ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืคืกื—
  • ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”
ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืื“ื ื˜ืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืชื•, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”' ื™ืžื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ: "ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื™" - ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ืคืช ื”ืขื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื™, ื•ืื ืœืื•, ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื™ ืืœื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื. ื•ื›ืš ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืจืฉืข ื›ื ื’ื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืžืจ ื”' ืœื ื‘ื™ื: "ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ืฉื ืื” ื ืคืฉื™, ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจื—, ื ืœืื™ืชื™ ื ืฉื•ื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื, ื™ื“). ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื, ืฉืื›ืŸ ืื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจืก, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื•ืื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื—ื’, ื”ืจื™ ืืœื• ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื (ืฉืœ"ื” ืžืกื›ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœ"ื).

ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจืฉืœื• ื‘ื–ื”, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืฉืชื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืืกืจื• ื–ืืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ - ืฉืื– ื”ื ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืœืื›ืชื โ€“ ื•ื™ื‘ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ื•ื•ืœื™ื (ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื).

ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื›ืœืš
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ: ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืœื”, ื—ืฆืื™ืช, ื—ืœื™ืคื”, ืžืขื™ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื›ืœืš ืชื“ื™ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืฉืชื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื (ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื) ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืขื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ืกื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ื›ื‘ืกื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื›ื‘ืกื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืกื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืืœื•.
ืื•ืžื ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืžื•ืขื“. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื›ื‘ืก ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื’ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื™ื ื™ื‘).
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืœื›ืœื›ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ืื•ืžื ื ืื ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชืœื›ืœื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื’ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืฉืข ื•ืขืฉืจ (ืฉื).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื›ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื›ืชื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ. ืื•ืžื ื ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื“ ื ืงื™, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืœื•ื‘ืฉื• (ืฉื).

ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื—ื“
ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืœื›ืœืš ื‘ื—ื’, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืกื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืื ืžื›ื‘ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื”ื—ื’ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื™ืชืœื›ืœืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’, ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ืœืš ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื‘ืžื•ืขื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื”, ืื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืžืœื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืกื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ืฆื ืขื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื™ืฉืชื โ€“ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ืกื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื’. ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฆื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื• ืžืขื˜, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ืกื ืืœื ื™ืœื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื.
ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื’ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื’, ื•ืื ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืชืœื›ืœืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืกื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ืฉื).
ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื• ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื—, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื โ€“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื‘ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ื’ื™ื”ื•ืฅ
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื”ืฅ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ื”ื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืฉืชื ื‘ื—ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ืงืคืœื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ื”ื•ืฅ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื–).

ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ื•ืชืกืคื•ืจืช
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจืฉืœื• ื•ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ื’ ืคืจื•ืขื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืžื’ื•ืœื—ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’, ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ื’ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ื•ื•ืœื™ื (ืคืจื•ืขื™ ืจืืฉ) ื•ื™ื‘ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื’ (ืžื•"ืง ื™ื“, ื; ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื˜).
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ืคืจื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื’ื™ืœ ืืฆืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ื ื— ื•ืžื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื’. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืฆืขืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืฆืขืจ (ืฉื).

ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืฆืขืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื—ื’, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืงืœื, ื•). ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืกืคื•ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ืชืกืคื•ืจืชื• ืœื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื˜).

ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•
ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื— ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื—, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ื—ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
ืื•ืžื ื ืžื™ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชื’ืœื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื‘ื™ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื˜, ื”ืขืจื” 4).

ื’ื–ื™ื–ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื—ืฆื•ื— ื ืขืœื™ื™ื
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื’ื–ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื’. ืื•ืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื’ื–ื– ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ื– ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžื ื• (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื™). ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื—ืฆื— ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ืฉื ื™ื, ื–).

ืžืกื—ืจ, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื
ืžืกื—ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืŸ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
ืื•ืžื ื ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืชืื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืžืฉื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืกืคืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืืœื” ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš:
ื) ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื ืงื ื” - ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืžื•ืขื“.
ื‘) ื’ื ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื—ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™, ืื• ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื ืขื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื˜ื–).

ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ืจื—ื”
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื˜ื™ื•ืœ. ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื• ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื›ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืขื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขื“.
ืžื™ ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืขื“, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ืฆืข. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื’ืœื’ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข. ืื‘ืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื•ืชืจ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ โ€“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื—ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืžื’ืžืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ - ืœื ื•ื— ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช. ืื•ืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืฉื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื” (ืคื ื”"ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื, ื•; ื™ื, ื˜ื•).

ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช: [email protected]

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