ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช
  • ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ืจื—ืœ

ื”ืงื“ืžื”:
ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข. ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืจืง ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื- ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืžื–.
ืžื™ื“ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื–ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื‘"ื‘ืจื™ืื”", ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™/ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื "ืคืฉื•ื˜" ื”ื•ื. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืงืจืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•- ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื•"ื  (ืค"ื‘ ื”"ืœ) ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื’"ื› ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืืฃ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•- ื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ืžื•ืœ": (ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื“"ื” "ื•ืื—ืจ") "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืืžืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•".

"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ" (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื',ื'.)
ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืž"ืคืกื•ืง" ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืคืจ' ื“' ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™"ื‘. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” (ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) ื ื‘ืจื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ( ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื: 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื™ืžืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ืค' ื' ืคืก' ื’,ื“, ื•ืžื•ืกื›ื, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื: ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ: ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื, ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืฉื, ื"ื› ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชืชื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.)
ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื‘ืจ (ืคื“ืจ"ื ืค' ื’') ืฉ"ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ..." ื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื”ืคืš: ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืงื•ื“ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืค"ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืงืคืชื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืคื“ืจ"ื ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ื”ืจืž' ( ื‘ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™"ื’) ื›ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• (ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืกืคืจ ื“' ืค"ื™ ื•ืื™ืœืš ) ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ื ื“' ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ืจืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื- ื"ื› ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™.
ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ- ื"ื› ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœืคื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื "ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœ- 5768 ืฉื ื™ื .
ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช c14 ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืจื— (ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืจื’ืข ืœืชื™ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื.) ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 11000 ืฉื ื”. (Johnson, "ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (1952) ืœ- Libby) ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ืื“ื ื ื™ืื•ืœื™ืชื™, ื•ื"ื› ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ( ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ืข"ืค.)
ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉ c14 ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืค ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืชื• ืกื™ื“ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช, (ื’ื ื‘"ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื"- ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ืขืž' 44 ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข) ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.

ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”: "ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืชืžื•ื”ื™ื". (ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคื—ืžืŸ 14 ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.)
ืกื•ืืก ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 3300 ืฉื ื”.
ื•ื‘- 1954 ืคืจืกืžื• ืกื•ืืก ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืงื‘ืขื” ืœ- 3000 ืฉื ื”. (Science Suess and Rubin 24 ืกืคื˜' 1954 ื•- 8 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1955).

ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช (ืฉืจื•ื‘ื1H1 ) ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืก' ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื’ื ืœืคื—ืžืŸ 14, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื” ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืืœื ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
ื. ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืง"ืง (ืฉื˜ืฃ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช) 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 19 eV, ื”ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื”" (ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื 54, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช: "ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช?": "ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื"). ื"ื› ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืœื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืž': ืฆ'ื ื“ืจืืกืงืืจ 1.44 ืžืกืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืœ M30-40 ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›- V Y Canis Majoris , ื™ื“ืขืŸ:"ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ") ืฉืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช. (ื”ืจืฆืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฆื™ืจ ื–"ืœ ืžืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื‘"ื”ื™ื“ืขืŸ: ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืช": ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœ-25 ืขื“ 100 ืฉื ื”) ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉืžืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืฉืจื“ื™ื•ืกื” (ืœื“ืขืชื) ื›- 26500 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ (ื‘ื›ืœ 13.5 ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื) ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื. ื"ื› ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืคืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื™ืš ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืง"ืง ื”ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
ื‘. ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื ืžืงื•ื•ืื–ืจื™ื (ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”: "ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช", ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื“ื™ื”:"ืงื•ื•ืื–ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื: ื‘"ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ืฆืคื•ืช") ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื. (ืฉื "ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™") ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ืœืงื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื ื• ืื ื• (ืฉื "ืงื•ื•ื–ืืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ื") ื"ื› ื’ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžืื™ืœื” ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืžืชื›ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืžืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ.
ื’. ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ (ืค.ื’. ื“ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1971 Scientific American ื›ืจืš 225 ืขืž' 57, "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื, 123")
ื“. ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ. ("ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ" ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื” ืขืž' 230, ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืžืจืงื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื, ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” "ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช") ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื”- ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช. ื"ื› ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื•- ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื™ืจื“ื” ืž- 10 ื‘ื—ื–' 19 ืœ- 10 ื‘ื—ื–' 5 eV. ื–ื”ื• ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ 1 ืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–' 14. (ืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื‘ืฉืง"ืง ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืจืง ืขื eV109. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”: ืฉื”ืขื“ืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืง"ืง, ื›ื "ืœ.) ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ืขื ืคื—ืžืŸ 14. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื›ืŸ ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื•- ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืžื™ืืจ ื•ื˜ืœืจ (1951. "ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื”" 231) ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช, ืฉื”ืืฆืชื” ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. (ืฆื“ืง- ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื” 205, ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื” ื•ืืจืฅ- 206, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื) ื"ื›, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื. (ื™ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืก' ื–') ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื“ืื™, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื’ื ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืžืฉ. ื’ื ืžื›ืืŸ: ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื™ืืจื•ืš ืคื—ืžืŸ 14.
ื•. ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื (ื›ื "ืœ, ื‘ืก' ื”', ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ. ืื ืจื™ืงื• ืคืจืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื”" 231.) ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”- ืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืง"ืง ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
ื–. ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื. (ืžืจืงื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจ) ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•. ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืจืก ื”ื›ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื˜ืจื•ืงืกื™ื ืข"ื™ ืคื•ืœื’ืจื™'ื™ื˜ืจ, ื”ืกื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ื ื ื”ืชื”ืคืš ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. (Jp;ASPN;RCL Folghereiter ื•ื‘- Mercanton, ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื’ืจื™'ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ASPN ื•ื‘- Manley ืคืœืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, SN, ืขืž, 44.) ืžืจืงื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”- 11ืœืคื™ ืกืคื™ืจืชื, ื•ืžืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื• ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื’ืจื™'ื™ื˜ืจ- ืžืฆืื ืœืœื ืจื‘ื‘, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ื›ืชื‘ (McNish ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™'ื™ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ" ืขืž' 326) ืฉื›ืžื” ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™'ื™ื ืžืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ- ืžื’ื ื•ื˜ื ื—ืœืฉ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”:" ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™":"ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืœื™ืื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื–ื".
ื—. ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืคื•ืกื™ืœื™ื™ื, ืžืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช- ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช C14, ืœื’ื™ืœื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื. (ืžืจืงื• ืฉื)
ื˜. ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื”. (ืœื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ืืจืฅ ืจืขืฉื”" 126, ืžืจืงื•:"ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•".) ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื”. (H.B.Moore ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ืืจืฅ" 144 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืง ื“ืœื™, ื•ืงื•ื ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉืจื•. ืฉื 162, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื•ืื™ื ื’ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจ' ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”, ืคืจืกื ื‘- 1949 ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื˜ืจืกื•ืŸ. Ewing, "ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™", NGM, xcvi, ืžืก' 5.)
ื™. ืžืคืจื•ืค' ื ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ' ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื ื• ื’ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื”, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”. ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืง"ืง ื›ื "ืœ. ื’ื ื–ื” ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืœืคื—ืžืŸ 14.
ื™ื. ื—ื ื›ื“ื”"ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'. (18000 ืฉื ื™ื) ืœืคื ื™ 10000 ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื. (ื”.ื”. ืœืืžื‘, 1977, Climat: present, past and future ืžืชื•ืืŸ, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื›ืจืš ื‘, ืคืจืง ื˜"ื–. ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื" 56.) ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ืžืชืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” C14. ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืค' ืขื•ืœื”- ื”ืงืœื™ื ืžืชืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. (ืžื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื‘ื™ื‘). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืžื˜ืจ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ 14 ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”- 12 ื•ื”- 13.
ื™ื‘. ืžื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ "ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”"- ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื (ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืก' ื™') ื•ื"ื› ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื (ืฉื)-ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ 14 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืขื˜ื•ืชื•.
ื™ื’. ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ C14 ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“, (ืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ (ืžืชื™ื™ื ืŸ ืื• ืžืชืคืจืง ืžืขืฆืžื•)- ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืชื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช C14 ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืงื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช.
ืื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืง"ืง "ื‘- 10000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช".(ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” "ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช" ืกื•ืฃ "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”")
ื•ืจืื™ื” ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—: "ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ" ืฉื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช C14 ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ื ืžืฆืื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ื”ื•ืืฉ ื”ืžืœืš- ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื›ืžื–ื•ื™ืคืช. ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื ืžืกืจ ืžื“"ืจ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ื•ืืจื˜ื• ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืฉื”"ืคื˜ื™ื ื”" ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืขื ื”"ืคื˜ื™ื ื”" ืžื”ื’ื‘ ื•ืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ืื‘ืŸ... ื•ื–ื” "ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš". (ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข, ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 33 ื™ื•ื ื™ 2004).
ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื”ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช. ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื•ื. ืจืง ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื. (ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ "ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืช" ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.)
ืงืœื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช C14 ืข"ื™ ื“ื ื“ืจื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืข"ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช- ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืืžืจ ื–ื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืืช "ื”ืชื™ืืจื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜" ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื•ืช ื”ืื’ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื•ืืจื” ืžืกืžื ืช ืฉื ื” (ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืžืฆืื• ืฉืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœ- 60,000 ืฉื ื”) ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืœื ืงื‘ื™ืฅ' (ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ 18,000 ืฉื ื”) ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื”"ื ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆื™ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื•. (ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘"ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื", ื ืชืŸ ืื‘ื™ืขื–ืจ ืขืž' 56) ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ 8,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ืช (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘- 10,000 ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื”"ื ื”ืชื—ืžื, ืฉื) ืคืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื™ืš ืœืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆืื• ืฉืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ื•ื•ืืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืฉ"ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื".
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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