ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 60 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืขื•ืœื
ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ
ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ โ€“ "ื•ืชื—ื™ ืจื•ื— ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื”ื". ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ 22 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ.
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืคื˜ ื™ื) ืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืขื‘. "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉื” ืจืขื‘, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื” ื”ืจืขื‘". ื”ืจืขื‘ ื›ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื "ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืจื’ืœื• ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื•ื›ืœื” ื”ืจืขื‘" (ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื“ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ื’ ื•ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื– ื™ื—). ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ืจื‘ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื˜ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ืœื”. "ื•ึทื™ึผึธื ึฅื•ึผืกื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ‘ื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ึตึฅื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดึ–ื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึธึฝื: ื•ึทื™ึผึทื›ึผึฅื•ึผ ื‘ึธื”ึถึ›ื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ึผึธึฅื” ื•ึฐืขึทืžึผึ–ื•ึน ืžึทื›ึผึธึฃื” ืจึทื‘ึผึธึ‘ื” ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึผึฐืœึคื•ึผ ื—ึฒืœึธืœึดื™ืึ™ ืžึดื™ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ื—ึฒืžึตืฉืึพืžึตืึฅื•ึนืช ืึถึ–ืœึถืฃ ืึดึฅื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึธื—ึฝื•ึผืจ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื’).
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื—ื™ื ื–ื• ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืืกื ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื•ืงื— "ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึฐื”ึทื–ึผึธื”ึธื‘ ื”ึทื ึผื•ึนืชึธืจึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”' ื•ึฐืึถืช ืื•ึนืฆึฐืจื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึทื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ึตื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธื—ึตื ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึธืกึธื ืึถืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื”ึฒื“ึทื“ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื˜ึทื‘ึฐืจึดืžึผึนืŸ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื—ึถื–ึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืจึธื ื”ึทื™ึผึนืฉืึตื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืžึผึถืฉื‚ึถืง ืœึตืืžึนืจ: ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึตื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึถืšึธ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืšึธ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืฉืึธืœึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉืึนื—ึทื“ ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื•ึฐื–ึธื”ึธื‘ ืœึตืšึฐ ื”ึธืคึตืจึธื” ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ืชึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึทืขึฐืฉืึธื ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืžึตืขึธืœึธื™". ืžืœืš ืืจื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช "ืขึธืจึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืขึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื“ึผึธืŸ ื•ึฐืึตืช ืึธื‘ึตืœ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ืžึทืขึฒื›ึธื” ื•ึฐืึตืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึดื ึฐืจื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึทืคึฐืชึผึธืœึดื™" (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื, ื˜ื•).
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืฉืช.

ื•ึฐืงึธืจึทื‘ ืึนืชึธื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืึถืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึฐืšึธ ืœึฐืขึตืฅ ืึถื—ึธื“
ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืžืชื ื‘ื ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“. "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดึฅื™ ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจึพื”ึ–' ืึตืœึทึฅื™ ืœึตืืžึนึฝืจ: ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธึฃื” ื‘ึถืŸึพืึธื“ึธึ—ื ืงึทื—ึพืœึฐืšึธึ™ ืขึตึฃืฅ ืึถื—ึธึ”ื“ ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึนึคื‘ ืขึธืœึธื™ื•ึ™ ืœึดึฝื™ื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึธึ‘ื™ื• ื•ึผืœึฐืงึทื—ึ™ ืขึตึฃืฅ ืึถื—ึธึ”ื“ ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึฃื•ึนื‘ ืขึธืœึธึ—ื™ื• ืœึฐื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃึ™ ืขึตึฃืฅ ืึถืคึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœึพื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ื—ึฒื‘ึตืจึธึฝื™ื•: ื•ึฐืงึธืจึทึจื‘ ืึนืชึธึœื ืึถื—ึธึงื“ ืึถืœึพืึถื—ึธึ›ื“ ืœึฐืšึธึ– ืœึฐืขึตึฃืฅ ืึถื—ึธึ‘ื“ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฅื•ึผ ืœึทืึฒื—ึธื“ึดึ–ื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึถึฝืšึธ" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื–).
ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื ืืžืจ "ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืืจื‘ืข ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ "ื•ึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตึฃืจ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ—ื ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทืจึ˜ ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธึฃื™ ื”ึ’' ื”ึดื ึผึตึจื” ืึฒื ึดึคื™ ืœึนืงึตึ™ื—ึทึ™ ืึถืชึพื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ืžึดื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ–ื ืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื”ึธึฝืœึฐื›ื•ึผึพืฉืึธึ‘ื ื•ึฐืงึดื‘ึผึทืฆึฐืชึผึดึคื™ ืึนืชึธืึ™ ืžึดืกึผึธื‘ึดึ”ื™ื‘". ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื•ึฐื”ึตื‘ึตืืชึดึฅื™ ืื•ึนืชึธึ–ื ืึถืœึพืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึธึฝื" (ื•ืœื ืœืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืœืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื).

ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึทืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื
ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. "ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึดึฃื™ืชึดื™ ืึนึ ืชึธื ืœึฐื’ึจื•ึนื™ ืึถื—ึธึคื“ ื‘ึผึธืึธึ™ืจึถืฅึ™ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึธืจึตึฃื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ”ืœ ื•ึผืžึถึงืœึถืšึฐ ืึถื—ึธึ›ื“ ื™ึดึฝื”ึฐื™ึถึฅื” ืœึฐื›ึปืœึผึธึ–ื ืœึฐืžึถึ‘ืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐืœึนึคื ื™ึดึฝื”ึฐื™ื•ึผึพืขื•ึนื“ึ™ ืœึดืฉืึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื’ื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื ื•ึฐืœึนึจื ื™ึตื—ึธึฅืฆื•ึผ ืขึ›ื•ึนื“ ืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึตึฅื™ ืžึทืžึฐืœึธื›ึ–ื•ึนืช ืขึฝื•ึนื“". ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ืืŸ ืžืœืš ืžื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืœื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื›ื” ืขืœ "ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืืœื ืžืžืฉืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” "ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืงึฐืฆึธืช ืžึถืžึฐืฉืึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึฐื”ึธื’ึธื” ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืจึดืืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐืœึธืšึฐ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึธื”ึถื ืฉืื•ึนืคึฐื˜ึดื™ื ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชึธื", ื•ืื—"ื› ืชื‘ื•ื "ืžึทืžึฐืœึถื›ึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึทืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื" ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ (ืžืœื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื›ื” ื“ ื—).

ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึนืชึธื ืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ืžื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนึฝืชึตื™ื”ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธื˜ึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ึธื”ึถื โ€“ ื•ึฐื˜ึดื”ึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืื•ึนืชึธื
ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ื•ึฐืœึนึงื ื™ึดึฝื˜ึทืžึผึฐืึฃื•ึผ ืขึ—ื•ึนื“ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึดืœึผึฝื•ึผืœึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืฉืึดืงึผึฃื•ึผืฆึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื›ึนึ–ืœ ืคึผึดืฉืึฐืขึตื™ื”ึถึ‘ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึทืขึฐืชึผึดึฃื™ ืึนืชึธึ—ื ืžึดื›ึผึนึคืœ ืžื•ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึนึฝืชึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื—ึธื˜ึฐืึฃื•ึผ ื‘ึธื”ึถึ”ื". ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื ื ื˜ื”ืจื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”. "ื•ึฐื˜ึดื”ึทืจึฐืชึผึดึคื™ ืื•ึนืชึธืึ™".

ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื ืงื•ื“ื
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”' ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผึพืœึดึฃื™ ืœึฐืขึธึ”ื ื•ึทืึฒื ึดึ•ื™ ืึถื”ึฐื™ึถึฅื” ืœึธื”ึถึ–ื ืœึตืืœึนื”ึดึฝื™ื" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื– ื›ื”). ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”' ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื ึดื™ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถื ืœึตืืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ืœึฐืขึธื" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื– ื›ื–). ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื, ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื โ€“ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข ืžืฉืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื ืงื•ื“ืžืช (ื•ืจืื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืข ืข"ื‘).

ื•ึฐืจื•ึนืขึถื” ืึถื—ึธื“ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“. "ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึคื™ ื“ึธื•ึดื“ึ™ ืžึถึฃืœึถืšึฐ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ื•ึฐืจื•ึนืขึถึฅื” ืึถื—ึธึ–ื“ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถึฃื” ืœึฐื›ึปืœึผึธึ‘ื". ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืฆื“ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ืงืจื‘ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื. "ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึทึฃื™ ื™ึตืœึตึ”ื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืจึ–ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืขึธืฉื‚ึฅื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึธึฝื". ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื, ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืื• ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ ืื—ื“" ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื–ื›ื• ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.

ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึทื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื
ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื‘ื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืื” ืžื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืขื•ืœื" ื‘ืื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื’ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช. "ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ึฃื•ึผ ืขึทืœึพื”ึธืึธึ—ืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถึคืจ ื ึธืชึทึ™ืชึผึดื™ึ™ ืœึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึฃื™ ืœึฐื™ึทึฝืขึฒืงึนึ”ื‘ ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ื™ึธึฝืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผึพื‘ึธึ–ื”ึผ ืึฒื‘ึฝื•ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถึ‘ื ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึฐื‘ึฃื•ึผ ืขึธืœึถึกื™ื”ึธ ื”ึตึ ืžึผึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถึžื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตึคื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ืขึทื“ึพืขื•ึนืœึธึ”ื ื•ึฐื“ึธื•ึดึฃื“ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึ”ื™ ื ึธืฉื‚ึดึฅื™ื ืœึธื”ึถึ–ื ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธึฝื ". ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืœืขื•ืœื" ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืขื•ืœืžื™
ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืœื”ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื "ื•ึฐื›ึธืจึทืชึผึดึคื™ ืœึธื”ึถืึ™ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดึฃื™ืช ืฉืึธืœึ”ื•ึนื ื‘ึผึฐืจึดึฅื™ืช ืขื•ึนืœึธึ–ื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถึฃื” ืื•ึนืชึธึ‘ื". ื’ื ืฉืคืข, ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ "ื•ึผื ึฐืชึทืชึผึดื™ืึ™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึตื™ืชึดึฃื™ ืื•ึนืชึธึ”ื". ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ " ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึดึงื™ ืึถืชึพืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึดึ›ื™ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ึธึ–ื ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธึฝื ", ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืชืฉืจื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื• "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธึคื” ืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื ึดื™ึ™ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึดึฅื™ืชึดื™ ืœึธื”ึถึ–ื ืœึตึฝืืœึนื”ึดึ‘ื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึตึ–ืžึผึธื” ื™ึดึฝื”ึฐื™ื•ึผึพืœึดึฅื™ ืœึฐืขึธึฝื". ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืขื•ืœืžื™ "ื•ึฐื™ึธึฝื“ึฐืขื•ึผึ™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื ื›ึผึดึšื™ ืึฒื ึดึฃื™ ื”ึ”' ืžึฐืงึทื“ึผึตึ–ืฉื ืึถืชึพื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ‘ืœ ื‘ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึงื•ึนืช ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉืึดึ›ื™ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนื›ึธึ–ื ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธึฝื".

ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ื”' ืื—ื“
ืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน ืฉืึฐื›ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“
ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื›ืš ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ "ื”' ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืขืชื” ื•ืœื ืืœื”ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื”' ืื—ื“' ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธื– ืึถื”ึฐืคึผึนืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึธืคึธื” ื‘ึฐืจื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ื›ึปืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื ื”' ืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน ืฉืึฐื›ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“' (ืฆืคื ื™ื” ื’) ื•ื ืืžืจ 'ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”' ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”' ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืึถื—ึธื“'" (ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ื“).

ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืœืœื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ ื ื›ืจ
ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" ื‘ืื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ "ืึฑืžื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื•ึฐื ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื ึตื›ึธืจ". ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืœืืกืœื ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ ื ื›ืจ. ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื”ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืฉืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืงืจ ืขืœื•ื‘ ื•ืจื“ืคื• ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื.

