ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ
  • ืžื˜ื•ืช
undefined
13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 58 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”

ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื” โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ืœ



ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข



ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืขื. 1900 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื–ื–ื™ื ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ื”ืŸ ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื›ืืจื™ ื™ืชื ืฉื". ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื ื‘ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืช ืžืกืขื™.


ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื“



ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžื˜ื•ืช ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื’ื“, ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. "ืึดื-ืžึธืฆึธืื ื•ึผ ื—ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึปืชึผึทืŸ ืึถืช-ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึผึธื”, ืึทืœ-ืชึผึทืขึฒื‘ึดืจึตื ื•ึผ ืึถืช-ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื‘). ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืžืฉื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื ื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”. "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึตืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™-ื’ึธื“ ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืจึฐืื•ึผื‘ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืœึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ืฉืึตื‘ึถื˜ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ื‘ึถืŸ-ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ, ืึถืช-ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ืกึดื™ื—ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™, ื•ึฐืึถืช-ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช, ืขื•ึนื’ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืฉืึธืŸ" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘,ืœื’). ืื™ืคื” ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ืœื ื—ืœื” ื’ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื”?


ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ื—ึตืœึถืง ืจึทื‘ ืžึตื”ึถื


ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. "ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึนื ึถื” ื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึทืช ื”ึทืคึผึฐืงื•ึผื“ึดื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื• ื›ื˜-ืœื‘) ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึธื›ึดื™ืจึดื™ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทื’ึผึดืœึฐืขึธื“ึดื™ ื™ึธืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึดืœ ื•ึฐืœึทื›ึผึฐื“ื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืœึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžึธื, ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ื—ึตืœึถืง ืจึทื‘ ืžึตื”ึถื, ื•ึฐืฉืึตืฉื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื—ื•ึนืช ืขึธื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ".


ื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืžึธื›ึดื™ืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผืœึฐื›ึฐึผื“ึปื”ึธ ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืจึถืฉื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฑืžึนืจึดื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ". ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื—ืœื”: "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึตึผืŸ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“ ืœึฐืžึธื›ึดื™ืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ", ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”: "ื•ึฐื™ึธืึดื™ืจ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื”ึธืœึทืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืœึฐื›ึนึผื“ ืึถืช ื—ึทื•ึนึผืชึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืชึฐื”ึถืŸ ื—ึทื•ึนึผืช ื™ึธืึดื™ืจ. ื•ึฐื ึนื‘ึทื— ื”ึธืœึทืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืœึฐื›ึนึผื“ ืึถืช ืงึฐื ึธืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืœึธื” ื ึนื‘ึทื— ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืืžื•" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืœื˜-ืž).


ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื



ืœื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื



ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”' ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ืกื™ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื’. ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื ืงื™ื, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘  "ื•ึฐื™ึถืชึถืจ ื”ึทื’ึดึผืœึฐืขึธื“ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธืืŸ ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ืขื•ึนื’ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ืœึทื—ึฒืฆึดื™ ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ื”ึทืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื›ึนึผืœ ื—ึถื‘ึถืœ ื”ึธืึทืจึฐื’ึนึผื‘ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืฉึธืืŸ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืงึธึผืจึตื ืึถืจึถืฅ ืจึฐืคึธืึดื™ื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’).  ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืคื—ื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื.


ื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืžื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื—ื–ืง "ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนึฅืจ ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึธึ›ื— ืึถืœึพื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฅื™ ืขึทืžึผึ–ื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื”ึดืœึผึธึฃื—ึถื ื‘ึผึธึ‘ื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ึตึฅื ื”ึ–' ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึฝื•ึน: ื•ึทื™ึผึทื›ึผึตึกื ืžึตืขึฒืจื•ึนืขึตืจึฉ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึพื‘ึผื•ึนืึฒืšึธึ™ ืžึดื ึผึดึœื™ืช ืขึถืฉื‚ึฐืจึดึฃื™ื ืขึดึ—ื™ืจ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ึ™ ืึธื‘ึตึฃืœ ื›ึผึฐืจึธืžึดึ”ื™ื ืžึทื›ึผึธึ–ื” ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธึฃื” ืžึฐืึนึ‘ื“ ื•ึทื™ึผึดื›ึผึธึฝื ึฐืขื•ึผึ™ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ืขึทืžึผึ”ื•ึนืŸ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตึ–ื™ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึฝืœ" (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืœื‘-ืœื“).


