ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืฉ
  • ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื
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11 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื ืฉื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื”
"ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ "ื”' ื™ืฉืžืจ ืฆืืชืš" (ืจืž"ื ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ืจืคื” ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ).
ื•ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืžืš ื˜"ืœ ืื˜ืœ"ื” [ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ื ื' ืฉืœ ืคืกื—], ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืžืš ืืกื•ื›ืš ื‘ืกื›ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื›ืš ื•ืฆืœ (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืข"ื– ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื”ื’ืจ).
ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš, ื›ื™ ื˜ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ื–"ื• ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืจืคื—) ืฉื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื™' (ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืคื”).
ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืจืคื” ื‘) "ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื ื›ื ืก ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืกืชื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” (ื‘ืœืงื˜ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืืœื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš).
ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื ื™ื— ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ื ืงืจื ืืžื” ืขืœ "ืฉื“ื™" [ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ] ื•ื™ื ืฉืงื” (ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืคื” ื“).
ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืœืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืคื˜ ื’) ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื ืก"ืง ื›). ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจื• ืžืงืฆืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืืžืจ (ืจืž"ื ืฉื ื’). ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชืจ (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฆ ืก"ืง ื ื“), ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืคื˜ ืก"ืง ืœื•), ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฆ ืก"ืง ื ื’).

ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช
ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจืžื˜ ื) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’' ืคืจืกืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’"ื (ืฉื ื) ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘"ื— (ืฉื) ืฉืื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’' ืคืจืกืื•ืช, ืž"ืž ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ "ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืฉื›ืจื• ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื ืžืžื—ืœืœื™ื”" (ืขื•ืจื”"ืฉ ืฉื ื‘).

ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื:ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื™ืงื— ืขื™ืžื• ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืคืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืงื™ ืก"ืง ื›), ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ืœื™ืงื— ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื’"ืž ื“ื•ื“ ืคืจื ืงืœ ืข' ืฉืข).
ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ: ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื“ืจืš (ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’).
ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืชืคืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ: ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืžื ืชืคืœื™ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืืœื• ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืง"ืฉ ื•ืชืคืœื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืžืžืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื”ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืชื• ืื• ืœื (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืงื™ ืก"ืง ื›).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื ืชืื‘ื“.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืืจื• ืขืœ ืื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื— ืื• ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืฉื ืื• ืžืฉืžืฉ (ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ ื˜).

ื ืชื™ื ืช ืฆื“ืงื”
ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื: ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืœื“ืจืš (ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืชืชืจื ื•, ืกืž"ื’ ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื˜, ืฉืœ"ื” ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจ"ื ืื–ื•ืœืื™ ืงื™ ื, ืงืฆื•ืฉ"ืข ืกื— ื•).
ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื (ื™ืกื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจืง ื›ื‘).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ืก (ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ ืื•ืช ื›ื“ ื›ื–).

ืฉื›ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืชื•
ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืื“ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืื ืฉื›ื— ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉื ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš (ืฆื•ืืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื•ืช ืœื—, ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ ื›ื), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ื“ื›ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื™ืžื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื™ื ื™ื— ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ื“ืžืฉืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžื“).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืขื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉืžืฉื ื™ืฆื (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื– ืกื“, ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ืžื’).
ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื•ืื ืฉื›ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• (ื›ื”"ื— ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ืงื˜ื– ืื•ืช ืงืกื‘).
ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืžื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื (ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ืื•ืช ืžื’, ืกืคืจ ืื’ืจื ื“ืคืจืงื ืื•ืช ื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ).
ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ (ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืกื“ ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“).
ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ: ืžื”ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื’, ื‘) ื“ืจื‘ื‘"ื— ืฉื›ื— ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื” (ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื”ืจื™"ื— ืกื“ืจ ืชืคืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืขืœ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘).
ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ ื›ื”) "ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื•" ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืฉื ื“"ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ) ืฉืฉื›ื— ืคื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื”ืžืœืืš ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืืชื™ื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื”ืจื™"ื— ื—"ื ืชืคืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš).

