ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื
  • ื›ืจืš ื‘'
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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12 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื›"ืž

ื”ืจืงืข ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื–ืจืžื™ื: ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ืื• ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™, ื•ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™. ืืžื ื, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืœืื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ืืš ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.

ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช
ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ 1 , ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก 2 , ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืœืคื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘-ืฉื™ื—. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืกืงืจืŸ ื•ืžืจืชืง, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” - ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช. ืื™ื“ืื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืืฆืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื”, ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืื• ืœืคืกืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืืœื™ืœ ืื• ืฆืœื, ืืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•, ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช "ื’ืœื", ื—ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆื•ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื’ื ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื“ืื” - ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฆื•ืจื”.

ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช-ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.

ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœืื“ื, ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืžืงื“ื ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืื™ื“ืื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื—ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืข" ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ืื”. ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืกื“ืจื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ืจืื•ื™, ื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื”ืื™ื“ืื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™, ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื”ืžืงืจื™. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื”, ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœื—ื•ืง, ืœืื™ื“ืื”. ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื›ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”. ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื•.
ืœื“ืขืช ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื›ืžื•ืช, ื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื“ืื•ืช: ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ืคื™, ืœืฆื“ืง, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื•'. ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ื“ืื” ืื—ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืœื“ืขืชื, ืงื™ื™ื "ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉืœื" ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื”. ืื ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืชืืกื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืืœื™ื, ืื• ื“ืช ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ืื—ื“.

ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื”, ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื–ืืช ื›ื ืชื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื• ืจืง ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื• ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื™? ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข. ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื” ืžื”ืคื›ื”. ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืืœื ื‘ืื“ื. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื‘ืื“ื - ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืื“ื ืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”: ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื ืกื— ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช.

ืขื™ืกื•ืงื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืงืžื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™, ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ 3 .

ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ื“ืื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืงืจื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช? ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืื”? ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ื’ื ืœืฉืืœื”: ืžื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ? ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•? ืžืžื™ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”? ืื™ืš ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ?

ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื 'ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก'. ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื’ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืžืื“ - ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื”, ืœื”ื’ื•ืช. ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื”. ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืœื•ื’ื•ืก, ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืžืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืžืฆืข ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื: ื. ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืจื•ื—. ื‘. ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื’. ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืืฆืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžืืžืจ: "ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื" 4 . ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื•ื™ืืžืจ". ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื "ื•ื™ืืžืจ" ื•ืœื, ืœืžืฉืœ, "ื•ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘" ืื• "ื•ื™ืจืฆื”", ืื• ืฉื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื•ืจ"? ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืขื™ืœ. ื›ืš ืจืื” ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื•, ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช 5 .

ื•ืื ื ืคื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ืฉื•ื‘ "ื•ื™ืืžืจ". ืืžื ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืคื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื›ื™ื ื•ื™, ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ืืœื•ืงื™. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ืืฆืœ ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก 6 , ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื™ืžื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ืก 7 , ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืžื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืืฆืœื”. ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื ืืฆืœืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ืืฆืœืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช. ืขื“ ืฉื”ืื™ื“ืื” ืžืชื’ืฉืžืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื“ื™ื“. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™. ืื™ืŸ ืชื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ. ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืฉื ืืฆืœ ืžืžื ื•.

ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”: ื”ืืฆืœื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื‘ื“ืช, ืฉื ื”ืืœ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื™ื“ืื”. ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื”: ื“ืžื™ื•ืจื’ื•ืก, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™. ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืจื’ื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ืฉื ืชืคืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื’ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื’ื•ืก ื”ืžื–ื•ืงืง - ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžืืžืจ. ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ืืžื ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืช ื—ื“ืจื• ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช.

ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช
ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœืก 8 ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืื ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืœ ื”ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืžืฉื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื ื”ื”ื›ืจื”, ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉืชื ื• ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš.

ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”" ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ ืงื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉ"ืžื˜ื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืื—ืจื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื ืงืจื ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”". ื”ืืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉ"ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”" ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื-ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.

ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช. ืื ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืš. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืš. ืื ื• ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ืื™ื“ืื”, ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืืœื ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ื“: ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืื™ื“ืื”. ื”ืื™ื“ืื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืจืง ืžื•ืฉื’, ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ืืš ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื”. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช 9 .


ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื (ื”ืื™ื“ืื” ื›ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”), ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”). ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ืฉืคื™ืงื— ื”ื™ื”, ืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื–ืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืคื™ืœื•ืคื•ืก ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžืœืš ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื—ื ื›ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื— ืžืขื™ืจื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช, ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืจื“) ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื“ืขืชื•. ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื›ืคื™ืฃ ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืช - ืœื˜ื‘ืข. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ "ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช".

ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืงืฆืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืขืฆื" ื•ื”"ืžืงืจื”". ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื’, ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืœืื™ื“ืื”. ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ื”, ืžื”ื•ืช - ืขืฆื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืคืช - ืžืงืจื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื’. ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื‘ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืื ื›ืŸ, ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื? ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืขืฆื ื•ืžืงืจื” - ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ืื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื”, ืฉืžื ื” ืื• ืจื–ืชื”, ื’ื‘ื”ื” ืื• ืฉื—ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•'. ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื•, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”, ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืชื™ืื™ืกื˜. ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช" ื›ืžื”ื•ืช, ื›ืขืฆื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ืœื-ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช", ื›ืžืงืจื™, ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื–ืžื ื™, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื”, ื”ืขืฆื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืืฆืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” - ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืกื™ื‘ื”-ืชื•ืฆืื”. ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื. ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื”. ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“, ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช-ื“ื˜ืจืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ืจื— ื•ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ื•ื— ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืืš ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื•ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”, ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•'.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืชืขืœื•ืžื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื, ื”ืžืจื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื–, ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“, ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจืŸ ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื•, ืื“ื ื•ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื•, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช, ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื”, ื”ืžืจื”, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ืชื•ืกืคื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื•ื”ื™ื•ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื’ื ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื ื”ืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™-ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืœื™-ืคืจืกื™, ืฆืžื—ื• ื–ืจืžื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื ื”ื™ื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”. ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฆืœ ืœืชืช-ื–ืจืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” "ื”ื›ืืœื". ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—, ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืื•ืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืชืืžืชื ืœืื™ืกืœื ื›ื“ืช ื•ื›ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ-ืคืืจืื‘ื™ 10 , ืฉืืฃ ืชืคืก ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืคืžืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื“ ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืžืžืืžืฆื™ื• ื”ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ-ื ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืื•ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืื™ืกืœื. ื ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืŸ-ืกื™ื ื 11 , ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ืจื•ืคื ืžื”ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืืจื‘ื™, ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืชื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืžืฉืœื•.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ืจื ื”ื›ืืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกืœื, ื”ื•ื—ืจืคื• ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ ื ืงืจืื• "ืžื•ืขืชื–ื™ืœื”" 12 . ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื ืกื‘ื• ืขืœ: ื. ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื• ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘. ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื’. ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” - ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืฉื’ืชื• ืื• ื›ื”ื‘ื ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช. ื“. ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ - ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื™ ื•ืงื“ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ืื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช.

ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืฆืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืชื–ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื - ืืœ-ื’ื–ืืœื™ 13 . ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืžืกืชื›ืžืช ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื", ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืชืžื™ืžื”. ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืืœื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื”ืกื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช-ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืชืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืืœื™ ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช - ืื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื“ 14 ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ื”ืคืœืช ื”ื”ืคืœื”". ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื“ ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื“ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ืกืคืจื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— (ื‘ื‘ืœ) ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ (ืกืคืจื“), ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ืกื—ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘"ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื" ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ื' ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื.


^ 1. ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ (427-346 ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) - ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื•ืžืขืจื™ืฆื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื• ืขื•ืจืš ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืขืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืกืข ื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื˜ื• ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืจื•.
2. ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก (469-399 ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) - ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืืชื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืชื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 399 ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ื”ื’ืื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื•.
3. ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™ (20 ืœืคื ื”"ืก50- ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) - ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”. ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœืงื™ืกืจ ืจื•ืžื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืคืกืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”.
4. ืื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื.
5. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ, "ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ": "ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืขื™".
6. ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก (205-270 ืœืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) - ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื™ืœื™ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจื‘ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ.
7. ื™ืžื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ืก (ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 330 ืœืกืคื”"ื ) - ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืื•-ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืฉืื™ืคืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืืœื™ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ, ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืก.
8. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœืก (384-322 ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื) - ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื ื›ื ืก ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืฉื”ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 343 ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 334 ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืชื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ื™ื“, ืžืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืจื”, ื‘ืจื— ืžืืชื•ื ื” ืืœ ื›ืืœืงื™ืก, ืฉื ืžืช. ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
9. ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ (ื‘ืจื•ืš) ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
10. ืืœ-ืคืืจืื‘ื™ (873-951) - ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
11. ืื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื ื (980-1037) - ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืคืืจืื‘ื™. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•.
12. ืžื•ืขืชื–ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช ืฉื“ื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™. ืžืฉื™ื˜ืชื” ื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกืœื. ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืžื™ื”.
13. ืืœ-ื’ื–ืืœื™ (1058-1111) - ืชืื•ืœื•ื’, ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ืžืฉื›ืœืชื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืฆื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื ื”ืกื’ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ื.
14. ืื‘ืŸ ืจืฉื“ (1126-1198) - ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.


ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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