ืžืงื ืื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”'



ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉืื•ืœ, ื›ืฉื”ืขื ื ื™ื’ืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื, ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื. ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื›ื“ืจื›ื ืžืชืขืœืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•ืช, ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ. "ื•ึทึฝื™ึผึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชื•ึผึ™ ืึถืชึพืจึนืืฉืึ”ื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึผึทืคึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ื˜ื•ึผ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึตืœึธึ‘ื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึจื•ึผ ื‘ึฐืึถึฝืจึถืฅึพืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดึœื™ื ืกึธื‘ึดึ—ื™ื‘ ืœึฐื‘ึทืฉึผื‚ึตึ›ืจ ื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ืขึฒืฆึทื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึถึ–ื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื”ึธืขึธึฝื: ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฉื‚ึดึ™ืžื•ึผึ™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึตืœึธึ”ื™ื• ื‘ึผึตึ–ื™ืช ืขึทืฉืึฐืชึผึธืจึ‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื’ึผึฐื•ึดื™ึผึธืชื•ึนึ™ ืชึผึธืงึฐืขึ”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื—ื•ึนืžึทึ–ืช ื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ืฉืึธึฝืŸ". ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ื›ืœื™ื• ืœึฐื‘ึทืฉึผื‚ึตึ›ืจ ื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ืขึฒืฆึทื‘ึผึตื™ื”ึถึ–ื ื‘ืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ืœื ืจืง ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืืœื ื‘ืžืœื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื.


ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืžืงื ืื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœื™ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขื•ื– ื”ืคืœืฉื™ืชื™ื, ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืงื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ื•ึทื™ึผึธืงึœื•ึผืžื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœึพืึดึฃื™ืฉื ื—ึทื™ึดืœึ˜ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ึฃื•ึผ ื›ึธืœึพื”ึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื”ึ’ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึฐื—ึžื•ึผ ืึถืชึพื’ึผึฐื•ึดื™ึผึทึฃืช ืฉืึธืึ—ื•ึผืœ ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื’ึผึฐื•ึดื™ึผึนึฃืช ื‘ึผึธื ึธึ”ื™ื• ืžึตื—ื•ึนืžึทึ–ืช ื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ืฉืึธึ‘ืŸ ื•ึทื™ึผึธื‘ึนึฃืื•ึผ ื™ึธื‘ึตึ”ืฉืึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึฐืคึฅื•ึผ ืึนืชึธึ–ื ืฉืึธึฝื: ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผึ™ ืึถืชึพืขึทืฆึฐืžึนึฃืชึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืงึฐื‘ึผึฐืจึฅื•ึผ ืชึทึฝื—ึทืชึพื”ึธืึถึ–ืฉืึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื‘ึตึ‘ืฉืึธื” ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฆึปึ–ืžื•ึผ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทึฅืช ื™ึธืžึดึฝื™ื" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืœื).


ืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ื ึดืžึฐืกึธืจ ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึฐื™ึธื“ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ



ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื•. "ื‘ึผึฐืขึธื ืžึดื™ื ึผึตื™ื”ึผ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื—ึถืœึฐื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึตืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื ึทื—ึฐืžึธื ึดื™, ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘, (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ) "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ืจึธื—ึตืœ ืึถืช ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ", ื•ึฐื’ื•ึน', ืžึทืื™ ืฉืึฐื ึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึทืชึฐื™ึฐืœึดื™ื“ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ? ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ, ืจึธืึธื” ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉืึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• ื ึดืžึฐืกึธืจ ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึฐื™ึธื“ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื) "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ - ืึตืฉื, ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ - ืœึถื”ึธื‘ึธื”, ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืช ืขึตืฉื‚ึธื• - ืœึฐืงึทืฉื" ื•ึฐื’ื•ึน'.


