ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
  • ืฉืืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”

ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ.


ื“ื™ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจืชื”
ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืื™ืžื”, ื™ืจืื”, ืจืชืช ื•ื–ื™ืข, ื•ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืขืชื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ืชืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื, ื-ื‘).

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืœื ืชื‘ืœื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืื•ืช, ืœื ืชื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืคื” ื•ืœื ืชืจืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช 'ื' ืœ'ืข', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื›' ืœ'ื—', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืงืžืฅ' ืœ'ืคืชื—', ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืฆื™ืจื™' ืœ'ืกื’ื•ืœ' (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื, ื™ื“-ื›ื’). ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชื™ื” - ืžืฆื ื ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื’ื™ื”ื ื" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘). ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืงืจืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง - ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ืชื—ืกื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื).

ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ื ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืคื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืงืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืœืื•ื–ื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื” - ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ื”ืจื”ืจื” ืืช ืฉืžืข - ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื‘, ื’).

ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ืงืจืื” ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช ื™ืฆืื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” (ื•ืข' ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื‘, ื–). ืืœื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืจื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื•ืฉื ื ืชื", ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” (ืž"ื‘ ืกื‘, ื’. ื•ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืค"ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, 7).

ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืจืชื”
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื). ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืจืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”; ืืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘.

ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืฉืžืข ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื‘ืœื›ืชืš ื‘ื“ืจืš". ืืœื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืขืจืื™, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื˜).

ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืงืจื™ืืชื” ืฉืœื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื’, ื•).

ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืก, ื“), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืฆื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืฉื” ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจ, ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื” (ืข' ืค"ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื—).

ืจืž"ื— ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืื“ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื— (248) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉื ื ืจืž"ื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื“ื ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื›ืชื™ืงื•ื ื”, ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ืžืชืจืคื ื‘ื”. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืจืž"ื” (245) ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืจืž"ื—, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช", ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ืฉืœืžื• ืจืž"ื— ืžื™ืœื™ื (ื–ื•ื”"ื— ืจื•ืช ืฆื”, ื; ื•ืข' ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•, ื™ื‘).

ืื•ืœื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืื™ื ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข "ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ" (ืจืž"ื ืกื, ื’). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœืืฉื” ืจื "ื‘ (252) ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืกืคื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ืžื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”, ื). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืž"ื— ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืชื™ืžืฉืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื’ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” (ืžื ื—ืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ื›ื—, ื”ืืœืฃ ืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ืื•"ื— ืงื›).

ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“, ื’ื ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช" (ื›ื”"ื— ืกื, ื˜ื•-ื˜ื–), ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืืฉื” ืชื ื”ื’. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชืืžืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื: "ื-ืœ ืžืœืš ื ืืžืŸ" ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื›ื ืืžืช" ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืชืืžืจ ืจื "ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื” (ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื‘ ืข' ืงืคื•).

ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข
ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื™ื ืŸ ื›ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืงื ื• ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื•" ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื›ื•'; ืืœื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ืžืขื˜ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”' ืื—ื“", ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื— ืืช ื”' "ื”ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื“ื•ืชื•, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš. ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื— ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื", ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื•ื. ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืฉื ื›ืš. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืชื•. ื•ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื’ืœื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

"ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•", ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”' ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืืฃ ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”' - "ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืœืš ื’ื•ืืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉื™ืข. ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืืœืชื ื•" ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื—ื•ืชืžื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื’ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข.

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืกื™ื“ืจืŸ ื™ืฆืื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืืžืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื” (ืค"ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื–, 1).

ื“ื™ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช
ืืฉื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืชื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื ืืžืจื™ื ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืืžืจ" ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื ื“, ื’).

ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ" ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” (ืชืจ"ื™, ืจื"ืฉ). ืื•ืœื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืฉื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ" ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืืžืจ ืื•ืชื ืขื ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื, ืฉืื– ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช (ืชื”"ื“, ืฉื•"ืข ื ื˜, ื’). ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืชืืžืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื™ ืฉืงื•ืจืืช ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื.

ืืข"ืค ืฉืืžื™ืจืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืืฉื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื’ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื”. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ืžืš ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“, ื‘). ื•ืื ืกืžื›ืŸ ื›'ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ' (ื‘ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”) - ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื ื–ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื˜, ื‘, ื•ืชื•ืก' ืฉื). ื•ื”ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืชืคื™ืœื”, ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ื ื•ื“ืคืง ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืžืœืš ืžืคืœื™ื’ ืžืžื ื•.

ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉื’ืืœ ื”' ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื” ื›ื“ืคื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืฉื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื’ืืœื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืจื›ื ื• ื•ื™ื’ืืœื ื• (ืข' ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื ื”"ื).

ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื ืื” ื•ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื•, ื). ืื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื“ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืื• ืื“ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืจื ืžืคื ื™ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืกื•, ื‘, ืขืค"ื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš). ืืžื ื, ืื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ื”ืžืชืคืœืœ ืœื ื™ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื• ืฉืœื•ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืจืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš. ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืคืกื•ืง "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•"ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉื" ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื”ื.

ืจืฉืื™ ืื“ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืขืฆืžื• ื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืื• ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ื ื™. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืข' ื‘ืื•"ื” ืกื•, ื).

ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืชืจืžื•ื– ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืื ืœื ื ึดืจืžื–ื”, ืชืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืฉืื ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื›ื”"ื— ืกื•, ื–).

ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื›, ื˜-ื™).

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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