžื•ืจืช-ืจื•ื—ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“"ืจ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืกื™ืœ-ืจื•ืช', ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืชืžื ื” ื›ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ื–ื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ืกื ื˜ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ" ื›ื•ืœื”, ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื›ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืกื ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืกื•ื™ื’ ื‘ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ, ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืื“ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
ื”ืกื ื˜ ืžืื—ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ื™ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื• ืœืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช (ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื).
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ:
ืคืจื•ืค' ื‘ืฆืœืืœ (ืกืกื™ืœ) ืจื•ืช' ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ", ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืž. ื—. ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื“"ืจ ื–. ื•ืจื”ืคื˜ื™ื’, ื‘ืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื”ื ื”ืœืช "ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ". ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘", ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ืข"ื™ "ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ", ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืข. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆ. ื™. ืงื•ืง ื’ื ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”. ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆ. ื™. ืงื•ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื•ื‘ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืขืœ "ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื" ืฉ"ื–ื›ื”" ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ.
ื”ืคืจื•ืค' ืก. ืจื•ืช' ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืงืคืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ื” ืœืงื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืขืจื” ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” (ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื).
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืจืื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืืœ-ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ื ืžืจืฆืช ื–ื• ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืชื”ื "ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ". ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ื›ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืžืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืœื• ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืจืฃ ืืžื•ื ื™.
ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืกื™ื›ื ืืช "ืชื•ื›ื—ืชื•" ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ืืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืจืืฉื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืื™ ืœื™ืฉื ื:
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงืื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื—ืช ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช. ืงืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ: "ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื ืš ืœื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื" ืื‘ืœ ืžืกื•ืคืงื ื™ ืื ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื–ืืช. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื™ืงืจ ืœื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
ื›ืืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื ืš ืื• ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื“ืชื™, ื•ืžืจ ืœื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉ"ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื• ืกืžืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข, ืื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื". ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื“ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”, ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืืžื•ื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืขืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ื ืš ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
ื“ื•ืžื ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื— ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ื–ื” (ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื–, ืขืž' ืจื™โ€“ืจื™ื).
ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื•ืคืจื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, 25 ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
ืกืคืง ืื ืžืงืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื™ืฆื ืœืœืžื“. ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”: ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืžืžืกื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืืžื•ื ื™ืช; ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžื. 26
ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื ืœืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช: ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืื•ื˜ื•ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช-ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ืœื ื”ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืืชืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกื™ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ื•', ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื’ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื’ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ืจืช ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ืชื•ืืจื™ื”ื.
ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื, ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขื–ื”, ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ื ืžืจืฆืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืจื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ืžืกืจ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืข โ€“ ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช: ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืžื“ืข ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ. ื–ื• ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืžืžืฉืงื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข.
ื—ื™ืชื•ื
ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ืจืื” ื‘ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื“ืจืš ืืœื ื’ื ืคืจืฉืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื. ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื:
ื•ื‘"ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™', ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืช"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™ ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ื— ื ืฉืžืชื™. ื ืคืฉื• ื‘"ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืกื ื‘"ื” ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืข"ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื• ื•ืœืขื•ืœื (ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื, ืงื‘).

ื•ืฉื•ื‘:
ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื-ื›ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ืžืจื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืคื™ื• ื›ืคื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื• ื›ืขืฉื™ืชื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืื” ื•ื‘ื™ืืช-ื›ื— ืื—ืจืช ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื™ ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื“ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ื™ืืช-ื›ื— ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื•ืขื•ื–. ื•ืœืื•ืช ืืžืช ื•ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื™"ื’ ื›ืกืœื• ืชืจืค"ื— ืคืขื”"ืง ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง.
(ืื•ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ืชื™, ืขืž' ืฉืขื– โ€“ "ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืชื™"ืง ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ").
ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื“ื™ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื: "ืื ื™ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”". ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืœื ืคืขื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื•: "ื”ื ื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื•ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™" (ื’ืื•ืœืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ืขืž' 46). ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืจืื” ื’ื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืจืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื—ืžื” ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืขืžื•ืง: "ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื•ืขืื›"ื• ืžืคืจืกื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจืจืช, ืข"ืค ืฉื›ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจื"ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“' ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžื•" (ื’ืื•ืœืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ืขืž' 24; ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ืขืž' ืœื”).