ืึดื™ืชึดื™ื‘ึตื™ื”ึผ, (ืฉ"ื ืœ) "ื•ึทื™ึทื›ึผึตื ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ืžึตื”ึทื ึผึถืฉืึถืฃ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื”ึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ืœึฐืžึทื—ึณืจึธืชึธื", ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ, ื“ึผึฐืึดื™ืงึผึทืจึทื™ึธื™ืšึฐ ื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™, ืœึธื ืึดืงึฐืจึทื™ึดื™ืšึฐ ื›ึผึฐืชื•ึผื‘ึตื™, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, (ื“ื”"ื ื™ื‘) "ื‘ึผึฐืœึตื›ึฐืชึผื•ึน ืึถืœ ืฆึดื’ึฐืœึทื’ ื ึธืคึฐืœื•ึผ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืžึดืžึผึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื”, ืขึทื“ึฐื ึทื—, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื–ึธื‘ึธื“, ื•ึดื™ื“ึดื™ืขึฒืึตืœ, ื•ึผืžึดื™ื›ึธืึตืœ, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื–ึธื‘ึธื“, ื•ึถืึฑืœึดื™ื”ื•ึผื, ื•ึฐืฆึดืœึผืชึทื™, ืจึธืืฉืึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒืœึธืคึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืœึดืžึฐื ึทืฉืึถื”" (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืงื›ื’ ืข"ื‘). ื”ืงืฉื” ืœื•, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขืžืœืงื™ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืžื–ืจืขื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ? ื•ืขื ื” ืœื•: ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”.


ืžึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ืจึทื‘ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ, (ืฉื ื“ึผ) "ื•ึผืžึตื”ึถื ืžึดืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึดืžึฐืขื•ึนืŸ ื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืœึฐื”ึทืจ ืฉื‚ึตืขึดื™ืจ ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ื—ึฒืžึตืฉื ืžึตืื•ึนืช, ื•ึผืคึฐืœึทื˜ึฐื™ึธื”, ื•ึผื ึฐืขึทืจึฐื™ึธื”, ื•ึผืจึฐืคึธื™ึธื”, ื•ึฐืขื•ึผื–ึผึดื™ืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืขึดื™ ื‘ึฐืจึนืืฉืึธื, ื•ึทื™ึทื›ึผื•ึผ ืึถืช ืฉืึฐืึตืจึดื™ืช ื”ึทืคึผึฐืœึตื˜ึธื” ืœึทืขึฒืžึธืœึตืง, ื•ึทื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืฉืึธื ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”", ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึธื” ื‘ึทืจ ืฉืึตื™ืœึธื, ื™ึดืฉืึฐืขึดื™ - ื ึทืžึดื™ ืžึดืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ืึฒืชึดื™, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, (ืฉื ื”) "ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื” ื—ึตืคึถืจ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืขึดื™". ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.


ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืœืคื—ื“ ืœื ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื



ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื’ื ืืช ืื”ื‘ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืœืคื—ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืคืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• "'ืœึฐืžึดืฉึฐืืคึฐึผื—ึนืช ืžึฐื ึทืฉึถึผืื” ื‘ึถืŸ ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ' (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›"ื–, ื') ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš "ื›ืฉื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื—ืœืฆื™ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ื• ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืœ"ื’).


ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆืœืคื—ื“ ืกื—ืคื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืคื ื—ืก ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื• ืกื“) "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึดื™ืฉื ืžึดืคึผึฐืงื•ึผื“ึตื™ ืžืฉืึถื” ื•ึฐืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืคึผึธืงึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึทืจ ืกึดื™ื ึธื™". ืื•ืžืจ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื. "ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจื” ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“) ื ืชื ื” ืจืืฉ ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆืจื™ืžื”. ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืื—ื•ื–ื”. ืœื›ืš ื ืกืžื›ื” ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆึฐืœึธืคึฐื—ึธื“ ืœื›ืืŸ".


ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื



ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื. ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื ืืžืจ: "ื‘ึทึผืžึดึผื“ึฐื‘ึธึผืจ ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื™ึดืคึฐึผืœื•ึผ ืคึดื’ึฐืจึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืคึฐึผืงึปื“ึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึดืกึฐืคึทึผืจึฐื›ึถื ืžึดื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึธืžึธืขึฐืœึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึฒืœึดื™ื ึนืชึถื ืขึธืœึธื™" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ ื›ื˜). ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”.


ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืคื ื—ืก ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ 603,550 ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืกื”"ื› 601,730 ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• 40 ืฉื ื”.


ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืจืก ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืž-70 ื ืคืฉ ืœ-603,550 ื‘ืชื•ืš 210 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ 30 ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื” ื”ื ืžืชืžืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื.


ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืคื’ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• 59,300 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ 40 ืฉื ื” ืœ-22,200. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืž-32,200 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœ-52,700. ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.


 


ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” โ€“ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™



ื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื“ึผึตืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึทื›ึผึตื™ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ืฉืึถืœึผึธื”ึถื


ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืฉื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ. ื›ืš ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘: "ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ื›ึผึทื•ึผึธื ึธื” ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ืฉืึถื ึผื•ึนื’ึตืขึท ืœึดื›ึฐืœึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ. ื•ึฐื ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื“ึผึฐื‘ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉืึถืจึธืึธื” ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืจึทื‘ึผึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืžึฐืขึทื˜... ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื“ึผึตืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึธืึดื™ืจื•ึผ ืžึทื—ึฒืฉืึทื›ึผึตื™ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ืฉืึถืœึผึธื”ึถื, ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ (ืฉืื•ึนืคึฐื˜ึดื™ื ื”', ื™"ื“): 'ืžึดื ึผึดื™ ืžึธื›ึดื™ืจ ื™ึธืจึฐื“ื•ึผ ืžึฐื—ึนืงึฐืงึดื™ื' - ื”ึทื™ึฐื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืจึธืืฉืึตื™ ื™ึฐืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช... ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื“ึผึตืœ ืžึนืฉืึถื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐืจึทืฆึผื•ึผ ื”ึตืžึผึธื” ืœึทืฉึผืึธื‘ึตืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตืŸ, ื•ึผืžึดืฉึผืื•ึผื ื–ึถื” ื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืœึธื”ึถื ื ึทื—ึฐืœึธื” ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐืจึทืฆึผื•ึผ" (ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™"ื–, ื).


ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืจึธืืฉืึตื™ ื™ึฐืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืจืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ืกื™ืกืจื. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืžึดื ึดึผึฃื™ ืžึธื›ึดึ—ื™ืจ ื™ึธึฝืจึฐื“ื•ึผึ™ ืžึฐื—ึนึฃืงึฐืงึดึ”ื™ื ื•ึผืžึดึจื–ึฐึผื‘ื•ึผืœึปึ”ืŸ ืžึนืฉึฐืื›ึดึ–ื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืึฅื‘ึถื˜ ืกึนืคึตึฝืจืƒ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ืจึทึคื™ ื‘ึฐึผื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ืฉื›ึธืจึ™ ืขึดืึพื“ึฐึผื‘ึนืจึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ืฉื›ึธืจึ™ ื›ึตึผึฃืŸ ื‘ึธึผืจึธึ”ืง ื‘ึธึผืขึตึ–ืžึถืง ืฉึปืืœึทึผึฃื— ื‘ึฐึผืจึทื’ึฐืœึธึ‘ื™ื•".


ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžืŸ



ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ื—) ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื” "ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžืŸ" ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžืฉื”. ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•, ื™): "ื•ึฐืขึทืชึธึผื” ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื”ึตื‘ึตืืชึดื™ ืึถืช ืจึตืืฉึดืื™ืช ืคึฐึผืจึดื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึธึผื” ืœึดึผื™ ื”'", ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™: ืชื ื™ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•) "ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึธืชึทืชึธึผื” ืœึดึผื™ ื”'" โ€“ "ืœื ืฉื ื˜ืœืชื™ ืœื™ ืžืขืฆืžื™", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ืฉ"ืœื ื ื˜ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžืŸ" ื•ืœื ืžื ื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ื“ ื•ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื˜ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžื (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื– ื-ื™).


ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”


ืขืœ ืžืขืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื—ืกื“ ืขื ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: "ืืฃ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืจื›ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื, ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจื‘ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื - ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื”" (ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ื™ื–).


ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืœืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืคื—ื“ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืžืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืกื” ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื ืฉื” ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื.


โ€ƒ


ืขืœ ืžื” ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘?



ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ืื•ืœื”



ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืช, ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื.


