ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ
  • ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘

ืžื‘ื•ื
ืžื”ื• ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ืฉืื“ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•? ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›"ื™, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ืื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื, ื•ืฉื›ืจื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื•ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืฉืฉื›ืจื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื–ื”. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™, ื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืžืขื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื‘: ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืžืขื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ื•ืžื“ืขื™, ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ืช ื”ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืœืคื ื”. 1 ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื ืœื•ื•ืช: ื“ืžื™ ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื“ืžื™ ื›ื™ืก, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœืžื, ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื–ื” ื’ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ืžื” ืจืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“? ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืื• ืืฃ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“? ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืื• ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืžืœื’ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช (ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืœื’ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช) ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืงืจื ื•ืช, ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื“', ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ืžืชืŸ ื‘ืกืชืจ, ืฉื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”: "ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ื ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื™ ืžืžื™ ืœืงื—, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™" (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™, ื—).
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืขื ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื•ืขื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื?

ื. ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืงืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”
ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื•ื‘ืข ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“:
ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื“ื ืœืชืช ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื• (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื [ื•ืจืฉื] ืคืจืฉืช ืฆื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื“).
ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืœืฉื›ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื™, ื•ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“.
ืืžื ื ื›ืŸ, ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื” ืœื• ืžืœืžืขืœื”. ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ, ืืš ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื”. ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ืืžืจ:
ืชื ื™ ืจื‘ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื ืื—ื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืื™ ื—ื•ื–ืื”: ื›ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืงืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. 2 ืฉืื ืคื—ืช - ืคื•ื—ืชื™ืŸ ืœื•, ื•ืื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ - ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ืœื• (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื– ืข"ื)
ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืก' (ืฉื ื“"ื” ื›ืœ), ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืข"ืค ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช:
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ: ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ื ื™, ืœื•ื• ืขืœื™ ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืคื•ืจืข (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื˜ื• ืข"ื‘).
ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉืืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื•.
ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืžื— ืข"ื) ื ืืžืจ:
ืžืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ... ืคืกืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื”' ื›ื™ ื’ืžืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืคืกื• ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื " (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื™ื‘, ื‘).
ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื (ืžื— ืข"ื‘) ื ืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืžื™ ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื”:
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื”; ื“ืชื ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื—ืจ - ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืงื˜ื ื™ ืืžื ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ, ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: "ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื‘ื– ืœื™ื•ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช" (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื“, ื™)? ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืฉื•ืœื—ื ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื? ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื”.
ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื” ื”ื: "ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกืจื•ืŸ". ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื’ืžืจื ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขื•ื“: "ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื - ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื ื ืœื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื". 3
ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื”.
ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืืœื ืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืžื— (ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ ื—ืœืง ื ืกื™' ืกื“) ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืœืžื“, ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืฉื›ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื ืคืจืขื” ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืกื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœืžื“ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœื•, ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”:
ื•ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืคืจืขื•ืš, ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืช ืœืคืจืขืš.
ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช: "ืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืชืš ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืืœ ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช" (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ ืข"ื).
ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ืœืžื“ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ื›ืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ. ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืชื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื™ื˜), ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืื• ืืฃ ื˜ืคืœ, ื‘ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื. 4 ื›ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืžื ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืœื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฅ' (ืชื•ืจืช ืžื ื—ื [ืชืฉืž"ื’], ื—ืœืง ื’ ืขืž' 1482):
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”' ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”', ื•ืœื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ... ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืจื•ืš ืขื ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ "ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ" ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ืื–ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘.
ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ืจื™ื, ืื• ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“', ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืืš ืื ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืชื›ื•ืœืชื• ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ (ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช) โ€“ ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื™ืงืจ, ื›ืœื™ื ืกื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ืžื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื” ืœื. 5

