ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืืจืฅ ืื’ื“ื”
  • ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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9 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืช ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•"ื ืฉืจื•" ื•"ื ืชืงืขื•" ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืจื”. ื’ื•ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืชื•ืืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื’ืœื•ืช "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื" ืฉื›ืœื•ืื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" 1 . ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื" ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื" ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื ืชืงื• ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” 2 . ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืขืžืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช; ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” "ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ".

ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ืคืœืื™, ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื—. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื ื”ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœ, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืœืจืžื–, ืฉืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• (ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”) ืžืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœ!! ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช - ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืจื” ืื•ืชื ืžืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœ. ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ืชืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”"ื—ื•ืœ" ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”"ื ืฉืžื”" ืœื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืจื•ื—ื, ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”
ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืžื•ื™ืœื ื ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื™ืื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•.
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" (ืกืคืจ ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ, ื‘, ื’-ื”) ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืขื ืงื• ืœื”ื ื’ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื•. ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื”ืคืจื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœ". ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื•ืฉื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื’ื•ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื (ื–, ื’) ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื›ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืชื•, ื•ื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช: "ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ื›ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืคืชื— ืžืฉื ื”ืจืขื” ืคืฉื˜ื” ื’ื ืืœ ื™ืชืจ ืขืจื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” - ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆืขืจ ."
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ: ื”ืื ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื ืขืœื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื”?

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื”
ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ืขืœื; ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช!! ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื”, ื):
"ื•ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืืจื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืžืฉื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืจืš ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘, ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžื•ืชื [ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื“ืขืช 3 ]. ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืื” ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื ื”ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื’ืจื™ืคืก ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืคื ืื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ืคืœืื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื˜ืคื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื’ืจ ื‘ื–ืจืžื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื ืฉืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื• ืขื“ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉื˜ื—ื• ื ืจืื” ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื•. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ืžื™ืžื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื—ืœื” ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืจืื• ืœื• "ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" (ืกื‘ื˜ื™ืงื•ืก) ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื."
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื›ื•ืœื. ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื—, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืื“ืจื‘ื ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ื.
ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ื›ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœ - ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”!!
ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืžืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืœื ื”ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื’, ื•ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื•ืจื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ื ื”ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘"ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™" (ืฉืžื•ืช, ื›, ื—):
"ืฆึธืžึฐืึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืœึตื-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึต-ืœ ื—ึธื™. ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืžื ืœืฉืจืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืœืช ืขื "ื’ = ืขื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื’ืŸ"

ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื"; ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื”. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืกื•ืจื™ื” , ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžืฉืง (ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื˜ื–, ื‘, ื“ 4 :)
"ื•ื”ื ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื• ื•ืชื•ืจืชื ื•".


ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•, ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, - ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. "ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงืจืื• ืœื• 'ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช' ", ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื”ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”; ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืชื™ืขื“ ืื• ื—ืงืจ ื ื”ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”!?
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื• "ืคืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื". ื‘"ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช" ื”ื–ื• ื™ืคื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจืช. ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืืŸ "ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื. ืืš ืžื™ ืฉืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื "ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช".
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื™ืชื™ื”ื• ืžืชืขื“ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉืžื™; ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘"ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก.
ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื.

"ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”
ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœ"ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช" ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืคืจืื’ืจ ื‘"ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื" (ืก'):
"ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืžื• ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื. ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืžื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืช. ... ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช "ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช" ืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” "ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช" ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœื‘. ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืงื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ืœืื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ืงื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืชื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื ื‘"ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ื" ื•ืคืชื— ืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจ "ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื", ืืžืจ "ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ" ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืคืชื— ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›"ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืงื‘ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืœ, ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื–ืžืจ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืžื•, ืขื“ ืฉืคืฆื—ื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ื‘ื” ื–ื™ื›ื›ื• ืืช ื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื™. ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” "ืœื™ืจื•ืช" ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ืฆืื” ื ืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”".
(ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ืขืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืงื™ "ืคื•ืจื‘ืจื˜ืก", 3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1946")
ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœ ืืช ืกืคืจื•. ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืจืื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•, ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื.ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื˜ื• ื•ืจืฉื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื˜ื•, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื "ืขื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช". ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื!! ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื˜ื•, ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจื; ืžืชืื—ื“ืช ืขื ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ "ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช", ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ืžืชืื—ื“ืช ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ: "ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืžื ืœืฉืจืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืœืช ืขื "ื’ = ืขื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื’ืŸ".

ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืคืจืง ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ืœืื—ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœืคื™ ืคืงื•ื“ืช ืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก - ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ื”.
ืคืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ; ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื ืฉืœ ืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืฉื ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืขื” ืืช ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื•.
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืจืื”" - ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคืจืง ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ. ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื”ืชื—ื ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื›ืฉืงืจ 5 ; ื•ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื•ืจ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ.
ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœื ืจืื” ื ื”ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ืข ื™ืžื™ื. ืืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื™ืกืชื ื•ื•ืจ ืœืžืงืจื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืขื”. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉ"ืกื™ื“ืจ" ืœืื—ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ืื ื•ืก ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจื™ ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉ"ืกื™ื“ืจ" ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืืกืคืกื™ื ื•ืก ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื "ืกื™ื“ืจ" ื’ื ืœื• - ืœื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืคืœืื™.

ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื ืงืžื”
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ "ื‘ื“ืจืš". ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช?
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”" ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืจื•. ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช: ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉืคื™ืฆืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื ืงืžื”.

ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ืœ ื”ืคืœืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘"ื“ืจืš" ืฉืœ "ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ืœื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš (ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืงื™):
"ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืžึดื–ึฐืžื•ึนืจ ื ึฐืึปื ื”' ืœึทืื“ึนื ึดื™ ืฉืึตื‘ ืœึดื™ืžึดื™ื ึดื™ ืขึทื“ ืึธืฉืึดื™ืช ืึนื™ึฐื‘ึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึฒื“ึนื ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึถื™ืšึธ: ... ื™ึธื“ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืžึธืœึตื ื’ึฐื•ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืžึธื—ึทืฅ ืจึนืืฉื ืขึทืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ืจึทื‘ึผึธื”: ืžึดื ึผึทื—ึทืœ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถื” - ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื™ึธืจึดื™ื ืจึนืืฉื"
ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช "ืื‘ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื" ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– ืœื–ื›ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืกืจื• ื ืคืฉื ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”"ื ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš", ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ืžื”"ื ื—ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš" (ื”ืฉื‘ืช) ืขื•ื“ ื™ืจื™ื ืจืืฉ, ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก 6 .ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืชื‘ - "ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ". ื›ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืชื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ื—ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš, ื•ืžื ื•ื—ืช ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช; ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•.

ื™ืชืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืจืžื–ื™ื•. ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• ื™ืคืจืฉื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื–ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื–ื‘ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–. ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื–ื‘, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืœืฆื™ื.
ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•, ืฉืžืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›"ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืกืคืจื™ื" ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•-ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื "ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื" (ืกืคืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื™ื‘, ื(:
"ืฉื›ืŸ ืืฆืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืืช ืืœื” ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ... ืื‘ืœ (ืืฆืœื ื•) ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžืชื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ".

ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช
ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื— ืœืขืกืงื™ื 7 . ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื "ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื", ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื”ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžืฉืœ - ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”"ื ื”ืจ" ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช. ืืš ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ื•ืคึผึฐืœึดื™ื ื™ื•ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื•: 8 "ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ".
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื•ืช ื”"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" ื ืžืฆื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”"ื ื”ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ืงืง ืฉื "ื—ื™ื™ื" ืจืง ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื "ื™ื‘ืฉ" ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.ืืžื ื ื’ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื 9 . ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื ื”ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืจืง ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืงืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืืœื• ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”"ืขื ืŸ" ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื ื”ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืจืง ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช. ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ "ืขื ืŸ", ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื ืŸ ืžืกืžืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื "ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”" (ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ) ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžืชืืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•. 10
ืžืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืกื•ืจื™ื”. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืžื•ืก ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ.
ื’ื•ืœืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ืจื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฆื. ืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืงื™ืžื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ื ื• "ื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ"; ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ื ื• "ื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื" ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ".
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืœ, "ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ" ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืกื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื“ื“ ื”ื“ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžืจ ืฆืžื— ื’ืื•ืŸ.



^ 1 ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืจืžื– ืชืกื˜; ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจืžื– ืชืชืงืคื”), ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื™ ื”"ื”).
^ 2 "ืกึฐื‘ึธื‘ึปื ึดื™ ื‘ึฐื›ึทื—ึทืฉื ืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืจึฐืžึธื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื•ึดื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืขึนื“ ืจึธื“ ืขึดื ืึต-ืœ ื•ึฐืขึดื ืงึฐื“ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ื ื ึถืึฑืžึธืŸ:" (ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื‘, ื).
^ 3 ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื•ื ื™ ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ื’ื™. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
^ 4 ืขืžื•ื“ 208 ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜.
^ 5 ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืžื—ื•ื ื™ (ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ) ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื”.
6 ื”ื ืงืžื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืชื‘ืืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ืคื™ื ื ื•-ื ื–). ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืžืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจืขืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื•.
^ 7 ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘"ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ืขื ืขื•ืœื" ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืžื•ื“ 263.
^ 8 ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉืช. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• (Historia Naturalis [ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข] ืกืคืจ 31, ืคืจืง 18, ืคื™ืกืงื” 24): "... in Iudaea rivus sabbatis omnibus siccatur".
^ 9 ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื•ืžื (ื“ืฃ ืขื, ื(: "ืึถืชึฐื”ึทืœึผึตืšึฐ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื - ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื".
10ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืช, ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘"ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ืขื ืขื•ืœื" ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืขืžื•ื“ 263.

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