ื”' ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื’ืื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื”



ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžืชืืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”' ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช. "ื•ึฐืึดืึ™ ืœึนึฃื ืชึดืฉืึฐืžึธืขึ”ื•ึผื”ึธ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืกึฐืชึผึธืจึดึฅื™ื ืชึผึดื‘ึฐื›ึผึถึฝื”ึพื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื’ึตื•ึธึ‘ื” ื•ึฐื“ึธืžึนึจืขึท ืชึผึดื“ึฐืžึทึœืข ื•ึฐืชึตืจึทึคื“ ืขึตื™ื ึดื™ึ™ ื“ึผึดืžึฐืขึธึ”ื” ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึธึ–ื” ืขึตึฅื“ึถืจ ื”ึฝ'" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื™ื’, ื™ื–). ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื•ืืœืช ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึผึตื•ึธื”"? "ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ึดืฆึฐื—ึธืง, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธืชึธืŸ ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ - ืฉืึถื ึผึดื˜ึผึฐืœึธื” ืžึตื”ึถื ื•ึฐื ึดืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืœึฐืขื•ึนื‘ึฐื“ึตื™ ื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื ึทื—ึฐืžึธื ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธืชึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถื ึผึดื˜ึผึฐืœึธื”" (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื” ืข"ื‘).


ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ืฉื•ืืœืช: "ื•ึผืžึดื™ ืึดื™ื›ึผึธื ื‘ึดื›ึฐื™ึธื” ืงึธืžึตื™ื”ึผ ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื? ื•ึฐื”ึทื ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ืคึผึทืคึผึธื, ืึตื™ืŸ ืขึทืฆึฐื‘ื•ึผืช ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ, (ื“"ื” ื ื˜ื–) 'ืขื•ึนื– ื•ึฐื—ึถื“ึฐื•ึธื” ื‘ึดืžึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึน'? ืœึธื ืงึธืฉืึฐื™ึธื, ื”ึธื - ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึธืชึตื™ ื’ึผึทื•ึผึธืื™, ื”ึทื - ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึธืชึตื™ ื‘ึทืจึธืื™". ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื’ืื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื– ื•ื—ื“ื•ื•ื”.


ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”' ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืจื“



ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ืžื•ืช. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”' ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืึตื–ึฃื•ึนืจ ืคึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดึ”ื™ื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจืช ื‘ึผึดื ึฐืงึดึฅื™ืง ื”ึทืกึผึธึฝืœึทืข. ืžึดืงึผึตึ–ืฅ ื™ึธืžึดึฃื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดึ‘ื™ื ื”' ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื—ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื "ืึถืชึพื”ึธึฃืึตื–ึ”ื•ึนืจ ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืžึผึธืงึ–ื•ึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพื˜ึฐืžึทื ึฐืชึผึดึฃื™ื• ืฉืึธึ‘ืžึผึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื”ึ™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื—ึทึฃืช ื”ึธืึตื–ึ”ื•ึนืจ ืœึนึฅื ื™ึดืฆึฐืœึทึ–ื— ืœึทื›ึผึนึฝืœ". ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”' ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืฉืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื ืฉื—ืช "ื›ึผึนึ–ื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื”ึ‘' ื›ึผึธึ ื›ึธื” ืึทืฉืึฐื—ึดึžื™ืช ืึถืชึพื’ึผึฐืึงื•ึนืŸ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ›ื” ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื’ึผึฐืึฅื•ึนืŸ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ–ื ื”ึธืจึธึฝื‘" (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื™ื’). ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื ึทื—ึฐืžึธื ึดื™ ืึธืžึทืจ, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื’ึผึทืึฒื•ึธืชึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืžึทืœึฐื›ื•ึผืช ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืฉืึถื ึผึดื˜ึผึฐืœึธื”?