ืžืขืชื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื›ื™ โ€“ ืœืžืฆืขืจ ืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” โ€“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ: ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืŸ โ€“ ื’ื โ€“ ืืช ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•.


[ืžืชื•ืš: ืื•ืจืฉืช, ื“ (ืชืฉืข"ื’), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]




^ 1. ืจืื• ื’ื ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœ?", ื˜ืœืœื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื•), ืขืž' 275โ€“297; ื”ื "ืœ, "ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช", ืฉื ื™ื’ (ืชืฉืก"ื–), ืขืž' 227โ€“248; ื”ื "ืœ, "ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืชื™ืช", ืฉื ื™ื“ (ืชืฉืก"ื—), ืขืž' 205โ€“219; ื”ื "ืœ, "ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืœื” ื›ื—ืžื•ืจื”", ืื•ืจืฉืช ื (ืชืฉ"ืข), ืขืž' 343โ€“352; ื”ื "ืœ, " 'ื”ื ื ื™ ืฉืœื—ื ื™' โ€“ ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ืช-ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช-ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช", ืฉื ื‘ (ืชืฉืข"ื), ืขืž' 201โ€“217; ื”ื "ืœ, "ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”", ืฉื ื’ (ืชืฉืข"ื‘), ืขืž' 203โ€“223 ื•ืขื•ื“ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”.
^ 2. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื” ืจืื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ' ืื‘ื™ื ืจ, ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (2, ืชืฉ"ื): ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื“ืข, ืขืž' 1โ€“8; ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื (15): ืืžื•ื ื”, ืขืž' 11โ€“13.
^ 3. ืœื ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœืฉืืœืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื“ืขืช, ื•ืจืื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื•ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื•", ืฆ' ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืจ (ืขื•ืจืš), ื•ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื, ื—ืž"ื“ ืชืฉืข"ื’, ืขืž' 170โ€“173; ื”ื "ืœ, "ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” โ€“ ืื•ืคื™ื•, ื’ื“ืจื• ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ 'ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”' ", ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ื™"ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (= ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืข"ื•, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื—); ื”ื "ืœ, "ืฆื•ืจื™ืฉื“ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืฉื“ื™ โ€“ ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช-ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ", ืฉื, ื›"ื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื "ื— ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 4. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”: ืจืื• ืจ' ื™"ื ืงืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ืจ' ื—' ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืื•ืจ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ืชื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื˜, ืขืž' ืจืคื”โ€“ืจืฆื•; ื•ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 3), ืขืž' 23โ€“50.
^ 5. ืจืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื—: "ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•" ืื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ื™ื•ืกื: ืขืœ ืื™ื’ืจืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื•ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื”.
^ 6. ื•ืจืื• ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœ?" (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 1 โ€“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’).
^ 7. ืขืœ ืจ' ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ืคืŸ, ืจืื• ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ืก, ืขืž' ื , ืงื”, 73.
^ 8. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช". ืจืื• ื’ื ืœื•ื— ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ื™, ืชืจืก"ื˜; ื™' ืจื•ื“ื™ืง, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” โ€“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘" ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”: ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืขืฉโ€ฌ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื "ื—, ืขืž' 52 (ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ื•ืขืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื’ืจืช ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง).
^ 9. "ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘', ื›"ื” ืื“ืจ ืชืจืข"ื“".
^ 10. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืกื™ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžื” ืจื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื“' ", ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ืž"ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ": "ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืข"ื‘ [ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช] ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข [...] ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขื ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœืžื” [...] ืขืœ ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ" (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืกื‘, ืขืž' ืงื ื“). ื•ื”ืฉื•ื• ืžืืžืจื• "ื›ืžืชื•ืงื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘, ืขืž' ืงืคื–โ€“ืงืคื—: ื”ื‘ืขืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื–ืืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื•ืงืจืช ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ "ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ื”" ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื›ืžื” ืžืกื“ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืชื•ืงื ื™ื. ื•ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื• ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื›ืŸ ืจืื•, ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช", ืœืขื™ืœ,
ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘.
