ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
  • ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
undefined
15 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 62 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”

ืื™ื’ืจืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ื•



ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืœืคื—ื“ ื›ืœืœ



ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืืจ ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืคื—ื“. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ื”' ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. "ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทึงืจ ื”ึ›' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ืœึตืืžึนึ‘ืจ ื›ึผึฐืชึธื‘ึพืœึฐืšึธึ— ืึตึงืช ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดึ›ื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพื“ึผึดื‘ึผึทึฅืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึตืœึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืึถืœึพืกึตึฝืคึถืจ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš).


ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืฉื: "ื›ึผึดึ ื™ ื”ึดื ึผึตึจื” ื™ึธืžึดึคื™ื ื‘ึผึธืึดื™ืึ™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ”' ื•ึฐึ ืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืชึพืฉืึฐื‘ึจื•ึผืช ืขึทืžึผึดึงื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ›ืœ ื•ึดึฝื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ–ื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื”ึ‘' ื•ึทื”ึฒืฉืึดื‘ึนืชึดึ—ื™ื ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึธึ›ืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึธืชึทึฅืชึผึดื™ ืœึทืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึธึ–ื ื•ึดึฝื™ืจึตืฉืึฝื•ึผื”ึธ". ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื ื• ืœืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื, ื•ึดึฝื™ืจึตืฉืึฝื•ึผื”ึธ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.


ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึท ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ื›ึธืœ ื’ึผึถื‘ึถืจ ื™ึธื“ึธื™ื• ืขึทืœ ื—ึฒืœึธืฆึธื™ื• ื›ึผึทื™ึผึฃื•ึนืœึตื“ึธื”



ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. "ื›ึผึดื™ึพื›ึนื”ึ™ ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื”ึ”' ืงึฅื•ึนืœ ื—ึฒืจึธื“ึธึ–ื” ืฉืึธืžึธึ‘ืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืคึผึทึ–ื—ึทื“ ื•ึฐืึตึฅื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœึฝื•ึนื". ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื ื•: "ืฉืึทืึฒืœื•ึผึพื ึธึฃื ื•ึผืจึฐืึ”ื•ึผ ืึดืึพื™ึนืœึตึ–ื“ ื–ึธื›ึธึ‘ืจ, ืžึทื“ึผื•ึผืขึทึฉ ืจึธืึดึจื™ืชึดื™ ื›ึธืœึพื’ึผึถึœื‘ึถืจ ื™ึธื“ึธึคื™ื• ืขึทืœึพื—ึฒืœึธืฆึธื™ื•ึ™ ื›ึผึทื™ึผึฃื•ึนืœึตื“ึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐื ึถื”ึถืคึฐื›ึฅื•ึผ ื›ึธืœึพืคึผึธื ึดึ–ื™ื ืœึฐื™ึตืจึธืงึฝื•ึนืŸ". ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—. ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”. 


ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื™ืฉื•ืขื”



ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืœื” ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืื‘ ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. "ื”ึ—ื•ึนื™ ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ื’ึธื“ึ›ื•ึนืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึฅื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ึ–ื•ึผื ืžึตืึทึฃื™ึดืŸ ื›ึผึธืžึนึ‘ื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืขึตึฝืชึพืฆึธืจึธึฅื” ื”ึดื™ืึ™ ืœึฐื™ึทึฝืขึฒืงึนึ”ื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึถึ–ื ึผึธื” ื™ึดื•ึผึธืฉืึตึฝืขึท". ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื”. "ืœื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืจื”, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: 'ื•ืขืช ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื™ื•ืฉืข'. ืœื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ. ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ืโ€ฆ ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื• ืœืกื’ืช ืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ืžื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืžื ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฉืข, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืฆืจ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”" (ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจ, ืคืจืง ื ืกืขื™ืฃ ื™ื’).


ืึถืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืจ ืขึปืœึผื•ึน ืžึตืขึทืœ ืฆึทื•ึผึธืืจึถืšึธ ื•ึผืžื•ึนืกึฐืจื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืึฒื ึทืชึผึตืง



ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจื ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืจืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื”. ืขื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•. ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช.


ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืขื•ืœ ื–ืจื™ื. "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื”ึฉ ื‘ึทื™ึผึจื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ึœื•ึผื ื ึฐืึปึฃืื€ ื”ึฃ' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึ—ื•ึนืช ืึถืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนึคืจ ืขึปืœึผื•ึนึ™ ืžึตืขึทึฃืœ ืฆึทื•ึผึธืืจึถึ”ืšึธ ื•ึผืžื•ึนืกึฐืจื•ึนืชึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืึฒื ึทืชึผึตึ‘ืง ื•ึฐืœึนืึพื™ึทืขึทื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผึพื‘ึฅื•ึน ืขึ–ื•ึนื“ ื–ึธืจึดึฝื™ื". ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื โ€“ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”' ื•ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“. "ื•ึฐืขึธึฃื‘ึฐื“ึ”ื•ึผ ืึตึ–ืช ื”ึฃ' ืึฑืœึนึฝื”ึตื™ื”ึถึ‘ื ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื“ึผึธื•ึดึฃื“ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึผึธึ”ื ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ืึธืงึดึ–ื™ื ืœึธื”ึถึฝื".


ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืึทืœ ืชึผึดื™ืจึธื ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘



ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืืžืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“. "ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธึกื” ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื™ืจึธืึฉ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึจื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนึคื‘ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ™' ื•ึฐืึทืœึพืชึผึตื—ึทึฃืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ื›ึผึดึ ื™ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดึคื™ ืžื•ึนืฉืึดึฝื™ืขึฒืšึธึ™ ืžึตึฝืจึธื—ึ”ื•ึนืง ื•ึฐืึถึฝืชึพื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธึ– ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐื™ึธึ‘ื ื•ึฐืฉืึธึงื‘ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนึ›ื‘ ื•ึฐืฉืึธืงึทึฅื˜ ื•ึฐืฉืึทืึฒื ึทึ–ืŸ ื•ึฐืึตึฅื™ืŸ ืžึทื—ึฒืจึดึฝื™ื“".


ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช "ืืœ ืชื™ืจื" ื ืืžืจื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื, ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ืฉืจื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ืžืœืš ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื, ื ืืžืจื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื, ื ืืžืจื” ืœืžืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’ ื•ื ืืžืจื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ.


ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืชืง ืื•ืชื, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•: "ื—ึทื–ึผึฐืงึ–ื•ึผ ื™ึธื“ึทึฃื™ึดื ืจึธืคึ‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึดืจึฐื›ึผึทึฅื™ึดื ื›ึผึนืฉืึฐืœึ–ื•ึนืช ืึทืžึผึตึฝืฆื•ึผ: ืึดืžึฐืจื•ึผึ™ ืœึฐื ึดืžึฐื”ึฒืจึตื™ึพืœึตึ”ื‘ ื—ึดื–ึฐืงึ–ื•ึผ ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื™ืจึธึ‘ืื•ึผ ื”ึดื ึผึตึคื” ืึฑืœึนึฝื”ึตื™ื›ึถืึ™ ื ึธืงึธึฃื ื™ึธื‘ึ”ื•ึนื ื’ึผึฐืžึฃื•ึผืœ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึ”ื™ื ื”ึฅื•ึผื ื™ึธื‘ึ–ื•ึนื ื•ึฐื™ึนืฉืึทืขึฒื›ึถึฝื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื”).


ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึคื•ึผ ืฉืึนืืกึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืœึดืžึฐืฉืึดืกึผึธื”



ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื‘ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืงืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืงื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืึดืชึผึฐืšึธึฅ ืึฒื ึดึ›ื™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ–' ืœึฐื”ึฝื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืขึถึ‘ืšึธ ื›ึผึดื™ึฉ ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถึจื” ื›ึธืœึธึœื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธึฝืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึฃืื€ ืึฒืฉืึถึงืจ ื”ึฒืคึดืฆื•ึนืชึดึฃื™ืšึธ ืฉึผืึธึ—ื, ืึทึคืšึฐ ืึนึฝืชึฐืšึธึ™ ืœึนึฝืึพืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถึฃื” ื›ึธืœึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืกึผึทืจึฐืชึผึดึ™ื™ืšึธึ™ ืœึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธึ”ื˜ ื•ึฐื ึทืงึผึตึ–ื” ืœึนึฅื ืึฒื ึทืงึผึถึฝืšึผึธ". ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ "ืœึธื›ึตึžืŸ ื›ึผึธืœึพืึนื›ึฐืœึทึ™ื™ึดืšึฐึ™ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตึ”ืœื•ึผ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœึพืฆึธืจึทึฅื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึปืœึผึธึ–ื ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดึฃื™ ื™ึตืœึตึ‘ื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึคื•ึผ ืฉืึนืืกึทึ™ื™ึดืšึฐึ™ ืœึดืžึฐืฉืึดืกึผึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐื›ึธืœึพื‘ึผึนื–ึฐื–ึทึ–ื™ึดืšึฐ ืึถืชึผึตึฅืŸ ืœึธื‘ึทึฝื–" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ). ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื ืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”.


ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐื ึฐืชึธื” ืขึดื™ืจ ืขึทืœ ืชึผึดืœึผึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐืžื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ื•ึน ื™ึตืฉืึตึฝื‘



ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื ื•. "ื›ึผึดื™ึฉ ืึทืขึฒืœึถึจื” ืึฒืจึปื›ึธึฅื” ืœึธึ›ืšึฐ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึทื›ึผื•ึนืชึทึฅื™ึดืšึฐ ืึถืจึฐืคึผึธืึตึ–ืšึฐ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ‘' ื›ึผึดึคื™ ื ึดื“ึผึธื—ึธื”ึ™ ืงึธึฃืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธึ”ืšึฐ ืฆึดื™ึผึฃื•ึนืŸ ื”ึดึ”ื™ื ื“ึผึนืจึตึ–ืฉื ืึตึฅื™ืŸ ืœึธึฝื”ึผ". ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืชืจืคืื• ื›ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”. "ื‘ึผึธืขึตืช ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ื™ึดืงึฐืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื ื›ึผึดืกึผึตื ื”' ื•ึฐื ึดืงึฐื•ึผื•ึผ ืึตืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืœึฐืฉืึตื ื”' ืœึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืขื•ึนื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ืฉืึฐืจึดืจื•ึผืช ืœึดื‘ึผึธื ื”ึธืจึธืข" (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื’ ื™ื–).


ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื—ืจืคืช. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื ื‘ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืš ืชืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช "ื›ึผึนึฃื”ื€ ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื”ึ—' ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ึพืฉืึธื‘ึ™ ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืชึ™ ืึธื”ึณืœึตึฃื™ ื™ึทึฝืขึฒืงึ”ื•ึนื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึฐื ึนืชึธึ–ื™ื• ืึฒืจึทื—ึตึ‘ื ื•ึฐื ึดื‘ึฐื ึฐืชึธึฅื” ืขึดื™ืจึ™ ืขึทืœึพืชึผึดืœึผึธึ”ื”ึผ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐืžึ–ื•ึนืŸ ืขึทืœึพืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึฅื•ึน ื™ึตืฉืึตึฝื‘: ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธึฅื ืžึตื”ึถึ›ื ืชึผื•ึนื“ึธึ–ื” ื•ึฐืงึฃื•ึนืœ ืžึฐืฉื‚ึทื—ึฒืงึดึ‘ื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึดืชึดื™ืึ™ ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ื™ึดืžึฐืขึธึ”ื˜ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึดึ–ื™ื ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื™ึดืฆึฐืขึธึฝืจื•ึผ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœ). ื›ืŸ ืžื ื‘ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื "ืœึนืึพื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถึจื” ืฉืึธึœื ืึทืจึฐื™ึตึ—ื” ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดึคื™ืฅ ื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึ™ ื‘ึผึทึฝืœึพื™ึทืขึฒืœึถึ”ื ึผึธื” ืœึนึฅื ืชึดืžึผึธืฆึตึ–ื ืฉืึธึ‘ื ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึฐื›ึ–ื•ึผ ื’ึผึฐืื•ึผืœึดึฝื™ื: ื•ึผืคึฐื“ื•ึผื™ึตึจื™ ื”ึœ' ื™ึฐืฉืึปื‘ึ—ื•ึผืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธึคืื•ึผ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸึ™ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื ึผึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึทึฅืช ืขื•ึนืœึธึ–ื ืขึทืœึพืจึนืืฉืึธึ‘ื ืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ึคื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื”ึ™ ื™ึทืฉึผื‚ึดึ”ื™ื’ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธึ–ืกื•ึผ ื™ึธื’ึฅื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทืึฒื ึธื—ึธึฝื”" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื”). ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™. ื”ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”'. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื ืžืขืคืจื, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.