ื‘. ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ - ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืชืงื ื”
ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘: "ื•ืœืžื“ืชื ืื•ืชื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื˜). ืœื™ืžื™ื ืชื™ืงืŸ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื ืืช ืชืงื ืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขื™ืจ - ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื›ื ืข"ื). ืชืงื ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื•ืžืฉื›ืœืœืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื‘. 6 ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืชืฉืœื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื”, ืื• ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื• ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืก.
ื”ืื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืฃ ืื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื•, ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื, ื-ื’):
ืงื˜ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ืœืžื“ืชื ืื•ืชื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื"... ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ืœื‘ื ื• ืœืœืžื“ื•. 7
ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื? ื‘ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ืฉื ื”ืœื›ื” ื’) ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืื“ื ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• "ื“ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ื”ืื™ ืขืฉื” ื“'ื•ืœืžื“ืชื ืื•ืชื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื›ื' ืžืฉืืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ื ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฉื” ื“ืกื•ื›ื” (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื• ืข"ื)... ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื•ืœื• ื•ืœืคื“ื•ืชื• ื“ื›ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื™ ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืœืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื”". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืืฃ ืœืจื“ืช ืœื ื›ืกื™ื•, ืื ื›ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ืžืจืืฉ. 8
ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ (ืœื—ื ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœ' ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื, ื’) ืžืขื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืจ: "ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ". ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืžืžื ื” "ื“ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืžื›ื— ื”ืชืงื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจ". ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกื›ื: "ืœื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืขื™ืงืจ, ื‘ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ", 9 ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ืœืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ื’. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืงื”ื™ืœื”
ื ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“: ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื• ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
1. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืžืžืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ:
ืืžืจ ืจ' ืื™ืœืขื: ื‘ืื•ืฉื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื•, ื”ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืœ ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ. ืชื ื™ื ื ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™: ื”ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– - ืืœ ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืฉืžื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื  ืข"ื).
ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื, ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืื•ืฉื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืชื™ืงื ื• ื–ืืช, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช:
ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ' ื™ืฉื‘ื‘ ืฉืขืžื“ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ: ื•ื”ืœื ืืžืจื• ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ืช? ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื”? ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ ืจ' ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ื™: ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื ื•ืฉื›ื—ื•ื”, ื•ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉืŸ ืขืœื™ื•, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™. (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืคืื” ื, ื).
"ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื ื›ืกื™ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช", ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ืืฉืจ (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื, ื–):
ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื”ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืชืจื•ื’ ื•ืœื•ืœื‘... ื•ื’ื ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืœ ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ. 10
ืข"ืค ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช - 20% ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืžื“ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“'). 11 ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืžื ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฉื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืš ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืื™. 12
2. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ื— ืชืงื ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื. ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช? ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืกืจืœื™ืฉ (ืจืž"ื, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืกื™' ืงืกื’, ื’) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืœื:
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจ, ื’ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ.
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืื“ื™ (ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืžื”, ื’) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื:
ื•ืฉื›ืจ ืžืœืžื“ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคืจื•ืข ืžืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื•ืจืข ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื ื• ืื ื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื’ืช, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื• ืžืฉื’ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืข ื‘ืขื“ื• ืžืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื. 13
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืกื ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืžืขื˜ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืžืžื ืช ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช (ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื, ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“'). ืžื™ ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื•ื›ืœ, ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ (ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื“')? 14
ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• "ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื", 15 ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืžื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” - ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืžืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืืžื ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืคืงื— ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื (ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื), ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื (ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืคื ื™ืžื™ื”, ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ื›ื“'). ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืงื•ื‘ืข. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ (ืชืœื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช, ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“'), ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”, ื ืงื‘ืข ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืื• ืืฃ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ. ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืœืžืกื’ืจืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื“ ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืขืžืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื›ืš, ื•ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืกืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื•, ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืžืŸ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•. "ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืชืฆื ืชื•ืจื”" (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืคื ืข"ื). ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™, ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” - ื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื›ืš.




^ 1.ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš. ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืงื ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ ืข"ืค ืชืงื ืช ืื•ืฉื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ ืข"ื‘). ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื“ ืชื™ืงื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืชืงื ืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”. ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ื™ื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื˜ื–, ืขืž' 97-96; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืจื™ืก, ื™ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืขืž' 66-63.
^ 2.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• (ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืชื™ื˜) ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆืืช ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืืš ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืกื™ืจืงื™ืฉ (ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื) ืžืคืจืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ - ืžืชื ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘"ื— ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’".
^ 3.ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•. ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ื˜ื” ืฉื) ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข "ืคืกืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื”" - "ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืจืื• ืฉื ืชืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคืกืงื• ืื ืฉื™ ืืžื ื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื’ื ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื–ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงืจื ื™ ืจืืžื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ืžื—ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื“ืข ืžื” ื™ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ืจ".

^ 4.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื›ื˜ ื“"ื” ื•ืืœ ื™ืฆืžืฆื), ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘: "ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• [ื˜ื•ืจ]... ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชื•ื›ื—ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืจืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืœ ื•ื—ืžืก ื•ื’ื ืœื—ืจืคื” ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื”".
^ 5.ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืจื ืกืช ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™, ื˜ื–) ืข"ืค ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื  ืข"ื: "ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ื–ื•ืช, ...ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื“ื". ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื—ืœืง ื“ ืขืž' ื˜ื–.
^ 6.ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™: ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืฆื“ืงื”โ€“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”", ืขืž' 377-361.
^ 7.ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืœืžื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื’ื: ื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™' ืจืžื”; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™' ืจืžื”, ื“.
^ 8.ื›ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ืคืกืงื•: ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืกืจืœื™ืฉ, ืจืž"ื, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืžื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ื— ; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฆืžื—, ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ, ื—ืœืง ื, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืกื“; ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื, ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืžื”, ืกืขื™ืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื—; ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืื“ื™, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื“, ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืช ื; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™, ืฉื ื” ื‘' ืคืจ' ื›ื™ ืชืฆื, ืื•ืช ื›ื. ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืคื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื‘ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, ืกื™' ืจืฆ, ื’.
^ 9.ื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื, ืฉื•"ืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื—ืœืง ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื™ื“: "ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจื• ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืœื• ืžืœืžื“".
^ 10.ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืืžืจ: "ืชืงื ืช ืื•ืฉื - ื”ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื• ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ื•ืžืฉ" ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”.
^ 11.ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืœื, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื–,ื˜), ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”: ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื‘ื˜, "ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ื›ืžื ื™ืข ืœืื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ", ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื‘ (ืชืฉืก"ื‘), ืขืž' 368-355. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฉ.
^ 12.ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื”ื‘ืช ื—ืกื“, ืคืจืง ื›.
^ 13.ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืจืื”: ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืœื™ืง, "ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”", ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ืขืž' 230-202.
^ 14.ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืคืกืง ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœืงื ื” ื›ื”ื ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆ"ืœ, "ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืœื• ืžืœืžื“ ืืฃ ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•' " (ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื– ืขืž' 10; ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืœืง ื ืขืž' ืœื˜; ื—ืœืง ื’ ืขืž' ื›ื‘). ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉ"ื– ืžืœืื“ื™, ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืคืจืง ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื–.
^ 15.ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื. ื‘ื’ืž' ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื“ ืข"ื‘ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื, ื•ืคืขื ื›ืฉืœื ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืžืœืžื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืืžื•ืจื ืจื‘ ืฉื ืขื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื–ื•.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ื•ืœื“ืŸ, ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืชืฉืข"ื—, ืขืž' 511-504
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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