ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ
  • ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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13 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื ื”

ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ โ€“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืžืขืฉืจื•ืช
ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื• ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืจื™ื 'ื—ื’ ืœืื™ืœื ื•ืช'. ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืืžื ื ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื‘ื”ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• 'ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืคืจื™ื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื˜ื•ื‘ื”', ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ื•ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืจ"ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ.

ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉื—ื ื˜ื• ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืงื“ืžื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื˜ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” (ืคืจื™ ื”ืฉืกืง ื—ื•ื ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜). ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืช ืœืงื™ื˜ืชื•, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉืจ ืžืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื ืงื˜ืฃ ืขืจื‘ ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื”, ืขืœ ืืชืจื•ื’ ืฉื ืงื˜ืฃ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ื ื›ื ืก ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืจ"ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช).

ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื”
ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืš:
ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ ืžืชืจื•"ืž. ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื ื•ื™ ืœื• ืงื ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ืื™ื ื• ืงื ื•ื™ ืœื›ื”ืŸ.
ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” โ€“ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจื™ ืžืžืื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื”, ื•ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช.
(ื—ื–"ืœ ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืŸ ืจืขื” โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช).
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื 2% ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื• 98%.

ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืœื•ื™, ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื• 88% ืžื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”.

ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ: ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื”ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•.

ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืขื ื™: ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื– ืœืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืขื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืื‘ื“"ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื’' ื•' ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœืขื ื™. ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื 22%, ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื• 78% ืžืกืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืฉืžื ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ื™ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• "ื ืคืกื“" ืžื”ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืžื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื”ืคืกื“, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื "ื•ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ืš" - ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขืฉืจ.

ื›ื™ื•ื, ืชืจื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืจื ืื• ื™ืขื˜ืคื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืืฉืคื”. ืื•ืœื ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื’ื ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื.

ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื•ื™ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ื”ืŸ
ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืคื•ื˜ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (10% ืžื”ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ)? ืืœื ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืžืžืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื”ื•ื ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื“ื•', ืืœื ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื’ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื•.

ืžืขืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ืชื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื—ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื• ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื ืกื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคืจื ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–"ืœ (ืคื™"ื’ ืžื”ืœ' ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืœ' ื™ื‘-ื™ื’):
"ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื—ืœืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ืชื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื™"ื™ ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื•ืจืชืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื‘ื“ืœื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืš ื”' ื—ื™ืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื—ืœืงืš ื•ื ื—ืœืชืš. ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื“ืขื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื“ืขื” ืืช ื”' ื•ื”ืœืš ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื”ื• ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื ืชืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”' ื—ืœืงื• ื•ื ื—ืœืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื”"ื– ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืข"ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”' ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ื›ื•ืกื™ ืืชื” ืชื•ืžื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืœื™", ืขื›"ืœ.

ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืœื’ื”, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืขืœืชื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื ืืชื ืœื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื›ื (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™' ื').

ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™
ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื‘ื“"ื” ืœืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืื• ื™ืจื—ืง ืžืžืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื—ืœืœื• ืขืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข. ื›ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืื•ืชื” ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ืืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื˜ืžืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืคื›ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื›ืคืจ ืกื™ืœื•ื•ืืŸ), ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื ื ืกืชืœืงื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.

ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ื•ืžืžื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงืžื— ื•ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.

(ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื 'ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช' ืื• 'ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ'. ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฉ"ื‘ (ืกื™' ืจื›"ื— ืกืง"ื“) "ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื•ืœื ื ืชื”ื•ื• ืื—"ื›". ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื›ื™ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื—ืžืจ' (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื“, ื™) ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืขืžืง ื”ืฉื™ื“ื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืื—"ื› ื ืงื•ื• ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช).

ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืกื™' ืงืค"ื, ื), ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ื›ืฉื™ื“ื™ื• ื ืงื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœื— ืกื“ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžืกืžื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืค"ื• ืžื”ืœ' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”"ื’) ืฉืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืจ"ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืœื— ืกื“ื•ืžื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืœื— ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืœื— ืกื“ื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™' ืงืค"ื ืžืฉ"ื‘ ืก"ืง ื' ื•ื›ื”"ื— ืฉื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืกืขื™' ื™' ืœืžืฉ"ื‘ ื•ื›ื”"ื— ืฉื. ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ื”"ื– ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉ"ื› ืžื’"ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื).