ืœืš "ืœืฉืœื•ื" ืื• "ื‘ืฉืœื•ื"
ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืœืš ืื• ืกืข "ื‘ืฉืœื•ื " ืืœื ืœืš ืื• ืกืข "ืœืฉืœื•ื" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืกื“, ื, ืข ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืงื™ ืก"ืง ื™ื–).
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ืœืžืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืชืจื• ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืœืš ืœืฉืœื•ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ ื™ื—) ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืœืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜ื• ื˜) ื”ืœืš ื•ื ื™ืชืœื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืกื“, ื).
ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ืฉืœื•ื, ืžืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ืœืš ืœืฉืœื•ื" ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื’ื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืœืš ืœืฉื (ื ืžื•ืงื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืข"ืง
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื™ืง (ื ืžื•ืงื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืข"ืง ื™ื—, ื‘ ื“"ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ืงืฆืจ ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืชื’, ื•ื”ืžื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื›ืชื•ื ืช ืคืกื™ื ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ืชืขื ื™ืช ื˜, ื‘ ืœื™ื–ืœื ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœืžื), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžื–ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœื™ืกื•ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•"ื˜ ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืื• ืœืžื—ืจ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืข"ืค ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืฉื ืืžื ื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœืžื—ืจ ื™ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ (ืื•"ื— ืฉื– ื—, ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืก"ืง ืœ โ€“ ืœื•), ื•ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืžื—ืจ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืกืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื– ื•, ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื ืก"ืง ืœ).
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื• ืฉื™ืกืข ืœืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื—"ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื—).
ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื”: ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื— ืœืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ (ืžื’"ื ืž"ื– ืจืฆ ื ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืจืกื•, ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื ื“), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ื”, ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ : ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื"ืจ ืจืฆ ื, ืฉื– ื).

ืฆื—ืฆื•ื— ืžื ืขืœื™ื•
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉืœื ื™ืžืฉื— ืื“ื ืžื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš (ืฆื•ืืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื˜, ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ ืื•ืช ื›ื‘), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ืช ืžื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืจืš ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื’, ื) ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชืš (ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืกื“ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืช ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“).
ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ: ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื•ื“ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืชืžืจื™ื ืื•ืช ืžื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืกื•ื“ ื ื•ืจื, ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฆื“ ื”ืขืจื” ื).
ื•ืื ืžืฉื—ื ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื™ืœืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื ืขืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ืงื˜ื– ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ืื•ืช ืžื“).
ืžื ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื’ื ืœื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืขืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืœื™ืœืš ืœื“ืจืš (ืกืคืจ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—"ื‘ ื“ืฃ ืžื”, ืข"ื, ืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ืื•ืช ืžื“ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื– ืกื“).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืขื™ืžื”ื (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ืงื˜ื–, ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืชื ืžื“).

ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืื• ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืขื’ืœื” [ืื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘] ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ (ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื•"ื— ืกื—, ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืก"ืง ื˜), ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื : ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘.
ืœื ืงื•ืช ืžื ืขืœื™ื•
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืžืฉื•ื— ืžื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ื” ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ื” ืžื•ืชืจ (ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื).

ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื“ืจืš
ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื:ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ื• "ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื™ ื™ื‘) ื•ืื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื—ืฆื•ืช ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ ืื•ืช ืœ).
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื’ืžืจื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื‘, ื) ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื” (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืงื™ ืก"ืง ื›ื”) ื•ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” (ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื), ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื‘ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘) ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” (ืชื•ืก' ืฉื ื“"ื” ื™ื›ื ืก).
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืš, ืืš ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœืกื•ืข ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• (ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื— ื“, ืœืงื˜ ื”ืงืžื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืงื•).
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื”
ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื• ืื•ืชื• (ืจืžื‘"ื ืื‘ืœ ืคืจืง ื™ื“ ื’, ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ืงื™ ื“, ืฉืข"ืช ืฉื ื•, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•"ืข ืกื— ื•), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื:ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืง (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื•, ื‘).
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืจืฉ"ื ืฉืœื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื”ื™ื–ืง (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื”, ื‘ ื“"ื” ืœื ื‘ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืœืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืคืจืื’ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื’ืž"ื— ืคืจืง ื”).
ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื— ื˜ื–- ื™ื–) "ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœืš ืขืžื”ื ืœืฉืœื—ื" ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืฃ ืงื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืข"ื) ืคื™ืจืฉื ืœืฉืœื—ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ ืœื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื”.
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™
ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืœืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ืคืจืกื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“' ืืžื•ืช [ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื“' ืืžื•ืช (ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืชื“ืจืฉื• ืขืžื•ื“ ืงืคื‘)].
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื•ื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืขื” ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ (ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—"ื’ ืคืจืง ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื”).
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื›ื•), ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืœื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื”"ื— ืงื™ ืื•ืช ื˜ื–, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื ืคื™ ืจื•ื— ื—"ื ืค"ื ื™ื‘).

ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš
ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš
ืœืคื™ ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืจื’ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืกื›ื ื” ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื ื• ืžื”ืกื›ื ื”, ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ : ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืžืžืขื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื“ ื”"ื“) ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชืžืขื˜ื• ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืค' ืœื˜).
ื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ: ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš,
ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืื ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืฆืœ"ื— ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืกื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื , ื‘) ืฉืืžืจ ืื ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื•, ื”"ื  ืื ื™ืจืื” ืื“ื ืฉืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื• ื™ืฆื ื•ืื ืœืื• ืืœ ื™ืฆื, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืจ' ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืกื ืฉื™ืฉื’ื™ื—ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืชื›ืฃ ืื ื ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืจืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœื”ืคืš (ืฆืœ"ื— ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœ, ื).
ืืžื™ืจืชื• ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื ืืžืจืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข
ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื• ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื ื•ื— (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ ื”) ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืžืื– ืฉืืžืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืง, ืžืฉื "ื‘ ืฉื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™ื•"ื˜).
"ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื"
ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ "ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื" (ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘, ืกืคืจ ืืชื”ืœืš
ื‘ืืžื™ืชืš ืคืจืง ื˜ ืื•ืช ื˜ื•), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืœื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืจื ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื” ืžืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆื•.
ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืจืชื•
ื›ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ ื–) ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืœื ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืืžื”, ื•ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืœื—ื–ื•"ื 45 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืœื’ืจ"ื— ื ืื” 35 ืžื˜ืจ
ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื›ืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” (ื"ืจ ืงื™ ื™ื“).
ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืืžื™ืจืชื•
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžืจื” ืืœื ื"ื› ื ื•ืกืข ืคืจืกื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ ื–), ื•ื”ื˜ืขื: ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืš ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงืฆืช ืกื›ื ื” (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฉื) ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืงื™ ื–), ื•ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืœื—ื–ื•"ื 4700 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ืœื’ืจ"ื— ื ืื” 3850 ืžื˜ืจ.
ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขื ืฉื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ 72 ื“ืง' (ืฉื•"ืช ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืคืจืง ื– ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืืœื” ื›ื–).

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื, ื) ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื” ื™ื), ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืš ื‘ื”ื.
ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื•ืžืจืช (ื™ื˜, ื) "ืชื ื™ื ืช"ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื™ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืคื™ืจ ื“ืžื™".
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ (ืื•"ื— ืจืžื— ื“) "ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ" ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื” ืœื"ื™ ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ื”ืžื’"ื (ืฉื ืื•ืช ื˜ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื™ืฉื‘, ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืœืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื , ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ (ืื•"ื— ืจืžื— ืก"ืง ื›ื—) ื•ื™"ื ื“ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื” ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื‘"ื™ ืื•"ื— ืจืžื— ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื“' ืืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื"ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื ืขื‘ื™ื“).
ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ (ืฉื)ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืœืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ื"ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืงื™ื, ื‘) "ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื".
ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.
ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“) ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคื™ืจื˜ื” ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืžืžื ื” ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” (ืงื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ืคืจืง ื’ ื, ืชื•ืจืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ"ื ืคื•ืžืจื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”).
ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ื˜ (ื™ื•ืจ"ื“ ื—"ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื—) ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืžื ื™ืŸ ืชืจื™"ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื•ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขืœืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”.

ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื : ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ื•ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื—"ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืืกืคื•ืช ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ืžื ื•ื—ืช ืืžืช ืคืจืง ื– ื”ืขืจื” ื•).
ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืขืœืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืก"ื, ื•ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ืจืฉืžื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืืœื• ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื™ ื‘ื•ืงื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืื•ืช ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืกืขื™ ื ืื•ืช ืžื”).
ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื— ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื“' ืืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืคืขื ืœืฆื“ ืžื–ืจื— ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื•ื”ืœืš ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืฆื“).
ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื”"ืฆ ืจ' ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืžืกืœื ื˜ (ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืกืœื ื˜) ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžื—ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื“' ืืžื•ืช (ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื).
ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ืฉื ื”ื’ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืชืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืกืœืœ ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื ื”ื’, ืืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืขืžื•ื“ ืจื™ื˜).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ืฉื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื— ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืกืคืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœืš ื‘ืืจืฅ).
ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื”
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืื“, ืื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ืฉื•"ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื™ื—).
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”.
ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืœื™ื›ืช ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืงื™"ืœ (ืงื™ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื’, ื‘) ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืžื”ืœืš ื“ืžื™ (ื”ื’ืจื—"ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ).
ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื™ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื ืงืจื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื (ืชื•ืจืช ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ"ื ืคื•ืžืจื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื”).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il