ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื›ืฉืจื•ืช
  • ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช
undefined
3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจืกื™ื”

ืคื™ืจื ืฆื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” Firenze, Italy
ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉ"ืก

ืกื˜. ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื—ื•ื– ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื ื›ืฉืจ

ืฉืืœื”
ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ 1 ืœ20,000- (ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃ) ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžืืจืก ื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ.
ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉื›ื–ื”. ืื•ืžื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื™ืช, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืœื ื›ืฉืจ ืืช ืกื’ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื ืชื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ 1 ืฉืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืจืคื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื”.
ื‘. ื”ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื’, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” "ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™" ืฉืืกื•ืจ 2 , ืื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉืชื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” - ืฉืชื™ื™ืชื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช "ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชืŸ" 3 . ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชืŸ, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” 4 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืจืง ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืื• ื’ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื 5 . ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช "ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชื" ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื "ืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื.
ื’. ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื”, ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื "ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชืŸ" ืœื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืคื’ื 6 . ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœืขืฆืžื• 7 . ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ื”ื›ืฉืจ 8 .
ื“. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื "ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื™ืจื•ืค ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”. ื•ืื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืงืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืคืกื•ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืœืœ 9 .



^ 1. "ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" (ื—ืœืง ื— ืกื™' ืกื—), "ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™" (ื—ืœืง ื” ืกื™' ื ื”), ื”ื’ืจื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ "ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”" (ืชืฉืž"ื’ ืขืž' 162), ื•ื“ืœื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจ"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘"ื”ืžืื•ืจ" (ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 34) ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ื“ืจื• ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช" (ื—ืœืง ื’ ืขืž' 279-278).
^ 2. "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช", ืขืจืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ .
^ 3. ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” (ืกื™' ืงื ื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื’).
^ 4. "ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื”" (ืกื™' ืขื”) ืื•ืกืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื˜ืขื "ื“ืื—ืฉื‘ื™ื”", ืืš ืžื”ืฉ"ืš ืฉื (ืก"ืง ื™ื’) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžืชื™ืจ. ื•ื‘ื”ื’' "ื™ื“ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื˜ืขื ื“ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ "ืื—ืฉื‘ื™ื”" ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื ืชื• ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืœื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”.
^ 5. ื”ืฉ"ืš ืžืชื™ืจ "ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชืŸ" ืœื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ื‘"ื‘ื™ื ืช ืื“ื" (ืกื™' ืขื) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืชื•ืก' ื•ืœืžืจื“ื›ื™ - ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืจื"ืฉ - ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ .
^ 6. ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ (ืกื™' ืง"ื’ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื). ืื•ืžื ื ืฆ"ืข ื“ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื”, ื•ืฆ"ืข.
^ 7. "ื“ืจื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”" (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื— ืก"ืง ื›).
^ 8. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื”". ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•' ื”ื’ืจื—"ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื "ืœ ืžืชื™ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื™ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ืœื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
^ 9. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืื” ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ื›ืฉื ื”ื ื” ื’ืจื•ื ื• ืžื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ืค' ื™ื“ ื”ืœ' ื’). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ืžืื›ืœ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืืชืŸ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช" (ื—"ื’ ืขืจืš ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืขืž' 253).
ื•ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคืกื•ืœื”, ืคืกืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคืกื•ืœื” ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ืœื‘, ื•ื“ื™ื ืŸ ื›ื›ืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื‘, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืœื‘ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืขืž' 217. (ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ืื ื”ืงืคืกื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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