ื•ื›ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ืงืฆื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฉื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ืืฉื” ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื™ืฉ (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉ"ื‘ ื•ื›ื”"ื— ืขืœ ืกื™' ืงืค"ื ืกืขื™' ื').

ื›ื™ ื™ืจื—ืง ืžืžืš ื”ื“ืจืš
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘
"ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื• ื›ื™ ื™ืจื—ืง ืžืžืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉื ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืจื›ืš ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ืš" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“, ื›ื“).

ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื"ื—, ื›ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ืื• ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืœืžืœืš ื•ื™ืœื ื, ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืชืงื™ื™ื, ืงื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืื™ืžื• ื•ืชืฉื—ื˜ื”ื• ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื“. ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื, ื•ืฉืœื— ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืื™ืžื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฆืื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืืœืžื ื” ื•ืœื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš. ืืžืจ ืœื” ื”ืžืœืš: ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงืš, ื•ืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืคื”, ื•ื™ืคืจืกื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”. ืืžืจื” ืœื• ื”ืืœืžื ื”: ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœืš ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืžื”, ืชืงืจื ืœื”ื ื•ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื‘ืื• ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื: ืืžืจื• ื ื ืœื™, ืžื” ืงืœ ืžื ื•ืฆื”? ื•ืžื” ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืคืจืช? ื•ืžื” ืžืชื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืฉ? ืขื ื• ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื: ืงืœ ืžื ื•ืฆื” โ€“ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืงืœ ืžื ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืฉ โ€“ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืคืจืช โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื• ืคืœื“ื”.

ืขื ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืืœืžื ื”: ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืงืœ ืžืขื•ืคืจืช - ื–ื• ืืžื ืฉืžืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”ึผ, ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืฉืงืœื• ื›ื‘ื“, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงืœ. ืžืชื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืฉ โ€“ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื™ื•ื ืง ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืง ืžื“ื‘ืฉ. ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืคืจืช - ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœืš ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืคืจืช, ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™. ืืžืจ ืœื” ื”ืžืœืš ืงื—ื™ ืืช ื‘ื ืš ื•ืœื›ื™.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง, ื›ื™ ื™ืจื—ืง ืžืžืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ืื ื”ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื•ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื• โ€“ ืœื™ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืฆืœื• ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘, ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืžื ื•ืฆื”. ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– ืืžืจื• "ื•ืืชื” ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื’ืข", ืื ื›ืš "ื•ืœื ื™ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื".

ืชืงื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืขื ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžื ื” ื—ืฉืฉื• ื”ื™ื, ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืœืœื• ืืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉื’ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื—ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชืงื ื• ืฉืื ื‘ื ืื“ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ืœืฉืงืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™, ืœื ื™ื’ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื• ื“ืžื™ ืขืžืœื”. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื. ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืขืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืงื ื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืชื™ืงื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื• ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื™ืขืœื” ืœืจื’ืœ.

ื”ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืคืกื—, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฆื ื•ืœืžื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• 12 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืกื—. ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื? ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืก"ื“ ืข"ื‘).

ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™
ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ ื•ืœืœื•ื™, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืœื•ื™ ืื• ืœืขื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืง"ื’ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื” ืื• ื—ืฆื™ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื™ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืฉืœ 100 โ‚ช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืœื•ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืžืงื ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืœื•ื™", ื•ื™ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจืฉื•ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื ืงืกื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืงื“ืง ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคืจืข ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืขืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื ื”ืขื ื™ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœ' ืข"ื‘ ื•ืœ"ื ืข"ื).

ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืจื™ ื—ืชื•ืš ืื• ืคืจื™ ืฉืœื ืงื˜ืŸ - ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ืคืจื™ ืฉืœื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื—ืชื•ืš. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืช ื”ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืš ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืื• ืœืœื•ื™ ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืค"ื– ืžื”ืœ' ืžืขืฉืจ ื”ืœ' ื”-ื•).

ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•"ืž
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘: ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช (ืฉื ืค"ื“ ื”ืœ' ื'). ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื"ื— ืข"ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื— ืคืขื ืœื”ืจื”"ื’ ืจ' ืกืœืžืืŸ ืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืœื• ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืืจ"ื™, ื•ื™ื–ืจืข ื‘ื”, ื•ื™ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื•. ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•"ืž ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉืœื— ืœื• ื”ื‘ื"ื—, ืื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—. ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื›ืš, ืื ืืฉื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืงืžื— ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื” ืฉืชืœื•ืฉ ืœืขื™ืกื” ื•ืชืคืจื™ืฉ ื—ืœื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืจื™ ืžืงืžื— ื"ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืœื” ื"ื› ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—? ืืœื ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื•ืฉ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฆืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—. ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื"ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืืจ"ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื— (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘'ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช'. ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื”).

ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื”
ืื ืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื• ื—ืœื” ืžื”ื‘ืฆืง ื"ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืœื›ื”ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืฉื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืฉ ืื• ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ (ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื˜ื•ื) ืฉืœื ืชืชื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœืืฉืคื” ืื• ืœื’ื ื™ื–ื” (ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉืื“ื ื–ื•ืจืง ืœื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•' ื™ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ื ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ).

ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื–ื™ืช, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื›ื–ื™ืช. ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœ 'ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฆื“ืง', ื”ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื”, ื•ืื ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืจ,ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ืœืข ืžื”ื—ืœื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืคื•ืช ืื—"ื› ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ืฉ? ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”: ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื”, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืง ืœืžื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืงื“ืฉ.

ืื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ
ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื–ืจืข ืื• ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืจ"ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืงื™ืข ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขืฉื” ื’ืžืจ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ "ืžื™ืจื•ื—", ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉืจื (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืค"ื ืžื”ืœ' ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื™- ื™ื).

ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืฉืื ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™, ืœื ื™ื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื•ื™ืงื ื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืžื™ ืœืงื— ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื›"ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ืฃ ืœ', ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืชืจืž"ื˜ ืกืขื™' ื').

ื‘ื–ื”"ื– ืชืจื•"ืž - ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž ื‘ื“ื’ืŸ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื”ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”. ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืืจ"ื™, ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœ"ื ื•ืœืจืž"ื ืฉื, ื•ืœื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœื ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉื).

ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื
ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืื• ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืขืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืฉืจื•, ื•ืœื ื™ืคืจื™ืฉื• ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื›ื•"ืข.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืืจ"ื™
ืื ืื“ื ืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืชืจื•"ืž โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘"ื—, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืขืฅ ืžื—ื•"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื” ืœืžืจืื”, ื•ืคืจื™ ืžืืจ"ื™ โ€“ ื™ืงื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจ"ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืง ืžืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ.

ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื - ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ
ืœืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• 'ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื', ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืงืจื ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ? ืžืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืคืขื ื”ืœืš ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืžืขืจื‘ื, ื•ืคื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืืฉื” ืื—ืช ื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื• ืชื‘ื ืืœื™ ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื–ื•ื–ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ื’ื‘ืจื ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืจื— ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืžื ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ื•ืื–ื“ืงืง ืœื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืฉืืฉืชื• ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™"ื“ ื•ื”ืœืงื• ืื•ืชื”. ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืœืงื•ื” ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืืคื’ืข ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืช. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืืฉืชื• ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื•ืžืื– ืงืจืื• ืœื• ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”"ื’ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืชื•ืก' ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ืข"ื’ ืข"ื ื‘ื“"ื” ืžืื™ ืื™ื›ื).

ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจืช (ื“ืฃ ื™"ื— ืข"ื‘): ืช"ืฉ ื“ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื•ื• ืงื ืžืคืงื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ื” ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ืชืžื™ (ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ื›ืกืคื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื). ื›ื™ ื ื— ื ืคืฉื™ื” (ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ) ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื” (ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ืชื ืคืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช) ื”ื•ื• ืงื ืงืจื• ืœื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืื›ื™ืœ ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ืชืžื™ (ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื). ืื–ืœ ืื‘ืชืจื™ื” ืœื—ืฆืจ ืžื•ืช (ื”ืœืš ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช) ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื ืื‘ื (ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ืื‘ื) ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืื™ื›ื ื”ื›ื (ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืื‘ื). ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื, ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ื ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืื™ื›ื ื”ื›ื (ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ ืœืงืจื). ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ืขื™"ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืฉื”).