โ€ƒ


ื•ึฐืขึตืช ืฆึธืจึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐื™ึทึฝืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึถื ึผึธื” ื™ึดื•ึผึธืฉืึตืขึท



ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช



ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืื‘ ื•ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื–ืงื ื™ ืฆืคืช ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืคืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ืชืฆืžื— ื™ืฉื•ืขื”.


ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื. ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืข. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ืฆืžื—ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขื”. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœื.


ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจ"ืค-ืชืจืค"ื โ€“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื›ืžืขื˜) ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจ"ืค-ืชืจืค"ื, 1921-1920, ืกืžื•ืš ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืกืŸ ืจืžื•. ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ื— ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื



ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื˜, 1929, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืจืฆื—ื• 133 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืœื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• "ืชึท'ื•ึผืจึทืช ืืœ-ื‘ึปึผืจืืง", ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉืคืชื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืื•ื“. ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“.


ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืกื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื• ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืž"ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื" ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื ืงืฆืช ื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื•ื ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ื ืฉืง, ืœืืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืงื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื. 


ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื›ืš ื ืฉื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžื›ื” ืื ื•ืฉื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื—.


ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื•-ืชืจืฆ"ื˜ โ€“ ืžื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื™ืจื–ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื— ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื•-ืชืจืฆ"ื˜, 1939-1936, "ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื. ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• 400 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ 5000 ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ืžื—ืžืช ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืงืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘-1933 ืขืœื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ื”ื™ื• ืคื” ื›ื‘ืจ 400,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื”, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžืœืื• ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”.


ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ื›ืกืฃ - ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืกืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™. ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืฉืืฉื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื ืงืžืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืชื™ืžืฉืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.


ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืชื ืชืงื• ืžื ืžืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ืงื ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ "ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ" ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.


ื™ื•ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐื—ึธืง ื”' ื™ึดืœึฐืขึทื’ ืœึธืžื•ึน



ื’ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจ. ื’ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืœื•ืงื™. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช. "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธืขึตืืœ ื–ึฐืžึดื™ื ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื–ึดืžึฐื ึธื ืœึฐืึทืชึฐืขึธืจึธื ืขึดื ื›ึผึธืœ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึฐืขึทืœึฐืžึธื ืœึฐืžึตื™ืชึตื™ ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึตื ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ื“) ื•ึฐืึธืกึทืคึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืึถืœ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื ืœึทืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ื•ึฐื’ื•'. ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื‘) ื™ึดืชึฐื™ึทืฆึผึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืจื•ึนื–ึฐื ึดื™ื ื ื•ึนืกึฐื“ื•ึผ ื™ึธื—ึทื“ ืขึทืœ ื”' ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื—ื•ึน. ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื™ื•ึนืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐื—ึธืง ื”' ื™ึดืœึฐืขึทื’ ืœึธืžื•ึน" (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื ืงื™ื˜.).


โ€ƒ


ื›"ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”



ื“ืข ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืช ื•ืœืืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš



ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืชืจ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉืคื—ื”. ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›"ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš. 


ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•, ืœืžื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ืœื”? "ืžื” ื›ืœื” ืžืชืงืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงืฉื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”, ืืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืกืคืจื™ื" (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื—, ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื›ื™ ืชืฉื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–).


ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืžืชืืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช 24 ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช: "ืชึผึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช ื”ึธืขึฒื›ึธืกึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืกึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึทื”ึฒืจึนื ึดื™ื: ื”ึทื ึผึฐื˜ึดื™ืคื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึตื™ืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐืขึธืœื•ึนืช: ื”ึทืคึผึฐืึตืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผึฐืขึธื“ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืงึผึดืฉึผืึปืจึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึธืชึผึตื™ ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื•ึฐื”ึทืœึผึฐื—ึธืฉืึดื™ื: ื”ึทื˜ึผึทื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื ึดื–ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืฃ: ื”ึทืžึผึทื—ึฒืœึธืฆื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒื˜ึธืคื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึดื˜ึฐืคึผึธื—ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึธื—ึฒืจึดื™ื˜ึดื™ื: ื•ึฐื”ึทื’ึผึดืœึฐื™ึนื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืกึผึฐื“ึดื™ื ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผึฐื ึดื™ืคื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึฐื“ึดื™ื“ึดื™ื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื’).


ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ (ื˜ื–) ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”. "ื•ึธืึทืœึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืฉืึตืšึฐ ืจึดืงึฐืžึธื” ื•ึธืึถื ึฐืขึฒืœึตืšึฐ ืชึผึธื—ึทืฉื ื•ึธืึถื—ึฐื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึตืฉื ื•ึทืึฒื›ึทืกึผึตืšึฐ ืžึถืฉืึดื™: ื•ึธืึถืขึฐื“ึผึตืšึฐ ืขึถื“ึดื™ ื•ึธืึถืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืฆึฐืžึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึฐืจึธื‘ึดื™ื“ ืขึทืœ ื’ึผึฐืจื•ึนื ึตืšึฐ: ื•ึธืึถืชึผึตืŸ ื ึถื–ึถื ืขึทืœ ืึทืคึผึตืšึฐ ื•ึทืขึฒื’ึดื™ืœึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืึธื–ึฐื ึธื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึทืขึฒื˜ึถืจึถืช ืชึผึดืคึฐืึถืจึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืจึนืืฉืึตืšึฐ". ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืจ. ื”ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช: "ื•ึทืชึผึทืขึฐื“ึผึดื™ ื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ื•ึธื›ึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึผืžึทืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึผืฉืึตืšึฐ ืฉืึตืฉื ื•ึธืžึถืฉืึดื™ ื•ึฐืจึดืงึฐืžึธื” ืกึนืœึถืช ื•ึผื“ึฐื‘ึทืฉื ื•ึธืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ืึธื›ึธืœึฐืชึผึฐ ื•ึทืชึผึดื™ืคึดื™ ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืึนื“ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื•ึทืชึผึดืฆึฐืœึฐื—ึดื™ ืœึดืžึฐืœื•ึผื›ึธื”".


ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืชืจื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”



ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›"ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•. ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืชืจื•ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชืชืงืฉื˜ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ 24 ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื” ื•ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืชืจ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”.


ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื›"ื“ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื "ืš, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ืœื”, ื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ื“ึผึฐืึดืœึผึตื™ืŸ ืึดื ึผื•ึผืŸ ืชึผึดืงึผื•ึผืŸ ื“ึผึดืœึผึธื” ื•ึฐืชึทื›ึฐืฉืึดื™ื˜ึทื”ึธื" (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื ื—). ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื ื• ื•ืชืคืืจืชื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”"ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™" ื–ื™ืข"ื: "ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ื•ึนื—ึทืื™ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒื‘ื•ึผืจึธื” ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืกึถืงึถืช ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื–ึถื” ื”ึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื”: ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืจึดืฉึผืื•ึผืžึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผื›ึฐืชื•ึผื‘ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึนืช. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึทืžึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืจึธื›ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึทื›ึผึฐืชึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึธืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ" (ื‘ื"ื— ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’').


ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื˜ืจื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืœื”



ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ื, ืืœื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืžืจืŸ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขืฉื” ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ืงืจืื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื•ืžื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื• ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืœืงื‘ืฅ, ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ "ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™", ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืžื”ื, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื.


"ืฉืžืขื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™, ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื. ืืฉืจื™ื›ื ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื™ื•ืœื“ืชื›ื! ืืฉืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืืฉืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืชื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื ืœืขื˜ืจื ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”. ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื ืคืœื” ืขื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืงืช ืืฉืคืชื•ืช, ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”".


ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื”ื: ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื”ืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ื—ืจืคืช, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ืื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืชืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”' ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ื’ืœื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื.


ืžืกืงื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• โ€“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ



ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื•. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื• ื•ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•: "ื•ึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึฑื™ึดื™ืชึถื ืžึฐืฉืึทืขึฒืจึดื™ื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตืึถืœึถืฃ ืึทืœึฐืคึตื™ ืึฒืœึธืคึดื™ื ื•ึฐืจึนื‘ ืจึดื™ื‘ึทื™ ืจึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืžึตื”ึทืฆึผึทืขึทืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืึฐืจื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื ึดื›ึฐื ึถืกึถืช ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื‘ึผึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉื‚ึฐื—ื•ึนืง ื‘ึผึฐืคึดื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึทื–ึผึธื›ึฐืจึฐื›ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืกึดื‘ึผึทืชึฐื›ึถื ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึปืฉืึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึถืขึธืคึธืจ". ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.


โ€ƒ


ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื



ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ืฉืึถืžึผึตืขื•ึนืœึธื - ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉืึธื



ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื‘ืช ืคื—) ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืชืจื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™. "ื•ึฐื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื—ึธื˜ึฐืื•ึผ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื™ึธืจึฐื“ื•ึผ ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ืจึดื‘ึผื•ึนื ืžึทืœึฐืึฒื›ึตื™ ื—ึทื‘ึผึธืœึธื” ื•ึผืคึฐืจึธืงื•ึผื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื’) 'ื•ึทื™ึดืชึฐื ึทืฆึผึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึถืช ืขึถื“ึฐื™ึธื ืžึตื”ึทืจ ื—ื•ึนืจึตื‘'". ื•ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืชื™ื‘ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื”. "ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึตื™ืฉื ืœึธืงึดื™ืฉื, ื•ึฐืขึธืชึดื™ื“ ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฐื–ึดื™ืจึธืŸ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืœื”) 'ื•ึผืคึฐื“ื•ึผื™ึตื™ ื”' ื™ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึผืŸ, ื•ึผื‘ึธืื•ึผ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื ึผึธื”, ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึทืช ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉืึธื, ืฉื‚ึธืฉื‚ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื™ึธืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐื ึธืกื•ึผ ื™ึธื’ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึทืึฒื ึธื—ึธื”' - ืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ืฉืึถืžึผึตืขื•ึนืœึธื - ืขึทืœ ืจึนืืฉืึธื".


ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื



ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจ: "ืชึผึธื ึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืคึผึฐืœึทื˜ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื›ึนืœ ืคึผึทืœึฐื˜ึตื”ึผ ื•ึผืคึธืœึฐื˜ึตื”ึผ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืžึฐื‘ื•ึนืื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึธื‘ื•ึนื™ ื•ึผืžึธื‘ื•ึนื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืฉืึฐื•ึธืงึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึนืœ ืฉืื•ึผืง ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผืง ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืฉืึถืงึผึธืงึดื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึนืœ ืฉืึธืงึทืง ื•ึฐืฉืึธืงึทืง ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื—ึฒืฆึตืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื•ึฐื—ึธืฆึตืจ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื‘ึผึธืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื•ึฐื—ึธืฆึตืจ ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธื” ืขึดื ื›ึผึดืคึฐืœึทื™ึดื ื›ึผึฐื™ื•ึนืฆึฐืึตื™ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื" (ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื›ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื ืคืกืงื” ื‘). ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื” ืข"ื‘).


ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš 24 ืืœืฃ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืžืงื“ืฉ "ืžึตืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื ึทืฆึผึตื—ึท ืขึทืœ ืžึฐืœึถืื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”' ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืึธืœึถืฃ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื’ ื“). ื›ืŸ ืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึฐืœึนืžึนื” ืขึถืฉืึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืข ืจึฐื ึธื ื•ึนืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืชื—ื• ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”"ืžื’ืœื” ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช" ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”ึทืึปืžึฐื ึธื ื™ึตืฉืึตื‘ ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืœึนื ื™ึฐื›ึทืœึฐื›ึผึฐืœื•ึผืšึธ ืึทืฃ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึธื ึดื™ืชึดื™" ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื”' ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืึทืœ ืชึผึธืฉืึตื‘ ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื—ึถื™ืšึธ, ื–ึธื›ึฐืจึธื” ืœึฐื—ึทืกึฐื“ึตื™ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื™ื“ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึถืšึธ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘' ื•).


ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึทื“ึฐื›ึนื“ ืฉืึดืžึฐืฉืึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ



ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ 24 ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืชืคืืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื“): "ืขึฒื ึดื™ึผึธื” ืกึนืขึฒืจึธื” ืœึนื ื ึปื—ึธืžึธื” ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึทืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืฅ ื‘ึผึทืคึผื•ึผืšึฐ ืึฒื‘ึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึดื™ืกึทื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทืคึผึดื™ืจึดื™ื: ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ ื›ึผึทื“ึฐื›ึนื“ ืฉืึดืžึฐืฉืึนืชึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืขึธืจึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึถืงึฐื“ึผึธื— ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœึตืšึฐ ืœึฐืึทื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื—ึตืคึถืฅ: ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึธื ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืœึดืžึผื•ึผื“ึตื™ ื”' ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืœื•ึนื ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ึดืšึฐ". ื”"ื›ื“ื›ื“" ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ 24 ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื”, ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ 24 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”.


ื“ึผึธื•ึดื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš โ€“ ืžืงื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื ืžืขืคืจื



ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกืคืจื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืกืคื™ืจื” "ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช". ื•ื›ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืžืžืœื ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœื: "ื•ึฐืึดื ืชึผึตืœึตืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐืจึธื›ึทื™ ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ื—ึปืงึผึทื™ ื•ึผืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืชึทื™ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธืœึทืšึฐ ื“ึผึธื•ึดื™ื“ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึทืึฒืจึทื›ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื™ึธืžึถื™ืšึธ" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื’, ื™ื“. ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื). ืฉื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” 24.  


 


ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•



ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื



ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ืืฉืช ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืžืจื•ืžื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืงื”ื™ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™ื ื’).


ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืžืกืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ 24 ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›"ื“ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืชืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ 24 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 24 ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.


ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ



ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื” 12 ืฉื ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื 24. ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžืขืจื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืฉื‘ืฉืจื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื ืกื“ืง ื‘ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจื”. ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.


"ื“ึผึฐืžึฐืขึดื™ืงึทืจึธื - ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžึทืงึฐืฉืึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ื•ึนื—ึทืื™ ืงื•ึผืฉืึดื™ึธื, ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžึฐืคึธืจึตืง ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืคึผึดื ึฐื—ึธืก ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ึธืึดื™ืจ ืชึผึฐืจึตื™ืกึธืจ ืคึผึตื™ืจื•ึผืงึตื™. ืœึฐืกึผื•ึนืฃ - ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžึทืงึฐืฉืึตื™ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืคึผึดื ึฐื—ึธืก ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ึธืึดื™ืจ ืงื•ึผืฉืึฐื™ึธื, ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืžึฐืคึธืจึตืง ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ื•ึนื—ึทืื™ ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ืคึผึตื™ืจื•ึผืงึตื™" (ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’). ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ 12 ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ื™ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจืฅ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ 24 ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื.


ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”



ื’ื ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจ ืืœืขืื™ ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืžื˜ ืข"ื‘) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืคื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืจืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื: "ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืžึดื™ื ึธื ืœึฐืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”, ืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึผื•ึนืžึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืžึทืœึฐื•ึตื™ ืจึดื‘ึผึดื™ืช, ืื•ึน ื›ึผึดืžึฐื’ึทื“ึผึฐืœึตื™ ื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ื. ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ, ื‘ึผึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธืึตื™, ืชึผึทืจึฐื•ึทื™ึฐื™ื”ื•ึผ ืึฒืกึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ, ืึถืœึผึธื ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืช - ื”ึทื›ึผึดืกึผึตื ืึดื™ืช ืœึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึผึตื™ืชึดื™ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืึธื, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึธืขึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดื›ึฐื ึธืก".


ืืžืจ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื“ึผื•ึนืžึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืžึทืœึฐื•ึตื™ ืจึดื‘ึผึดื™ืช, ืื•ึน ื›ึผึดืžึฐื’ึทื“ึผึฐืœึตื™ ื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจึดื™ื. ืขื ื” ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืคื ื™ ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ 24 ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื™ืกื ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื ืงื‘ื™. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืจืžื– ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช 24 ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืงื•ืžื.


ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื“ึผึฐื“ึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื, ื›ึผึฐื“ึทืขึฒื‘ึตื“ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืขึฒืงึดื™ื‘ึธื ืœื‘ื™ืชื”ื•



ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืงื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœืืฉืชื• ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘". "ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื“ึผึฐื“ึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื, ื›ึผึฐื“ึทืขึฒื‘ึตื“ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืขึฒืงึดื™ื‘ึธื ืœื‘ื™ืชื”ื•" (ืฉื‘ืช ื ื˜ ืข"ื). ื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืœืขื˜ืจ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื” ื•ื›ืชืจื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืœืืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœืงื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืขืจื” "ืึดื™ ื”ึฒื•ึธืึดื™ ืœึดื™ โ€“ ืจึธืžึดื™ื ึธื ืœึดื™ืšึฐ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื“ึผึฐื“ึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื" (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื  ืข"ื).


ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืชืจื™ื”. ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืื™ืจ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•. ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ.


 


ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื


ืคืื“ื™ื—ื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื”



ื›ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืš ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“.  ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืขื” 04:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื?


ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืŸ 13 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืขื“ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ, ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆืดืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ื“.  ืื™ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื’ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”!


ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื—ืœืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ืดืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืืด.  ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.


ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืžืื•ื“. ืžืžืฉ ืคืื“ื™ื—ื”. ืืš ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘: ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื—ื’ ืฉืžื—!


ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ืขื ื•ืช: ื”ืจื‘, ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื‘ืช. 


ืื• ืื– ืขื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช: ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืช. "ืขึทื“ ืžึดึฝืžึผึธื—ึณืจึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดืช ืชึผึดืกึฐืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื ื•ึฐื”ึดืงึฐืจึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ืžึดื ึฐื—ึธื” ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึธื” ืœึทื”'" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ื˜ื–). ื•ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืช.


ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื™: ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ืง ื”ืจื‘! ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 13 ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ืื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™: ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ืš ืฉืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคืชื—!


 


ืขื“ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื•



ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืจื“ืข: ืืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื. ืคืขื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืกื—ืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื›ืื‘: ื”ืจื‘, ืงืฉื” ืœืืฉืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœื ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืืžืจ: ื•ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืงืฉื” ืฉืืฉืชืš ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื? ื’ื ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.


ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืขื ืืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆืดืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืกื ื“ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื” ื”ืจื‘: ืื ื™ ืื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชืš ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกื ื“ืง ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•, ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืชื— ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.


(ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืจืš ื™' ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืข"ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘)


 


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”



ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืจืข ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“. ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•?  ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื“ืœืช ื”ืขื?


ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”' ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืชื›ืกื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื— ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื’ืื•ืœื”.


 


ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“" ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“"?


ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืŸ ืฉ"ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืคื™ ื”' ื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื". ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”. "ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืŸ".


 

ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il