ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•"ืœ
  • ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
  • ืฆื‘ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ
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11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื”

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ืœื‘-ืœื’): "ืœึนื ืชึดื›ึฐืจึนืช ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืœึตืืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช. ืœึนื ื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ ืคึผึถืŸ ื™ึทื—ึฒื˜ึดื™ืื•ึผ ืึนืชึฐืšึธ ืœึดื™ ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืึถืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื”ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืœึฐืžื•ึนืงึตืฉื". ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉืœื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืข ืœื ื›ืจื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื–, ื‘-ื“): "ืœึนื ืชึดื›ึฐืจึนืช ืœึธื”ึถื ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึฐื—ึธื ึผึตื. ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึดืชึฐื—ึทืชึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธื... ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธืกึดื™ืจ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึดื ึฐืšึธ ืžึตืึทื—ึฒืจึทื™ ื•ึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื..." ื ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื›ืœืคื™ ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ื–ื”:

ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš' ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ืขืžื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžื“ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชื—ื ื" ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจืื‘"ื“, ืกืž"ื’).

ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื˜ื™ืื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื“ืžื”). ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—: ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื”, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”' (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงืœืœื”), ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.

ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืจืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘', ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘' ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื• ื›ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘', ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’, ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘). 1

ื‘ - ื™ื—ืก ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื ืžื”ืืจืฅ.

ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘', ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœื“ืขืชื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื•). ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’, ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘'. ืืœื ืฉื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืจืฆื•ื’, ื‘ืืจื•, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘', ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื’ืจืฉื.

ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ืœื ืชืจืฆื—", ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื”, ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื˜, ื™ื“). ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžื”ืืจืฅ.

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ 'ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘' ื•ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื–ื›ืื™ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืคืงื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื•ื—ื•ืžืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจืง ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช: ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืื• ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.

ืืžื ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืื ื• ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืœืงื™ื™ืžื” (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื•). ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื• ื”ืืœื•ืงื™. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. 2

ื’ - ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืืœื”, ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’, ื ื’): "ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึทืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึนืชึธื”ึผ". ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื•ื”ื•ืจืฉืชื ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื•ืื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื” - ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”. ื•ืื ืœืื• - ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”". ื•ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืืจ: "ื”ื•ืจืฉืชื ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ".

ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’, ื ื”-ื ื•): "ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ืชื•ึนืจึดื™ืฉืื•ึผ ืึถืช ื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผื•ึนืชึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึตื”ึถื ืœึฐืฉื‚ึดื›ึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืœึดืฆึฐื ึดื™ื ึดื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึดื“ึผึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืฆึธืจึฒืจื•ึผ ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื“ึผึดืžึผึดื™ืชึดื™ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืœึธื”ึถื ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึธื›ึถื". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื•ืชื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื—, ื”ื—ืžืก ื•ื”ืฉืงืจ ืœื›ืœื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื, ืืฃ ืฉื“ืชื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืชื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš" ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืœื—ืžืช ื ื’ื“ื ื•, ื•ืื–ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืฆื ื”ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘, ื’ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”"ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš" ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื–ื™ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืจืฉ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ. ื•ืจืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•.

ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืชื ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœื‘ื“ื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื. ืื ื ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.

ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื™ืจืชืข ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืกื›ืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•, ืื•ืœื ืžืฉืงืžื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžืืจืฆื ื•. ืื ื ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืœื ื—ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจืชืขื” ื•ื ืฆื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื ืงืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืืจืฆื ื•.

ื“ - ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ื”
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ื‘ ืื“ืžื” ืื—ื“ ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืžื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš:

ื - ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ: ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’, ื ื’): "ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึทืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธื›ึถื ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึนืชึธื”ึผ". ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ืœื): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ ืœึธื‘ึนื ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื ื ึนืชึตืŸ ืœึธื›ึถื ื•ึดื™ืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึดื™ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ". ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“', ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืขื”), ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืฉื ืกืง"ื•), ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื—-ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—-ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื (ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื›"ื”). ื•ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื, ื’, ื“).

