ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ
ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื•ืื ืื™ื—ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืขืฉื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืœืื• ื–ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื, ื•ืœืื• ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืžืื—ืจ ืžืœืฉืœื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื.
ื‘ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืชืŸ ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืœืžืชื™ืš, ืื• ืœื ืฉื›ืจืชื™ืš ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื, ื ืงืจื "ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ืœืื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื”.
ืืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ืš ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื•ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”.
ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื’ืžืจื•, ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืชื•ืคืก ืžืฉืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื‘. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื— ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืื•ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ.
ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืจ ืื“ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืœื™ื - ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ.
ื”ืžืชื ื” ืขื ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืคืจืขื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ื“ ืื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื•ื— ืืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืืŸ ื•ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืชืขืฉื”.

ืžืชื•ืš ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืจืš ื’ ืขืจืš ื‘ืœ ืชืœื™ืŸ

ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื”
ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช

"ืœึนื ืชึตืœึตืšึฐ ืจึธื›ึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืžึผึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึทื ืจึตืขึถืšึธ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”' " [ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื–]

ืžืชื•ืš: ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืชืฉืก"ื•, ื›ืจืš ื”, ืขืจืš ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ื˜ื•ืจื™ื 691 โ€“ 733

ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื• ื:'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' - ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืจืข ืžื ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ'.

ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืคืื” ื ื: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' - ื–ื• ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืชื ื ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื ืชื”ื ื›ืจื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื˜ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก:'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš' - ืœื ืชื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžืš.

ืจืฉ"ื™: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' - ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืœื—ื™ ืžื“ื ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืจืขื™ื”ื ืœืจื’ืœ ืžื” ื™ืจืื• ืจืข ืื• ืžื” ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืจืข ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ืจืื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ื›ื•', ืœื›ืš ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืจื’ืœ ืฉื”ื›"ืฃ ื ื—ืœืคืช ื‘ื’ื™ืž"ืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื”ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ืœื ืชื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื”ืœืขื˜ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื•ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœืขื˜ื” ื ืงืจืืช ืื›ื™ืœืช ืงื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• (ืžืฉืœื™ ื•), ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.

ืจืฉื‘"ื: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' - ื”ืžื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืžื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื ืชื™ื›ื•ืœ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ืŸ, ืœื ืชื›ืจื™ื– ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื: 'ืจื›ื™ืœ' - ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื•ืœืชืš 'ืžื›ืœ ืื‘ืงืช ืจื•ื›ืœ', ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžืœืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืชื™ืง ื™ืงื ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”, ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ืœ ื™ื’ืœื” ืœื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืข ืžื–ื”.

ืจืžื‘"ืŸ: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš' - ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื›ืชื‘: ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ืื• ืจื™ื— ื•ื›ื•', ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืขืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ื—ืคืฆื• ื‘ืœื ื—ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื• ื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื ื•ื™ืงืจืฆื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืจืžื•ื– ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชืŸ.

ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' - ืื™ืœื• ื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื™"ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ 'ืœื' ื‘ืœื ื•ื™"ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš, ืฉื›ืฉืชืืžืจ ืœืจืขืš ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ื• ื•ื›ื•', ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื• ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืžื• ืืœื ื”ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื”.
ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืž' ืจืœื•: ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืจื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžืฆื”.
ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื: 'ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš' - ืžืœื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™' ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš', ื‘ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืขืžืš.
ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš' - "ืจื›ืœ" ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ"ืจื’ืœ", ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœื ื”ืจื™ ืจื’ืœ ื›ื”ืจื™ ื”ืœืš, ื”ืœืš ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืจื’ืœ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคืกื™ืขื” ืฆืขื“ ืฆืขื“, ืชื›ืœื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“, ื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” "ืจื›ืœ". ืจื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืŸ ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœ: ืชื’ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืœืฉ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื–ื”.
ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ: 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžืš' - ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขื ืขืžืš ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื“ื”ืจื›ื™ืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืื“ื.
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ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืžืกืจ ืœืจื•ืคื ืื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ืื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื•. ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื“, ืœืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืกื•ื“, ื•ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื•ื“ื™.
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืžืกืจ ืœืจื•ืคื ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืžืจื ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื•ืœืคื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืžืกืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื–ื•. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืง. ืœื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื–ื•ืœืช. ืื›ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื

ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื
ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช [1], ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข [2]. ื•ืืžื ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืจื•ืคื, ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ืš' [3], ื•ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื, ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื›ืš ื ืกืžืš ืœื• 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' [4]. ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืจื•ืจื™ื [5].
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉื ืื” ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืช ื’ืžื•ืจื” [6], ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืœื” ืืœื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืกืชืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช [7]. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื ื•ืช [8].
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืจื•ืคื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื•ืืžื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืกืจื• ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” [9]. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“, ืฉื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืื™ื ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš [10].
ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื•ื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช [11].

ืžืกื™ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชืจืช ืจืง ืื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื ืื™ื:

ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื”, ืฉืืžื ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืขื”; ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื’ืจื™ื“ื; ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืžื”; ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง; ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืฉืืžื ื ืชืฆื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื•, ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื•; ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœื™ื•; ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช; ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ื’ืจื ืจืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ืœื ืชื”ื ื”ืจืขื” ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืชื™ื’ืจื ืœื–ื•ืœืช [12].
ืžื›ืœืœื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ืชื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ืฆืคื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื ื–ืง ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ [13].
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืืœ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื•, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืžื ื–ืง. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ืืฃ ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข [14].

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช:

ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื ื’ื“ ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืจืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” [15]. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจื™ื ืืœื•.
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืžืžื•ื ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช [16].
ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืจื“ืฃ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื• [17] ื—ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืจื•ืข ืœื‘ [18], ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืž"ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ" ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœ"ื ืจื“ืฃ" [19].
ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ืœื ื—ืœื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ื ื–ืง [20]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ [21].
ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืกื‘ืœ, ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื [22]; ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ืœ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื ื–ืง ืจืคื•ืื™-ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ [23].
ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืกื•ื“ื• [24].
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžื—ืœืชื• ืœืฆื“ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื›ืš, ืื• ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช: "ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืจืขื”, ื•ืื ืžืืŸ ื™ืžืืŸ, ืื– ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืžืขืœืœื™ื•" [25], ื•ืจืง ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ื• ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• [26].
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื [27].

ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื•, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืื ื™ืชื‘ืขื ื• ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ ืœื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืžื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื• [28]. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” [29].
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ [30].
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืฉืื– ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืช ืขื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš', ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื’ืจื ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืžืžื•ื ื• ืื• ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช [31].
ืื ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžื—ืœืชื• - ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ [32], ืฉืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืช ืขื“ื•ืช [33], ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืชื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• [34], ืื• ืฉื’ื ื”ืชืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขื“ื•ืช [35], ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” [36]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• [37], ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืจื•ืคื ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืชื•, ืืฃ ืื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืชื•, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ืœื”, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืคื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™-ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” [38].
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื", ื•ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื ืคื™ืกืงื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช - ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื—ืœื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœืœ [39], ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืชื™ืจื• ืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื˜ื” [40]; ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช "ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื" ืจืง ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืžืฉ [41], ื•ืจื•ืคื ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื" ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืœืžืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” [42]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืชื™ืžืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” [43], ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชื—ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื’ื ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื’ืžืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืืช "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื".
ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืœื™ืงื•ื™ ืจืื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืขืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืกื•ื“ื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™, ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ื ื–ืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™; ื•ืื ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš', ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืื™ื ื ื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืœื”, ืืœื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื [44]. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื—ืœื” ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืคื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžืื“, ืฉืื– ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืกื›ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื“; ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ืืœื ืฉืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ืžื›ืš, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉื• [45].
ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืช, ืื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืงื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื—ืžื•ืจื” (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 6/15) ืจืฉืื™ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ืœื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™; ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืœืงื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 6/30), ืืœ ื™ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ืืœื ื™ื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช [46].
ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื•ืŸ (ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื”) - ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ืชื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ืชื• [47]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืœ ืœื• ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื™, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืืžื ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื [48].
ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืฉื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ื›ื• ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื“ื•ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื• [49]. ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ื›ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชื“ื›ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš, ืืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืžื•ืกืจ, ื•ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข [50]. ืื›ืŸ ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื™ืชืขืœื ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื™ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขืžื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื—ืœืชื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจ [51].

ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. ืืžื ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืจื•ืคื, ืืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื•ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ:
ืžื—ืœื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื’ืœื” ืœื›ืœ [52]. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืžื›ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื”, ืื• ืžื›ืคื™ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืจืง ื›ืœื™ื” ืื—ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื’ื ืื“ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื›ืคื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš [53]; ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™, ื•ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื; ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 5%), ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืื—ื™ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ 4% ืœื—ืชืŸ [54].
ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ [55].
ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ [56]. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืื• ื”ืืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข; ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”ืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื›ืขืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ; ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืชืงืคื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืฉื” [57].
ืื™ืฉ ืื• ืืฉื”, ืฉื”ื ืขืงืจื™ื ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืžื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ [58], ืื• ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื [59].
ื›ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžื—ืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื—ืชืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื™ื’ืœื• ืœื—ืชืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื™ื™ืคืจื“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื– ืขืœื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื’ื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฆืขืจ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืžื—ืœืชื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื” - ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื’ืœื• ืœื—ืชืŸ ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืชืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืœืชื” ืœื—ืชืŸ [60].
ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื•ื›ื“', ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ืขืช ื ืืžื ื” ืื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืœื ื ืคื’ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ [61].
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืฆืžื— ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื—ื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ืขืžืงื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืืช ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืš [62].
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื“ืคืกื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžื—ืœื”, ืื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืชืžื—ื” ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื [63].