^ 11. ืืคื™ืก: ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื“ืžื•ืชื• ืคืจ. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื ืžืฆื ืืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ ืœืคืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ื ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ. ืคืกืœ ืืคื™ืก ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื‘ืจ, ืฆืจืคืช. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘; ื•ืจืื• ื—"ืž ื’ื‘ืจื™ื”ื•, "ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื— (ืชืฉื˜"ื–), ืขืž' 57โ€“60.
^ 12. ืื’ื‘ ื’ืจืจื, ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื’ืจืช (ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉื, ืขืž' ื ื˜), ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืฉืฉืืœื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื” ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜, ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืœื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืžืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื”: "ื”ืกืคืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื›ื•"ื, ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืžืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื, ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ [= ื”ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื˜]. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™-ื”ื’ื–ืข ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื [...] ืคืกืœ-ืื“ื ื”ื—ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืŸ-ืกืœืข ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกืคืจื• ืœื™, ื•ืœื ื ืคื—ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื•ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืขืงื™ืจืช ืข"ื– ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื–ื”".
^ 13. ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื‘, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืชืจืคื.
^ 14. ืจืื• ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 6), ืขืž' ื ื‘, ืกื’, ืคื”, ืงื›, 127โ€“128.
^ 15. ืจืื• ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 6), ืขืž' ื ื‘, ืกื’, ืงื™ื’, 102.
^ 16. "ืงื•ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื’ ื”ืจืื™ื” โ€“ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ืืืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘, ืขืž' ืงืžื‘โ€“ืงืžื’.
^ 17. ืจืžื™ื–ื” ืœ"ื—ืฆืจ" ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ "ื”ื›ื”ืŸ" โ€“ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื”: "ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื”ืŸ".
^ 18. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื” ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื•, ื”ืจื‘ "ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ". ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืฉ"ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ", ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืขืกืง ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช.
^ 19. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืžืืžืจื™ื• "ืœื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื", ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื, ืขืž' ืงืคื‘โ€“ืงืคื’; "ืขืœ 'ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”' ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•", ืฉื, ืขืž' ืงืคื’โ€“ืงืคื•; "ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื", ืฉื, ืขืž' ืงืคื•โ€“ืงืคื–; "ืœื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช", ืฉื, ืขืž' ืงืฆื’โ€“ืงืฆื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 20. ืจืื• ื’ื ื™' ื“ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื—ืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื”, ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื™ื“: "ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืืจ ื•ืœืฉื ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืขืฆื ืฉืงื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•, ืฉืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืงื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืืคื™ืงื•ืจืก. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืฉื ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื, ืœืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื".
^ 21. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ืจืื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž"ื–, ืขืž' ืจื˜โ€“ืจื™ื‘: ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื“ืชื™ืช.
^ 22. ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ืช' ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื ืžื ืข ืžื›ืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•: "ืจื‘'ืขืก ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”".
ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื "ืš ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื "ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. "ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’. ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ืฉ'ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ'. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื โ€“ ืฉืœื ื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”; ืœื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื, ืชืชื”ื” ืขืœ ืงื ืงื ื•".
^ 23. ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (1902โ€“1979) ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
^ 24. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจื•ื›ื›ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืจืืฉื™ื”: ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 20), ืื™ื’ืจืช ื—, ืขืž' ื™ื˜: "ื‘"ื”, ื“' ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื›"ื•. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”'. ืœืœื ืฉืืœืชื•ื ื™ ื•ืœืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืชื™, ื”ื ื ื™ ื›ืขืช, ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืœื›ื โ€“ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืกื‘ื•ื›ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื™ื–ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคื“"ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืชื ื• [...] ื•ืืช ืกืœื™ื“ืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืœื ื’ื— ื‘ื”, ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ. ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื‘ืจื—ืฉื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ [...] ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง". ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื ืกืจื” ืืคื•ื ื•ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ" [ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช 'ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”' ืข"ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ื. ื. ืื•ืจื‘ืš" โ€“ ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื, ืขืž' ืจื—], ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”.
^ 25. "ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ [ื”ืฆื•ืคื”] ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืœืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ: (ื‘"ื”, ื' ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืชืฉื›"ื”) ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”", ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 20), ืขืž' ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” (ืจืื• ืฉื, ืขืž' ืจื™ืโ€“ืจื™ื‘) ืžื•ื—ื” ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ ืคื™ืœื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.
^ 26. ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ; ื•ืจืื• ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœ?" (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 1).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il