ื‘ - ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช: ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”, ื), ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืฉื›ื˜, ื•), ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื•ื™ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื—ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจืชืขื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืคื’ืข, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื (ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”).

ื’ - ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš: ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ืœึนื ื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืšึธ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’, ืœื’), ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื•) ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืงื™ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• "ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘" ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•. ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื—ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ "ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘" ื•ืจืฉืื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืงื™ืคื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘" ืื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”' ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ "ืœื ืชืจืฆื—", ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœืคื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืงื™ืคื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื).

ื“ - ืœื ืชื—ื ื: ืขื•ื“ ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” "ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึฐื—ึธื ึผึตื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–, ื‘), ื•ืคืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื›, ื). ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš", ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื•" ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชื—ื ื" ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉืœื ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื›ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ "ื’ืจ-ืชื•ืฉื‘". ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื›ื“ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื).

ื” - ืœื ืชืžื›ืจ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช: ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื”, ื›ื’): "ื•ึฐื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึนื ืชึดืžึผึธื›ึตืจ ืœึดืฆึฐืžึดืชึปืช", ื•ืœืžื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ืงืจืงืข ืžืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื’ื•ื™, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœ"ืช ืจื›"ื–). ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžื ื—ืœืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื ื•ื›ืจื™ื.

ื• - ื’ื–ื™ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“: ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืœืš ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืืช ื ื—ืœืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ืงืจื• ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืงื ื” ืื• ื‘ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืง. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขืงื™ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืืกื•ืจ. 3

ื– - ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”': ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื ืกื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”' ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”' ื•ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“ืช (ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•).

ื” - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช
ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื›ืช ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ (ืžื”, ื) ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื ื”ืฆืœืช ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืื ื‘ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœืฆืืช ื ื’ื“ื ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ืŸ ื•ืงืฉ ืžื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืกื›ืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฆืืช ื ื’ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืœืžืœื—ืžื” - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืฉ. ื•ื”ื˜ืขื, ืฉืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืชื‘ืŸ ื•ืงืฉ, ืžื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืฉื›ื˜, ื•).

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื, ืฉืื ื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจืชืขืชื ื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืชืื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื’ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื—ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ืœื›ื”, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” - ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ื—"ื• ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”.

ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืžื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉืื ื ื™ืกื•ื’ ืื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืชื ื• ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ"ืข ืชืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืงืฉ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•. 4

