ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช
  • ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื ืก
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืฉืืœื”: ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ืžื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืฆื“ืงืชืš'?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ืฉื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•' ืฉืข"ืค ื”ื—ื•ืง 1 ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช.
ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ื—"ื‘, ืข"ื’) ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ, ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื”.) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช:
ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื”... ื•ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื™? ื•ื”ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืœืช ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘: ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื, ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื? ื•ื”ื ืฉื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื ื”ื•ื, ืืœื ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ: ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื›ื–ืžื ื, ืžื” ื–ืžื ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“? ืœื, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื”. ืืœื ืžืื™ ืข"ืฉ ื–ืžื ื? ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ืžื“ืจื‘ื™ ื“ืืžืจ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ื“ื—ื• ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ืงืž"ืœ ื“ืข"ืฉ ื–ืžื ื 2 .
ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืืš ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื–ื– ืžืžืงื•ืžื• 3 . ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช) ื•ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืœืœ, ื•ืื•ืœื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• 4 .
ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืจืง ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืืœื•- ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชืืจื™ืš ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ 5 .

ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ื "ืœ, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื• ืžื—ืฉืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ืœืœ ื•ื›ื•'.

ืืžื™ืจืช ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ:
ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆื“ืงืชืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื“ื ืžืชืืจื™ื›ื•(ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื!).
ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืงืœ"ื,ื•')ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ:
ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ื•ืœื ื‘ืจ"ื—, ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ื•ื™"ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•, (ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ). ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ( ื‘ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื•ื”"ื› ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจ"ื” ืืคื™' ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื).
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื’ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืคืกื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื›ื•') ืืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืจืขื• ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ 6 , ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ.
ื‘ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื”ืœื›ืชื ื’ื‘ื™ืจืชื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค"ื“) ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืž"ืง ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช ืืฃ ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ื• ืœื—ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื” 7 . ื”ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื (ืชืง"ืค ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืก"ืง ื') ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœื• ืžืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืกื™ื•ื ืžืกื›ืช, ื”ื™ืœื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื 8 . ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืื• ืฉืืจืข ื‘ื• ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืžื— (ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืื•ืจืข ื›ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘)ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื”ืงืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ (ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืœ"ื) ืฉ"ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืœื” ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื" ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืžืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘"ืฉ (ืชื™ื‘)" ื“ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื ืชืœื™ื ืžื™ืœืชื", ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื˜"ื– (ืงืœ"ื,ื™"ื) ื•ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” (ื‘ืื”"ื˜ ืงืœ"ื,ื™"ื’). ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืืจืข ื‘ื• ืžืื•ืจืข ืžืฉืžื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ. ื•ืœื ื’ืจืข ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 'ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื™ื ื•' ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœืง ื') ืžืฉืืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ืœ (ื›ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื•ืžื”ืจื” ื™ื‘ื ื”). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื "ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™"ื“ ืื“ืจ ื', ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ืืจืข ื‘ื• ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืžื— ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืœื• ืœืื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื, ื“ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืกื‘ืจื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘-ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆื“ืงืชืš. ื“ื”ืจื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ (ื—"ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจ"ื—) ืฉืขืฆื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื ืœืžื“ ืžืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื”ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฆืื ื•.

ื”ืขื•ืœื”: ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืจืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืœื• ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืจืข ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžื— ืฉืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ื›ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ ืฉืืจืข ื‘ื• ืžืื•ืจืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื“' ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืงืžื” ื’ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ืื ื™ืืจืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฆื“ืงืชืš.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื‘ ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” 9 , ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ , ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ื™ืข"ื 10 .