ืœึฐื™ึทืฉึผืึตืจ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืœึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืœึฐืชึทืงึผึตืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืึถืช ื”' ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื—ึทื“
"ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึนื—ึท ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื ืœึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืžึทื—ึฐืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึนืชึธื™ื•. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึตืฉืื•ึผืขึท ื”ึทื ึผึธืฆึฐืจึดื™ ื•ึฐืฉืึถืœ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขึตืืœึดื™ ืฉืึถืขึธืžึทื“ ืึทื—ึฒืจึธื™ื• ืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืึถืœึผึธื ืœึฐื™ึทืฉึผืึตืจ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืœึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืœึฐืชึทืงึผึตืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืึถืช ื”' ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื—ึทื“. ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื›ึผึดื™ ืึธื– ืึถื”ึฐืคึผึนืšึฐ ืึถืœ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืฉื‚ึธืคึธื” ื‘ึฐืจื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึนื ื›ึปืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึตื ื”' ื•ึผืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน ืฉืึถื›ึถื ืึถื—ึธื“'.
ื›ึผึตื™ืฆึทื“? ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ื ึดืชึฐืžึทืœึผึตื ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื›ึผึปืœึผื•ึน ืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช (ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื), ื•ึผืคึธืฉืึฐื˜ื•ึผ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืจึฐื—ื•ึนืงึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืขึทืจึฐืœึตื™ ืœึตื‘, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื ื•ึนืฉื‚ึฐืึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืชึฐื ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”. ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืึฑืžึถืช ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึธื˜ึฐืœื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื ื•ึนื”ึฒื’ื•ึนืช ืœึฐื“ื•ึนืจื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืึตืœึผื•ึผ ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื ึดืกึฐืชึผึธืจื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ื›ึผึดืคึฐืฉืื•ึผื˜ึธืŸ ื•ึผื›ึฐื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึธื ืžึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื” ื ึดืกึฐืชึผึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื. ื•ึผื›ึฐืฉืึถื™ึผึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ื”ึทืžึผึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึธืฉืึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึฐื™ึทืฆึฐืœึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึฐื™ึธืจื•ึผื ื•ึฐื™ึดื ึผึธืฉื‚ึตื, ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื”ึตื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธืŸ ื—ื•ึนื–ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึดื™ื ืฉืึถืฉึผืึถืงึถืจ ื ึธื—ึฒืœื•ึผ ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึถื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึตื™ื”ึถื ื”ึดื˜ึฐืขื•ึผื" (ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื).โ€ƒ

ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกืœื
ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืž"ืึฑืžื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ืฉืึธื•ึฐื ื•ึฐื”ึทื‘ึฐืœึตื™ ื ึตื›ึธืจ" ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื” (ื—) ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช. "ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืขึนื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธื‘ึนืื•ึผ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืขึธืจึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช: ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื™ื•ืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืึทื—ึทืช ืึถืœ ืึทื—ึทืช ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื ึตืœึฐื›ึธื” ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ืœึฐื—ึทืœึผื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”' ื•ึผืœึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืึถืช ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ืึตืœึฐื›ึธื” ื’ึผึทื ืึธื ึดื™". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ื–ื” "ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื™ื•ืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืึทื—ึทืช ืึถืœ ืึทื—ึทืช". ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื–ืจื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ืขึธืจึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช" ืžืชื’ื“ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืื™ื "ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื’ื•ึนื™ึดื ืขึฒืฆื•ึผืžึดื™ื" ื›ื“ื™ "ืœึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ืึถืช ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธึดื ื•ึผืœึฐื—ึทืœึผื•ึนืช ืึถืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”'". ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ: "ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตืžึผึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืงื•ึผ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ืึฒื ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืžึดื›ึผึนืœ ืœึฐืฉืึนื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ื•ึฐื”ึถื—ึฑื–ึดื™ืงื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดื›ึฐื ึทืฃ ืึดื™ืฉื ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึดื™ ืœึตืืžึนืจ ื ึตืœึฐื›ึธื” ืขึดืžึผึธื›ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ืฉืึธืžึทืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืขึดืžึผึธื›ึถื". ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื ื ื™.

ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื•ืขื ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ ื ื›ืจ
ื‘ืืกืœื ื•ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืช. ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืกืœื ื™ืฉ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืข"ื– ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืืกืœื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืžื”ืืกืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ืจืžืกื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื’ืจืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—.
ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ืงื™ื. ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืขืจื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื™ืœื•ื“ื”. ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-2.1 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื•ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžื™ื˜ ืืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื (ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ - 0.8 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื“. ืงื•ืจื™ืื” - 0.9. ื‘ืกื™ืŸ - 1.2. ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ - 1.3. ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื‘ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช - 1.4. ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” - 1.5. ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ - 1.6. ื‘ืื™ืจืืŸ - 1.7. ื‘ืงื˜ืจ - 1.8. ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” - 1.9. ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2.91. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - 3.03 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข).

ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืœ
ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ. ื›ืš ื ื›ืฉืœื” ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืคื ื™ื. ื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ื‘ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘. ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืคื“ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ืœื ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ื˜ื‘"ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืžืจืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื“ื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื”. ืœืขืžื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืงื” ืื• ืœื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืกืชื™ืจื” ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.

ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื—ืกื“, ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืขื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.

ืžืขื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœืขื ืžืงืฉืจ
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™. ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืชื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืœื ืœืจืžื•ืก ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ืœื ืœืจืžื•ืก ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืงื ืื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืขื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.

