ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
  • ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืก"ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“

ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื ื• ืžืื•ื™ืจืช ื ื›ืื™ื. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื ื• ืžื”ืžืคืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื—ืœื• ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืืžื ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ "ืžืฉืืœ ืขื". ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืžื—ืžืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง (ื›ืžื• ืคื ืกื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืžืœืื™ื, ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืฉื ืืช ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘). ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืจืื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืžืืก ืœื”ื ืžื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื”ื. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืคื“"ืœ. ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืง ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืคืœื’ืช "ืงื“ื™ืžื”" ืงื‘ืœื” ืจืง ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ "ืžืฉืืœ ืขื".

ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื›ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื ืžืกืจ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืขืช ืœืืœื• ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื"ื™ ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื"ื™, ื•ื’ื ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœืกื‘ืœื ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, (ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื—"ื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื•"ืฉ). ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืื ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืคื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•? ื•ืฉืžื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืื’ืžื˜ื™ื™ื [ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื]? ืฉืžื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืืชื—ืœืชื ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”" ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, "ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช" ื™ืชืจื”? ื ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื "ืœ. ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื”, ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—. ื•ืืขืค"ื›, ืžืคื ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืฉืขื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ื ื•. (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•, ื›-ื›ื‘, ื•ื‘ืจื“"ืง ืฉื).

ื. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขื ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืฆืืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™, ื›ื‘). ื•ืจืง "ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื" (ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื) ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’, ื™ื—). ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืขื ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• "ื”ื™ืืš ืื ื• ื ื’ืืœื™ื? ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ื ืคืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื, ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืข"ื– ืฉืœื›ื, ืืœื ืžื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืคืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช" (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื”"ืฉ, ืค"ื‘ ืคืกื•ืง "ืžื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื"). ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื”ืคืš ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ืืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืฉื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื•.

ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืก ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืขืฆื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืŸ, ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืชืงื•ื”. ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ "ื›ื›ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืงืจื•". ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื™ื™ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืฉื•ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืžืคื™ ื—ืจื‘ื•ื ื” "ื”ื ื” ื”ืขืฅ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืŸ ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš" (ื–, ื˜). ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช "ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื" ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ื˜ื” ื—ืกื“ ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื–ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืŸ ืœืชืœื•ืชื•. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืœืง ื”ืžืŸ ืžื”ื–ื™ืจื”, ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื, ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื—ืžื™ื” (ืคืจืง ื™ื’). "ื•ื™ืฉึตื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช" (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื™ื’ ืข"ื‘). ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ื”ืชื”ืคืš ื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื’. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื, "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื" ื”ื–ื ื™ื—ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ("ื›ื•ื–ืจื™", ืžืืžืจ ื‘, ืคืกืงื ื›"ื“). ื•ื‘ืื• ืจืง ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืข' ืข"ื). ื•ื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืขืœื• ืืจืฆื” ืจืง ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“! ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื), ื•ืจื‘ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื“ืช ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” (ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•, ื™ื“) ื”ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื (ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ืงืฆืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ื ื ื•). ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืš. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื‘ื ื”. ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื’ืฉื’ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื ื• ืกื“ืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื”.

ื“. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื, ื”ืชืจื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื” ื•ืจืง ืงื•ืžืฅ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืžื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืจืขื™ ื“ืช ื•ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืžืžืคืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืš. ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœืื” ื”ืชื”ืคืš ื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงื•ืง ืžืœืžื“ื ื•. ื‘ื–ืžื ื• (ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื, 1931) ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื ื–ืงืงื• ื”ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจืงืข ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ืจืฉื ื‘ืฉืžื•. ื”ืื ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ? ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื. ื›ืš ืคืจืกื ื›ืจื•ื– (ืฉื”ื”ื“ืจื ื• ื‘"ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”", ืžื”ื“' ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื‘, ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 462) ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•:
"... ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืื“ืžืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ื•ืื ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืชื• ืœื ื• [ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืข"ืค ืชื”ืœื™ื ื’, ื–]; ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœื ื ื ื™ื— ืืช ืื“ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืžื•ืชื”". ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘: "ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื›ื: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ืžืจืฅ ื›ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื ื“ื‘ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื“ ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื’ืื•ืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”' ืจื•ืžืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืงื•ื“ืฉื•". ืขื›"ืœ.

ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื ืจืคื” ืžื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ึทื“ึธืึดื™. ื”ืจื™ ื"ื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื— ืข"ื) ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ("ืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื”", ื—"ื‘ ื“ืฃ 372, ืข"ืค "ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจ", ืขืž' 139). ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื”' (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“, ื˜) ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืฉืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื•. "ื™ื‘ืฉ ื—ืฆื™ืจ ื ื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืฅ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ื™ืงื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืž, ื—. ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ืคื™' "ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื").

ื•ืื ืืžื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื"ื™, ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขื ืžื”ืจืกื™ื ื• ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื’ื ื™ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœ, ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื”. ื”ืจื™ื“ื‘"ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• (ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื’, 1913) ืฉืื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืคืงืขืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื™ืงืœืงืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื. ืขื ื” ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฆืจื•ืคื” (ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•) ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•:
"ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืจื™"ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืืกืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื ื”ื™ื–ืง ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื, ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™. ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืžืจ ืขื“ ื›ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืฃ ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื ืคืœืื”, ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื”ืจืžืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”'. ("ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”", ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืงืฆ"ื–).

ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”" (ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 465-466) ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืจืŸ ื‘ื›ืจื•ื– ืื—ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“:
"ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขื ื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื” ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ื›ื•'. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืืคืœ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื•ืช, ืืš ืขื ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึธื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ื™ ืจืง ื™ื“ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื“ึฐื‘ึธืจื• ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื“, ื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืื“ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืช ืขื•ืœื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืช ืืคืกื™ ืืจืฅ". ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื•: "ืื—ื™ื›ื ื”ื ืืžืŸ, ื”ืžืœื ืขื– ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืช ื”' ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขื ืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื•".

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื ื• ื ืœืš. ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•. ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื ื•. "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”' ืžื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื". ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื• "ืื”ื™ื” ื›ื˜ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื“, ื•). ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืฉื ืœื˜ืœ? ืœืคื ื™ ื’ืฉื ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื (ืขื ื ื™ื, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘). ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™. ื›ืš ื”' ื™ื’ืืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื”.


ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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