^ 1. ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš" ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”, ื; ืจืื‘"ื“ ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื•; ืกืž"ื’ ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ืž"ื– ืž"ื˜. ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชื—ื ื" ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื (ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช). ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื•, ื ื—ืœืงื•. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืš ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื— ืื“ืžื”. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›"ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘" ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื‘"ื“ (ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจืช), ื•ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžื ื—ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” (ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื–) ืžื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื•.
ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช - ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžื›ื•ืช ื˜, ื, ื•ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืจืžื– ืฉืกื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืคืจืง ื›ื’ ืœื’, ืžืฉืžืข ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื”ืจื“"ืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘' ื›ื“, ื›ื’, ื•ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจืื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื˜ื•. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชื—ื ื" ื•"ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืจืฆืš" ืชื•ืืžื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื' ืกืขื™ืฃ ื—' ืขืžื•ื“ 219, ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘' ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’', ืขืžื•ื“ 242.
ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”. ื•ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœื—ื ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืงื•ื˜ื ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ืกืžื›ื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉืžืชื™ืจื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—. ื•ืืฃ ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ.
^ 2. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ืœืขื "ื“, ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ื ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืข"ื–, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื˜, ื“, ื•ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื, ื–). ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืชืž"ื—) ืœืจ' ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ื’ืจ, "ืืœื• ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืข"ื– ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื›ืจืชื” ืžืคื™ื”ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืืœ ื™ืชืขืœื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ื•ืคื™". ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื’ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืข"ื– ืืœื "ืžื ื”ื’ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื" (ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืก' ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื’, ื‘, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื"ื™), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืžื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ (ื‘"ืง ืงื™ื’, ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช, ื•ื™ื•ืžื ืคื“, ื‘), ืฉื“ื™ื ื ื›ื’ืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืžื”ืจื™"ืฅ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ "ืชืคืืจืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ": "ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ื•ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื... ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืฆืœื ื• ื›ื’ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘... ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืฉืชืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘, ื‘, ื“"ื” 'ืฉืžื'), ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืž"ื ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื "ื•, ื“ื ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ..." ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืข' 145, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืœ' ืข"ื– ื™, ื–. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืกื›ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืขืžื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื‘' ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™. ื•ืฉื ื—' ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉืข ืื‘ื™ื ืจ. ื•ืฉื ื›ื‘ ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ 68 ื•ื”ืœืื” ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 7 ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœืžื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืžื•ื ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืžื”ืจื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื (ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื’, ื˜): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธื– ืึถื”ึฐืคึผึนืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึธืคึธื” ื‘ึฐืจื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ื›ึปืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื ื”' ืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน ืฉืึฐื›ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“".
^ 3. ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื 'ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื' ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื—, ื), ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžืœืš, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื• ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ: 'ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ื“ื™ื ื'. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื) ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื ื—ืœืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
^ 4. ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื•ื”ื’ืจืข"ื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—"ื ื™ื’, ืกืชืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื“. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื•ืกืœื•, ื›ื™ ืฆื“ืงื• ืืœื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื›ื ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื’ืช. ืืžื ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื™ืฉ"ืข, ืจืง ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื”.

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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ื—ืื™

    ื˜ื• ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

    ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ

    ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ืชื ื•

    ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•" ื•ื”ื—ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื ื“ืจื™ ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื” ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจ"ืŸ. ื“ืจืš ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืœืš" ื•ื”"ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื", ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ืื•ื ืก ื ืขืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื”" ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ืฆืืช-ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช โ€“ ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื

    ืžื” ืจืื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช? ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืคืจื”? ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื’ืœ?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื–ืื’ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    5 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื—ื•ืงืช - ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื™ื›ื˜ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”

    ืœื•ื— ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    47 ื“ืง'
    ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžื™ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘"ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ?

    ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•.

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื ืชื— ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ (ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื•) ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืœ" ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื ื›ืกื™ื•. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืจ), ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื’ื“ืจื™ ืžื”ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ืจืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื• ืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’ | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืงืจื—

    ืงื•ืจื— - ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื—, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ | ื›"ื— ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    37 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”

    ืคืกืงื” ืœ' - ืœ"ื

    ื”ืื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” | ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช | ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ | ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ | ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœืืจ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช |ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืช ืœืœืื•ื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    51 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”

    ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘

    ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘''ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘''ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื”''ื‘. ื”ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ, ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ | ื›"ื˜ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค''ื•
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    ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ

    ืืœ ืชืขืฉ ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื

    ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืชืคื“ื” - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”

    ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช | ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ | ืžืชืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ ืœื• ืœื | ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ | ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื” | ืžืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขืฉืงื• | ืคืชื— ืคื™ืš ืœืื™ืœื

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    38 ื“ืง'
    ืžืœื›ื™ื - ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™

    ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘' ืคืจืง ื›"ื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื›"ื‘ - ืœ'

    ืœืžื” ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื›ื™ืŸ? ื•ืžื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ืงื? ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ - ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื•ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ื›ืŸ - ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื? ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื™ื“ื• ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ื™ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื' , ืœ"ื— - ืœ"ื˜

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื”. ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ื—ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื›"ื– ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ืคืœื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืœื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ- ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช- ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ืคืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื›"ื“ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il