ื˜ืจืœื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™
ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกื ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืืžื•ื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื˜ืจืœื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™.
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ืฉืงืจ, ื™ืฉ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื, ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•. ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืžื ืกื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืงืœื•ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”"ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœื”ื ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื•ืžื“ืข. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื•ืชื. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื™ื™ื”. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกื“ ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืืกืœื ืฉืžื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ื ืœืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืื ื•ืก ื ืฉื™ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืคืฆืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื•ืจ ื•ืœืื ื•ืก ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืื•ืชื”.

ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™. ืžื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื“ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื“ื“ ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938.
ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื ืขื” ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื˜ื—ื”, ื•ืื•ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื”.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื–ืžื” ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ 32 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•-24 ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืกื›ื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืœื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื™ื. ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ืกื” ืฉืœื”, 27 ืืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
ืงื ื“ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืจืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื” ืืžืจ ืฉืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. ืฆืจืคืช, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉืœื ื™ืงืœื˜ื• ืืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ื“. ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืจืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 17 ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืฆืœื• 10,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืชื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ 100 ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื” ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืจืง 26% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. 38% ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10% ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-0.2% ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ื›ืฉืžืคืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื (49%) ื”ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (93%) ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืจืืง (92%) ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืง 24% ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื, ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื. ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื–ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื™ืจื“ื” ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ "ืจืง" 9% ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ 19% ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื ืจื™ ืงื™ืกื™ื ื’'ืจ, ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืชืืกืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกืขื•ื“ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืฆืคื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื ืฆืคื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ื”ืฉืœื.

ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึดื’ึฐืื•ึนืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืžึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนืฉื‚ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึธื“ื•ึนืจ
ื”ื ื ื™ื‘ืื• ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืš ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•. ืื– ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื "ื•ึฐื”ึธืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึตืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืฉืึฐื—ื•ึนื—ึท ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืžึฐืขึทื ึผึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื—ึฒื•ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึทืคึผื•ึนืช ืจึทื’ึฐืœึทื™ึดืšึฐ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐื ึทืึฒืฆึธื™ึดืšึฐ ื•ึฐืงึธืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ ืขึดื™ืจ ื”' ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืงึฐื“ื•ึนืฉื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ: ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึฑื™ื•ึนืชึตืšึฐ ืขึฒื–ื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื•ึผืฉื‚ึฐื ื•ึผืึธื” ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึดื’ึฐืื•ึนืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืžึฐืฉื‚ื•ึนืฉื‚ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึธื“ื•ึนืจ" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืก).
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื.

ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืœืœื ื• ืฉื ืฉืžื™ื
ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื•