ืžืคื™ ืขื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืกื“ืช ืขื•ื–
ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื ื‘ืื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืื‘ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื• ืกื‘ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืฉืจื™ื•. ืื ืื“ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืœื” โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืš. ื•ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœื•ื ืงื ืื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื, ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘"ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืฃ ืค"ื˜ ืข"ื).

ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืขืจึตื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืงืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืืช ืื”ืจืŸ, ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื• ืžืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื"ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” "ืžืคื™ ืขื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืกื“ืช ืขื•ื–" โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื– ืืœื ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื.

ื•ืœื ืœื—ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืชืจื’ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• "ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืืช ื ืขืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืขื•ืœื•ืช" ื•ื›ื•' (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื“, ื”), ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื 'ื ืขืจื™' ืชืจื’ืžื• 'ื–ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™'. ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื ืฉืœื—ืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœื™ื ื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื - "ื‘ื ืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืงื ื™ื ื• ื ืœืš", ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืช"ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื“ืฃ ื˜' ืข"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื“"ื” ื–ืื˜ื•ื˜ื™: ื•ื™ืืžืจ (ืชืœืžื™ ื”ืžืœืš) "ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืœื—ืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”". ืืฆืœื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื, ืืฆืœื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื.

ื•ืื“ื ืฉืžื—ื ืš ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขืœื” ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื"ื— ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืขื ื™ื”. ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืืžืจื” ืœืขื ื™ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชืš, ืืžืจื” ืœื” ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขื ื™ื” ืชืฉืœื—ื™ ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชืš. ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื”. ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื” ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื? ืืžืจื” ืœื”: ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™. ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืขื•ืง 'ืืžื ืื™ืคื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื—ื? ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ! ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืจ!'. ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขื ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื” ืงื ื” ืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ืงืจื” ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืขื ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก. ืืžืจื” ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื™ืจื” ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.

ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ 'ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื', 'ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืžื™ ื™ืžืฆื'. ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ื” ืชืืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื’ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ืœื ืฉื™ื - ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื›ื”, ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”. ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ื”"ื— ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ? ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื—ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื”.

ืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื
ื—ื–"ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื. ืื ืื“ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ: ื”ืื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืขื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื” ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื• ืื‘ืœ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืขื ื” ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืฉืจ ืชืืžื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื™ ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืžืฉืงืจ โ€“ ื›ื™ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื•.

ืคืขื ืงื ื™ืชื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง 'ืžื—ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื›ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื” ืœื™ "ื‘ื•ื“ืื™!". ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง?! ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืœ, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืœ. ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™? ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•, ื•ืขื™ืฉืจืชื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ื”ืคืจืฉืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœืœื•ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืฆืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœื• ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ื˜ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื. ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืžื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœืื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืื• ื™ืืžืจ ืœืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืื– ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.

ืขื™ืฉืจืชืŸ, ืขื™ืจื‘ืชืŸ
ืคืขื ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•"ืž ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ ืืจื’ื– ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื“ ื”' ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื. ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืชืœื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™.

ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืฉื”? ืขื ื” ืœื™: ื›ืŸ. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ื”ืื ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ? ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืŸ. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืฉืชืš ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขืฉืจ ื•ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื "ืขื™ืฉืจืชืŸ ืขื™ืจื‘ืชื" ื•ื›ื•', ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืงื™ืื” ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš.

(ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืคืจืง 'ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ืŸ' ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืจื•"ืž? ืืœื ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ื›ืš: ืขืฉืจืชื โ€“ ื”ืื ืขืฉืจืชื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ืชื โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ื–ืžื ืชื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”).

ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ 'ืงื•ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•' ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช , ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื” (ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 911 โ€“ 908).

ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชืชืขืฉืจ
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื. ืื ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืžื•ื ื• ื™ืฉืžืจ ื™ืขืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื™ื—ืœืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช (ื“ืฃ ื˜' ืข"ื) ืขืฉืจ ืชืขืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืชืชืขืฉืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” "ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื ื ื‘ื–ืืช" (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ 'ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”' ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื).


ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il