^ 1. ื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช : ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ โ€“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช:
1. (ื) ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื›ืขืœ "ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช" ืฉื™ื•ื—ื’ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื›ื—ื’ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
(ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1) ืชืฉ"ื™-1950 (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 2) ืชืฉื™"ื-1951 (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 3) ืชืฉื™"ื“-1954 (ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 6) ืชืฉืก"ื“-2004
(ื‘) ืื ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื•ื—ื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืื ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ื•ื—ื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื“' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืื ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ื•ื—ื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”.
^ 2. ืจื‘ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื”.):"ื•ืคืจืงื™ื ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืืžืจ, ืขืจ"ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืžื” ื–ืžื ื• ืืคื™' ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืืคื™' ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื•ื“ื—ื™ื ืŸ ืœื, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื”. ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืืœื ืžืื™ ืขืจ"ืฉ ื–ืžื ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจ"ืฉ ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ืžื ื ื”ื•ื".
^ 3.ื•ืื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ (ืชืจ"ืฆ, ืก"ืง ืก"ื) ื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื•ืœื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื•"ื“ (ื,ืฆ) ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื•ืจืื” ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื›ืœ.
^ 4. ื”ืฆืคื” , ื’' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืœ"ื—. ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื˜' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืœ"ื—, ืœืฉืœื™ื— ื‘ื ื™-ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“, ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื” 3 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ื›"ื“ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืœ"ื” (1975), ืœืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”"ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื“ืชื™ - ืฉืืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ , ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจ"ื’. ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื™ื ืจ, ืขื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ื”ื ื™ื , 97 (ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื "ื’), ืขืž' 25 ื›ืชื‘: ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•', ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื•ืชืจืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื "ื— (1998), ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช [ืžื›"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืฉื™"ื—, ืจืื”: ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-14 , ื›ืจืš ื›ื‘, ืขืž' 6580-6579, 6728], ื ื—ื•ื’ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ [ื”ื•ืงื“ื ื›ื—ื•ืง] ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™. ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื’ ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืฆืคื” , ื›"ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื—[ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืืžืจื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ื”' ืื™ื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืž.ื‘.ืฆ]. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ - ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืœืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ" ื•ื™ืขืจื›ื• ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื”, ืžืขืจื™ื‘ , ืœ' ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื—.


^ 5. ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื):" ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืžื”ื ื’ื•ืคื, ืฉืœื ืขืงืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขืจ"ืฉ, ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื—ืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ื“ืจื‘ื”, ืฉืžื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื ื” ื“' ืืžื•ืช ื‘ืจื”"ืจ, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืจืง ืืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœืขืจ"ืฉ. ืืš ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืš ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืช ืœืข"ืฉ.
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”"ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื”ืขืงื™ืจื” ืœืข"ืฉ, ืื• ืœื™ื•ื ื”', ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืืœื ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื—ืœืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื"ื› ื”ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื ื‘ื–ืžื ื. ื–ื” ืื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื”ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืจ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื ื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”"ื“ืชื™" ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ "ื”ื˜ืงืกื™" ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ื ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”:
ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืขืจืขืจ, ื›ื™ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื—ืœืงื” "ื”ื“ืชื™" ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ - ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื–ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื—ื” ืœื•, ื•ืจืง ืื•ืœืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช - ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
ื‘. ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืคืชื— ืœื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืค"ื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื ื• ื”ื“ืชื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช, ืจืง ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื•ืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืจืฆ"ื™ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื—ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื‘ืข"ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืงื“ื ืœื™ื•ื ื”', ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื•ืงื“ื ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื. ื•ื"ื› ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืœืœ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™".
^ 6.ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจื‘ื• ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ: ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื”(ืœื‘ื•ืฉ), ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืœืื™ืœืŸ) ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” (ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืจ"ื” ืชืฉ"ื), ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ืขืจืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”( ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจ"ื ืžืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’).
^ 7. ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“ (ืงืœ"ื,ื™"ื˜): ื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื›ื•', ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช(ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™"ื˜:), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฉื•ืช, ืœื™ืช ืžื ื”ื’ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ.
^ 8.ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœ"ื,ื›"ื“.
^ 9." ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงืชืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื–ื• , ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื’ื ืจื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื›ืš ืœื ืขืงืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•".
^ 10.ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื ืขืž' 307 ื•ื›ืŸ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' 458 ื‘ื”ืขืจื”, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ, ื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ.



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