ืžื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ, ืžืœืš ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืื“ื ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืขืœื”. ืฆืืฆื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืจืื” ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืœื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืžืœืš ืื“ื•ื, ืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘, ืžืœืš ืฆืจ ื•ืžืœืš ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื›ื ืก ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื•ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื”. ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื–). ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจืื”. ืฉื™ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื•.
ื›ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืขื ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื”ื—ื ื™ืคื• ืœื• ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืœืžืœื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืžื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื’ืจื•ืข. ื”ืœืš ืœืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืกื”). ืกื™ืคืจ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืœื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ.
ื›ืขืก ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ ืžืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•: ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืึทื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ ืฉืึถืœ ืึทื ึฐื˜ื•ึผื›ึดื™ื (ืขื™ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”) ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึฐืื•ึผ ืกึทื ึฐื”ึถื“ึฐืจึตื™ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืจึธืืชื•ึน, ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื ืฉืึถื”ึตื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถืœ ืฆื•ึผืจึธื” ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืงึธืชึถื“ึฐืจึธืื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ื‘ึธืŸ. ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื: ื“ึผึดืจึฐืฉืื•ึผ ืœึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”. ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืงื•ึนืจึดื™ืŸ ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึธื” ื•ึผืคึธืจึธืฉืึธื” ื•ึผืžึฐืชึทืจึฐื’ึผึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ืœึฐืคึธื ึธื™ื•. ื•ึฐื›ึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืœึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึทืช ื ึฐื“ึธืจึดื™ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœ) "ืึดื™ืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื“ึผึนืจ ื ึถื“ึถืจ" ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึฐื”ื•ึนืŸ: ืึดื™ ื‘ึผึธืขึตื™ ืœึทืžึผึฐื”ึทื“ึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึตื”ึผ ื™ึธื›ึดื™ืœ ืื•ึน ืœึธืื•? (ืื ื”ื ื•ื“ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืžื ื“ืจื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœื?) ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ื™ึตืœึตืšึฐ ืึตืฆึถืœ ื—ึธื›ึธื ื•ึผืžึทืชึผึดื™ืจ ืœื•ึน ืึถืช ื ึดื“ึฐืจื•ึน. ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื: ื“ึผื•ึนืžึถื” ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืึถืึทืชึผึถื ื”ึฒืชึธืจึธืชึทื ืœึฐืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึผึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ื•ึผืขึธื” ืฉืึถื ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึดื™".
ืžืจื•ื‘ ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืขื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ึธืŸ ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื”ึฒื“ึธื ื”ื•ึผื ื“ึผึฐื›ึธืชึดื™ื‘ "ื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื™ึดื“ึผึฐืžื•ึผ ื–ึดืงึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึทืช ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ". ื”ึถืขึฑืœื•ึผ ืขึธืคึธืจ, ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื, ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ "ื•ึฐืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืขึธืคึธืจ ื•ึธืึตืคึถืจ", ื—ึธื’ึฐืจื•ึผ ืฉื‚ึทืงึผึดื™ื, ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœื•ึผ ืžึทื–ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืจึดื™ืŸ ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื“ึผึทื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘ "ื•ึทื™ึผึธืฉื‚ึถื ืฉื‚ึทืง ื‘ึผึฐืžึธืชึฐื ึธื™ื•". ืžึธื” ืขึธืฉื‚ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื? ืงึธืฉืึฐืจื•ึผ ืฉื‚ึฐืขึธืจึธืŸ ื‘ึผึดื–ึฐื ึธื‘ึดื™ ืกื•ึผืกึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืžึฐืจึดื™ืฆึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืžึดื™ึผึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึตื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืœึนื“, ื”ึฒื“ึธื ื”ื•ึผื ื“ึผึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ "ื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ืœึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืจึนืืฉืึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึผืœึนืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธึดื" (ืื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘).
ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ืจืฉืข, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ืจื ืœื” ื•ืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื•ื.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™. ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. "ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ื•ึผืœึผึธื ื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐื˜ึทื ึผึธื ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื" ื•ื›ื•'. ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœื™
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ: ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ืœืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืกืคื• ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื.
ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืจืฆื•ื— ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื ืขืจ ื•ืขื“ ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื—"ื•.
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ืž"ืฉ ืืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื ื˜ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืฉืงื˜ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ื ืื•ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืงืžื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืคืฆื™ืฆื• ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” โ€“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ. ืœื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืคืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืฆืฆื•, ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื™ืขื“ืŸ. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” (ื ื™ื): "ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืขืžื“ืš ืžื ื’ื“... ื’ื ืืชื” ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื".
ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืงืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื”?
ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื ืฆื— ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ื ื™ื‘ื–' ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืคืขื ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืขืžื“ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื‘ื ื” ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื•ืืžืจ: ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก! ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก! ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื? ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืžืš ื–ื” ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—!
ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืงืืœื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ืขื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื• ื•ืชืœืฉื• ื–ืงื ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื›ืฉื“ื—ืคื•ื”ื• ืœืชื ื”ื’ื–ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฆืขืง ืืœื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื: ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืืฆืขืง ื•ืืœืžื“ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืขื•ืง "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™! ื•ืฉืžืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”'. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืžืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“ ื•ืžืคื™ืฅ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• "ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืื—ืจื™ "ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื—", ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ. ื•ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืงืจื: ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”! ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”! ืื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืคื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—!
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื "ืื ื ื”' ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื” ื ื", ืื ื• ื’ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื "ืื ื ื”' ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื ื", ื•ืงืจื‘ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืืช ื’ื•ืืœ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ื”' ื™ืงื•ื ื“ืžื, "ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœืข ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื— ื•ืžื—ื” ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื“ืžืขื” ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื", ืืžืŸ.

ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช?
ืจืื•ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื.

ืฆื•ื ื ืฉื™ . ื”ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช?
ื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืื• ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ืžืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืฉืื– ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœืฆื•ื.

ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ . ื”ืื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช? ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™?
ื”ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื•. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื. ืœื ื ืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช. ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืงืจื“ื•ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ืœื ื ื’ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืœื›ื”. ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ื›ื™ ืฉื ื”' ืืงืจื, ื”ื‘ื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•".
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il