ืืœื ืฉื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื”'. "ื›ึผึดึกื™ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจึฉ ื™ึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึทึจืง ื”ึธืึตื–ึœื•ึนืจ ืึถืœึพืžึธืชึฐื ึตื™ึพืึดึ—ื™ืฉื ื›ึผึตึฃืŸ ื”ึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึทึฃืงึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึตึ ืœึทื™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื‘ึผึตึจื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึœืœ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื‘ึผึตึคื™ืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื”ึ™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ”' ืœึดึฝื”ึฐื™ึฅื•ึนืช ืœึดื™ึ™ ืœึฐืขึธึ”ื ื•ึผืœึฐืฉืึตึฅื ื•ึฐืœึดืชึฐื”ึดืœึผึธึ–ื” ื•ึผืœึฐืชึดืคึฐืึธึ‘ืจึถืช ื•ึฐืœึนึ–ื ืฉืึธืžึตึฝืขื•ึผ". ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืฉืคืœ ื’ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ืžื•ืฉืคืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”' ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืžืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื (ืกื”"ื› ื›-25%). ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘.


ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช



ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื•ึฐื“ึธืžื•ึนืขึท ืชึผึดื“ึฐืžึทืข, ื•ึฐืชึผึทืจึตื“ ืขึตื™ื ึดื™ ื“ึผึดืžึฐืขึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืขึตื“ึถืจ ื”'". ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ, ืฉืึธืœึนืฉื ื“ึผึฐืžึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทืœึผึธืœื•ึผ ืœึธืžึผึธื”? ืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ืจึดืืฉืื•ึนืŸ. ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ืฉืึตื ึดื™. ื•ึฐืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถื’ึผึธืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึฐืงึผื•ึนืžึธืŸ.


ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื•ึทื™ึผึธื‘ื•ึนื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึธืื•ึผ ืฉืึธื ื•ึทื™ึฐื—ึทืœึผึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช ืฉืึตื ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึดื™ ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึนืจ ืœึธื”ึถื ืขึทื ื”' ืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ึผืžึตืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึน ื™ึธืฆึธืื•ึผ". ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”' ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื• โ€“ ื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชื”ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“.


ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉื ื”' ืžืชื’ื“ืœ ื•ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื‘ื•ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื— "ื•ึฐื™ึทืฆึฐืžึทื— ืคึผึปืจึฐืงึธื ึตื™ื”ึผ. ื•ึดื™ืงึธืจึตื‘ ืžึฐืฉืึดื™ื—ึตื”ึผ". ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื. "ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ื›ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนืžึตื™ื›ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื“ึฐื›ึนืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ึดืฉึนึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื’ึธืœึธื ื•ึผื‘ึดื–ึฐืžึทืŸ ืงึธืจึดื™ื‘".


ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจืื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ืงื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื.


ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ


ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื "ื•ึฐืึดื™ื›ึผึธื ื“ึฐืึทืžึฐืจึดื™, ืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผืœ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”. ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธืžึธื ืœึฐืžึทืืŸ ื“ึผึทืึธืžึทืจ, ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถื’ึผึธืœื•ึผ ืžึดืžึผึฐืงึผื•ึนืžึธืŸ, ื”ึทื™ึฐื™ื ื•ึผ ื“ึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, "ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืขึตื“ึถืจ ื”'". ืึถืœึผึธื ืœึฐืžึธืืŸ ื“ึผึทืึธืžึทืจ, ืึทื—ึทืช ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผืœ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืžึทืื™ "ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึธื” ืขึตื“ึถืจ ื”'"? ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื’ึผึธืœื•ึผ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืžึผึฐืงึผื•ึนืžึธืŸ - ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึฐืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผืœ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ืžึดื–ึผึถื”". ื•ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช? ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืชื•ืก', ืจืฉ"ื™, ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืชื” ืœืžื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื". ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืžืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™.


ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช



ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช. "ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง, ื•ืขืœ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืกืง, ื•ืขืœ ืคืจื ืก ื”ืžืชื’ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ".


ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืžืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื ืก ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชื’ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธึฃื” ื›ึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืชึผึ”ื•ึน ืขึทึ–ืœ ื›ึผึดืกึผึตึฃื ืžึทืžึฐืœึทื›ึฐืชึผึ‘ื•ึน ื•ึฐื›ึธึจืชึทื‘ ืœึœื•ึน ืึถืชึพืžึดืฉืึฐื ึตึจื” ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธึคื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืชึ™ ืขึทืœึพืกึตึ”ืคึถืจ ืžึดืœึผึดืคึฐื ึตึฅื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดึ–ื™ื ื”ึทืœึฐื•ึดื™ึผึดึฝื: ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธึฃื” ืขึดืžึผึ”ื•ึน ื•ึฐืงึธึฅืจึธื ื‘ึ–ื•ึน ื›ึผึธืœึพื™ึฐืžึตึฃื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึธึ‘ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•' ืœึฐื‘ึดืœึฐืชึผึดึคื™ ืจื•ึผืึพืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึนึ™ ืžึตึฝืึถื—ึธึ”ื™ื• ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึดืœึฐืชึผึดึ›ื™ ืกึฅื•ึผืจ ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธึ–ื” ื™ึธืžึดึฃื™ืŸ ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐืžึนึ‘ืื•ืœ ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸึฉ ื™ึทืึฒืจึดึจื™ืšึฐ ื™ึธืžึดึงื™ื ืขึทืœึพืžึทืžึฐืœึทื›ึฐืชึผึ›ื•ึน ื”ึฅื•ึผื ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธึ–ื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐืงึถึฅืจึถื‘ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึฝืœ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–, ื™ื—-ื›). ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืžืชื’ืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”' ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•.


ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื



ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื›ึผึดึฉื™ ืงึจื•ึนืœ ื›ึผึฐื—ื•ึนืœึธึœื” ืฉืึธืžึทึ—ืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืฆึธืจึธื”ึ™ ื›ึผึฐืžึทื‘ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึธึ”ื” ืงึงื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึทืชึพืฆึดื™ึผึ›ื•ึนืŸ ืชึผึดืชึฐื™ึทืคึผึตึ–ื—ึท ืชึผึฐืคึธืจึตึฃืฉื‚ ื›ึผึทืคึผึถึ‘ื™ื”ึธ ืึฝื•ึนื™ึพื ึธึฃื ืœึดึ”ื™ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพ ืขึธื™ึฐืคึธึฅื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ ืœึฐื”ึนืจึฐื’ึดึฝื™ื" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื“ ืœื). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื "ื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื ึดื‘ึฐืœึทืช ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึธื™ึดื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทื‚ืจ ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึถื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึฐืชื•ึน ืึธืจึถืฅ: ืฉึธืืคึฐื›ื•ึผ ื“ึธืžึธื ื›ึทึผืžึทึผื™ึดื ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึธโ€ึดื ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืงื•ึนื‘ึตืจ". ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืขื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืœื•ืื•.


ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื™ืขืจื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ: "ืชึธึผื‘ื•ึนื ืœึฐืคึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ืึถื ึฐืงึทืช ืึธืกึดื™ืจ ื›ึฐึผื’ึนื“ึถืœ ื–ึฐืจื•ึนืขึฒืšึธ ื”ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืชึฐืžื•ึผืชึธื”" ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืขื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื "ื•ึฐื”ึธืฉึตืื‘ ืœึดืฉึฐืื›ึตื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธืชึทื™ึดื ืึถืœ ื—ึตื™ืงึธื ื—ึถืจึฐืคึธึผืชึธื ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึตืจึฐืคื•ึผืšึธ ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธื™".


ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ื˜ึธื” ื•ึผืจึฐืึตื” ืึถืช ื—ึถืจึฐืคึธึผืชึตื ื•ึผ: ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ื ึถื”ึถืคึฐื›ึธื” ืœึฐื–ึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืชึตึผื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื ึธื›ึฐืจึดื™ื



ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืื™ื›ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื ื•. "ื–ึฐื›ึนืจ ื”' ืžึถื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื ื•ึผ  ื”ึทื‘ึดึผื™ื˜ึธื” ื•ึผืจึฐืึตื” ืึถืช ื—ึถืจึฐืคึธึผืชึตื ื•ึผ: ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชึตื ื•ึผ ื ึถื”ึถืคึฐื›ึธื” ืœึฐื–ึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผืชึตึผื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื ึธื›ึฐืจึดื™ื" (ืื™ื›ื” ื”). ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ื—ื•ึผืกึธื” ื”' ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึผึตืŸ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธื” ืœึดืžึฐืฉืึธืœ ื‘ึผึธื ื’ึผื•ื™ึดื". ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื "ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื™ืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื‘ึธืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืึทื™ึผึตื” ืึฑืœื”ึตื™ื”ึถื". ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื–ื” ืฆืขืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” "ื ึธืคึฐืœึธื” ืขึฒื˜ึถืจึถืช ืจึนืืฉึตืื ื•ึผ ืื•ึนื™ ื ึธื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ื—ึธื˜ึธืื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึธื•ึถื” ืœึดื‘ึตึผื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืึตืœึถึผื” ื—ึธืฉึฐืื›ื•ึผ ืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ: ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืจ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืฉึถืืฉึธึผืืžึตื ืฉืื•ึผืขึธืœึดื™ื ื”ึดืœึฐึผื›ื•ึผ ื‘ื•ึน".


ืขืœ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืขื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉื ื• ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘: "ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื“ืฉื ื• ื•ืœืฉืจืคืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ื ื• ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื ืช ืขื–ื ื• ื•ืœื ืคื™ืœืช ืขื˜ืจืช ืจืืฉื ื• ื•ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—. ื”ื™ื•ื 1953 ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ".


ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื ืžืชืื‘ืœื™ื?



ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื›ื™ื–ื‘ื• ื‘ื•



ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง "ื“ึผึนื‘ึตึฅืจ ืฉืึฐืงึธืจึดึ‘ื™ื ืœึนึฝืึพื™ึดึื›ึผึ—ื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื ึถึฃื’ึถื“ ืขึตื™ื ึธึฝื™" (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื). ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžืฉื” ืืžืจ "ื”ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื" ื•ื‘ื ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ: "ื ื›ืจื™ื ืžืงืจืงืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื•, ืื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื•? ืœื ืืžืจ 'ื ื•ืจื'. ืืชื ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืืžืจ: ื ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื•, ืื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•? ืœื ืืžืจ 'ื’ื‘ื•ืจ'". ื‘ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืืžืจื•: "ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฆืจื•, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ืœืจืฉืขื™ื. ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• - ืฉืืœืžืœื ืžื•ืจืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืืš ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช?". ื•ืžืงืฉื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืขืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ื›ื™ื–ื‘ื• ื‘ื•" (ื™ื•ืžื ืกื˜ ืข"ื).


ื•ึฐืกื•ึนื“ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึฒื™ึตืฉื ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืœึฐืื•ึนืจึธื”



ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ึฐืกื•ึนื“ ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึฒื™ึตืฉื ืžื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืœึฐืื•ึนืจึธื”?" ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจื”. ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ "ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึทื—ึฒื˜ึธืึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึฒื•ื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผึฐืšึธ ืœึฐื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ". ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื—ืจืคื” ืœื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ืกื— ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึทื—ึฒื˜ึธืึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึฒื•ื•ึนื ื•ึนืช ืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœึฐื—ึถืจึฐืคึผึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ".  ืฉืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš.


ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื



ืืฉืจื™ื ื• ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืชื•ืงื ื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื—ื‘"ื“ ืฉื ืคืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื•ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”' "ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื", ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื›"ื• ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื). ืขื ื–ืืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ  ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš  ื ื–ื›ื” ื•"ื ื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื•", ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ.


 


 


 


ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื



ื ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึดื™ ืชึทืžึฐืจื•ึผืจึดื™ื



ืกื™ืคืจ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—: ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื“ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš: ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื˜, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ ื•ืื‘ื™ ืข"ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืกืœืžืืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื“ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ.


ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•. ืจืง ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืขื•ืžืง ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื”.


ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืฉืจ ืืจืชื•ืจ ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.


 


 


 


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”



ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืืœื•ืœ. ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืงืœื™ืค ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ืง ืงื”ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ, ืื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื ื• ืœื ื™ืชื’ืœื” ืขื“ ืื–? ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื•ืช.


ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืื ื”ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ ืจ"ื— ืื‘.


 


ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™  ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข. ื”ืื ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืข"ื–  ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื“ืฉ? ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื? ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ?  ืื™ืš ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•?


ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืœื ืœืขื‘ืจ. ื•ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ. ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžืจืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื“ืง ื•ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”' ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.


 


 


ืœื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ืช?


 ืœื. ืจืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™.

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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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