ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
  • ื”ืฉื›ืžืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช
  • ืชืคื™ืœืช ื ืฉื™ื
undefined
8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื—ื ื” ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื

ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ.



ื - ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”
ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืžืœ ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก, ื‘), ื›ืฉื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื ืชื• ื™ื•ื“ื” ืœื”', ื•ื™ืืžืจ: "ืืœื•ื”ื™, ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืชืช ื‘ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•', ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืคื’ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ืืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื™ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืžืชื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ื–ื•ืงืฃ ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืจื•ืงืข ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืืช ืžื ืขืœื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœื›ืช, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ื”ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ื—ื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืชื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืื•ื–ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™, ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืื• ื›ื™ืคื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืขื•ื˜ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืคืืจื”"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื"; ื•ื›ืฉื™ืจื—ืฅ ืืช ืคื ื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™" ื•ื›ื•'.
ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ื—ืงืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืฃ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืžื—ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืจืจ ืื—ืจ ืชืื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงื ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ืจืื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”', ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžืœื. ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืืœื•ืงื™, ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ื—ืฉืง ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. 1

ื‘ - ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•
ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™", "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ื“"; ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: "ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ืืฉื”", ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: "ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•".
ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื: ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื”, ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”' ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจื•ืช "ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•" (ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•"ื— ืžื•, ื“). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืขืœืชื” ื”ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ึผื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ "ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•". ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื“ ื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืฆืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ืขืคืจ ืžื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืฉื” ื ื‘ืจืื” ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฆืœืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืืฉื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืขืœ ืงื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ (ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื™"ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืž' 77-78; ืฉืžื•ืช ืขืž' 380; ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' ืขื-ืขื‘).
ืœื ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืœืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชื™ืจื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื’, ื•-ื–).
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•". ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื ืžืœื›ื•ืช: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•". ื•ืืžื ื ื’ื ื‘'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš' (ืžื•, ื“) ื ืคืกืง ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืฉื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื›ื”"ื— ืžื•, ืžื).
ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืขื‘ื“, ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื’ื•ื™ื”" ื•"ืฉืคื—ื”", ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื "ื’ื•ื™" ื•"ืขื‘ื“" ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื.

ื’ - ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื”, ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื ืืชื•. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื›ืฉืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื ืชื” ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื”, ื•ืชื‘ืจืš: "ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ืฉืžื”", ื•ื›ืฉืชืคืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืชื‘ืจืš: "ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื", ื•ื›ืฉืชืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืชื‘ืจืš: "ืžืชื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื", ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื’, ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืžื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื ืื”, ื•ื›ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”' ื™ืœื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืฉืœื‘. ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคื•ืกืง ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืืžืจื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื™ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื™ืืžืจื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืืช ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืžื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืชืœื‘ืฉื• ื•ื™ืจื—ืฆื• ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ื - ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืขืค"ื™ ืฉื•"ืข ืžื•, ื‘, ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื).

ื“ - ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื”
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืื“ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืื—ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืžืจื”? ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืจืš "ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื"?
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชืคื™ืœื” ื–, ื˜), ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืขื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชืœื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœื ืชื‘ืจืš "ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืจื•ืžื™ื". ื ื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื ืชื‘ืจืš "ื”ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ". ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืœื ืชื‘ืจืš "ืžืชื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื" ื•"ื–ื•ืงืฃ ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžืงืฆืช ืžืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”'ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš' (ืื•"ื— ืžื•, ื—) ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื•ืคืกืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ืฉื.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจื‘ ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ ืขืžืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืฃ, ืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”' ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืฃ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืชื‘ืจืš "ืคื•ืงื— ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื", ืขืœ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืž"ื (ืื•"ื— ืžื•, ื—).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื. ื•ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ. 2
ื” - ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื–ืžื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืžื”, ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื–ืžื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, 3).
ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืชืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•'ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ืฉืžื”'. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื' ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ืฉืžื”' ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื™ื' ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืžื–, ื–. ืž"ื‘ ื ื˜, ื˜. ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื–, ื”, ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, 2).

ื• - ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืงืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื”ืฉื—ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืชืืžืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืชืคื ื” ืชื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืชื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ืœื” ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ. ื•ืื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” - ืœื ื™ืฆืื”. (ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช). (ืž"ื‘ ืžื–, ืœื; ื›ื”"ื— ื›ื˜; ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, 4; ื•ืœืขื™ืœ ื”, ื“).
ื”ืงืžื” ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื ื ืช ืื—"ื› ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืชืืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืื—ืจ ืงื™ืžืชื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช. ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื™ืžืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืชื™ืฉืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืืฆืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ืื–ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืื—ืจ ืงื™ืžืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืื ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื™ืžืชื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืื—ืจ ืงื™ืžืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. 3 ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื ื”ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื–, ื–).

ื– - ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขืจื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื“) ืฉื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื - ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืขืœื™ื•. ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื.
ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื ื˜ื™ืœื” (ื›ื”"ื— ื“, ืžื˜). ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืชืชืคื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืชื™ื’ืข ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื, ืฉืžืื– ื”ืจื—ืฆื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜, ื•ืื—"ื› ืชื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืž"ื‘ ื“, ืœ. ื•ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”, ื”).
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืช ืงื‘ืข (ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช) ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžืžื”, ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืืžืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื', ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืชืงืคื™ื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. 4
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช 'ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื ืฉืžื”' ื•'ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ื”', ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืชืŸ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืชื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืžืกืคืง ืœืื•ืžืจืŸ ื‘ืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, ื•, ื•ื”ืขืจื” 6).




^ 1.. ืžืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืžื•, ื“, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืข, ื‘, ื•ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืข, ื. ืืžื ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื“ื”"ื— (ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืž"ื‘ ื ื‘, ื™, ื•ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื), ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช, ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืจืž"ื ื™ื–, ื‘, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš, ืข"ื›. ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ื•ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื–ืžื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื›ื” ื”', ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื“, ื“). ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”, ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”, ื). ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื—ื–ื” ืืœื™ื”ื• ื™ื’, ื‘ืืจ ืขืค"ื™ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•"ื ื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื’ื ืœื“ื”"ื— ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืงืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื ืืชืŸ. (ื•ืœืคื™ ืื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—"ื‘ ื“, ื, ืื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื‘ืจื›ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื”. ืข"ื›. ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช). ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, ื“-ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ.
ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ืชืงื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื‘ื— ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ื ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื“'. ื”ืื—ืช - ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืื•ื–ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”" ืฉื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืœืขืจื•ื•ื” (ืจืž"ื ืžื•, ื), ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ื™, ื–). ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - "ืขื•ื˜ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืคืืจื”" ืฉื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืžื•, ื˜), ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™, ื”-ื•. (ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื’, ื”ืขืจื” ื™ื).
^ 2.. ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™" ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ืขืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืœื™ื™ื, ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ. ื•ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืืกืจื” ื‘ื”ื ื ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืกื ื“ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• "ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื™" (ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, 1).
^ 3.. ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืืžื ื ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื˜, 5, ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉืชืฉื›ื— ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืื•ืœื ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื–ื•ืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”.
^ 4.. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืกืคืง ืื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™, 2. ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืžื–, ื™ื–. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืชืคื™ืœื” ื™, ื–. ืื•ืœื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ื•ืœื ืœื‘ืจืš (ื‘ืจื›"ื™, ื›ื”"ื— ืžื–, ืœื“). ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืชื‘ืจืš 'ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื' ('ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื”' ืœืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–), ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืชืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืžื–, ื–. ื•ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื 'ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื', ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื–, ื”. (ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘, 10).
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