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช
[1] ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืจืง ืกื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื˜ ื; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ื™ื˜ ื); [2] ืคืกื•ืงื ื•; ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื” ื˜; ืชื”ืœื™ื ืœื“ ื™ื’-ื™ื“. ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื’ื“ืจื™ื• ื•ืชื ืื™ื•, ื”ืœื•ื-ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ 'ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', ืžืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื“ื™ืŸ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”; [3] ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื ื•; [4] ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืขื•ืช ื– ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื"ืข ืขื”"ืค. ื•ืจืื” ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™ ืขื”"ืช ืฉื, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ื 'ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ'ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš', ื•ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื ืœื“ืขืชื• ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช. ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›ื‘ ื˜ - 'ืื ืฉื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืš ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืคืš ื“ื'; [5] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืคืชื™ื—ื”; [6] ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื’ ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืขื•ืช ื– ื‘-ื’; ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”; [7] ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืช ืจื›ื”; [8] ืจืื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื ื, ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•ื”ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ. ื•ืจืื” ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ ื–; [9] ืจืื” ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืงื“ ืื•ืช ื; [10] ืจืื” ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื’, ืืกื™ื, ื’, ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 326 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [11] ืจืื” - ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื– ื“"ื” ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“; ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื; ืคืช"ืฉ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื•; [12] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—"ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื˜ ืกืข' ื-ื‘; ืฉื ืกืข' ื™ื‘ ื™ื’; ืฉื ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื˜, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื’, ืกืข' ื™. ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืช ืจื›ื—; [13] ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื‘ื™"ืง ื—ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืœื”, ื•ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืืœืฃ ืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ื– - ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ื™ืื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ; [14] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ื”ืœ' ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืœืœ ื˜ ืกืข' ื—, ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื—; [15] ืคืช"ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ืกื™' ืขื˜ (ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืœื•); ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืก; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ - ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืžื‘"ื ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื™ื“; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืชื›ื• ื. ื•ืจืื” ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื”"ืค ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื–, ืฉืื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืจื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš; [16] ืคืช"ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“; [17] ืจืžื‘"ื ืจื•ืฆื— ื ื•; [18] ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืชื›ื” ืกืง"ื™; [19] ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ืจืคืืœ, ืืกื™ื, ื’, ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 332 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [20] ืคืช"ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื•; ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ืกื™' ืขื˜ (ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืœื•); ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ ืื•ืช ื’. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ืฉืžื” ืฉื ืงื˜ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืชืจ", ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื—ืœื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืืžื ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื˜ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื, ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืกืง"ื, ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ื—"ื— ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื•ืชืจ; [21] ื”ื’ืจืฉ"ื– ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ืกื™' ื‘ ืกืง"ื (ื‘ืขืž' ื›ื–), ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—"ื— ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” "ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื•", ื•ืœื ื›ืชื‘ "ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช", ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืข' ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืจืื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืช ืจื›ื: "ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื–ืœ ื•ืขื•ืฉืง ื•ื ื–ืง ื•ืฆืขืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื’ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืื” ื™ื’ื™ื“, ื›ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืœื• ื•ืœืงื ื ืœืืžืช"; [22] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื ืื•ืช ื‘; [23] ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื”ืž"ืฆ ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืจืฆื–; ืก' ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืž' ืจืžื“; ืคืช"ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงื ื•; ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ื”ืœ' ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื˜; ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืก. ืืš ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื–, ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื” ื—"ื— ืกื™' ื ื˜, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš' ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื’ื ืžื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ืŸ; [24] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื ืื•ืช ื‘, ื•ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ ืื•ืช ื“; [25] ืฉืขืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื•ืช ืจื›ื—. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœืœ ื™ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืง"ื–, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืคืจืกื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื—ื”, ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข; [26] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ ืื•ืช ื–; [27] ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ืจืคืืœ, ืืกื™ื, ื’, ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 332 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [28] ื•ื™ืงืจื ื” ื; ื‘"ืง ื ื• ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื; ื˜ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ื›ื— ื. ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืขื”"ืค ืฉื: "ืฉื”ื’ื ืฉื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืžืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ื“ืขืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืš, ื”ื’ื ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื•ืชื’ืœื” ืกื•ื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืืชื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“"; [29] ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื˜, ืขืž' 331; [30] ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืจืš ื”, ืขืž' ืงื ื’ ื•ืื™ืœืš; [31] ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืคื’; [32] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ ืื•ืช' ื”-ื•; [33] ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื˜ ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื” ื˜ื•; ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื›ื— ืœื’, ื•ื‘ื˜"ื– ืฉื ืกืง"ื‘, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื ืกืงืฆ"ื”; [34] ืกืž"ืข ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ื›ื— ืกืง"ื; [35] ื˜"ื– ื—ื•"ืž ืจืกื™' ื›ื—; [36] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื—"ื ืกื™' ืคื’; [37] ื”ื’ืจื™"ืฉ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”-ืืกื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 149 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงื“ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื, ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื’ืœื• ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”. ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฆ"ืข ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืž"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืจื›ื— ืœื’, ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื ืกืงืฆ"ื”, ื•ื™"ืœ; [38] ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืคื’; [39] ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, 2, ืชืฉ"ืž, ืขืž' 20; [40] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื ืื•ืช ื‘; [41] ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ืจืคืืœ, ืืกื™ื, ื’, ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 332 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [42] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ืฉื; [43] ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืคื’; [44] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื• ืกื™' ื™ื’ ืื•ืช ื; ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืชืกื˜; ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”-ืืกื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 149 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [45] ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื; ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื; [46] ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื; [47] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื ืื•ืช ื‘; ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืก; [48] ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืž' 289 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื ื™ืžื•ืงื•: ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ืงืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•; ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”; [49] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœืœ ื˜ ืกืข' ื“-ื™; [50] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื˜, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื’, ืกืข' ื˜-ื™, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ; ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“ ืื•ืช ื“; [51] ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”-ืืกื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 149 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [52] ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—"ื‘ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœืœ ื˜, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื’, ืกืข' ื•-ื–; [53] ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืชืขื˜; [54] ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”-ืืกื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 159 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [55] ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืื‘ื”ืข"ื– ืกื™' ืขื˜ (ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืงืœื•); [56] ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื” ื—"ื— ืกื™' ื ื˜ ืื•ืช ื“; [57] ืฉื•"ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืชืขื˜; ืฉื ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืชืจื›ื“; ืฉื•"ืช ืงื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืกื™' ืงื›ื; [58] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื˜"ื– ืกื™' ื“. ื•ืจืื” ืฉื, ืฉืืฃ ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื‘ืœ ื–ื”; [59] ื”ื’ืจ"ืž ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ - Rabbi MD Tendler, National Jewish Law Rev 4:1, 1989; [60] ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”-ืืกื™ื, ืชืฉืž"ื•, ืขืž' 159 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [61] ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ืจืคืืœ, ืืกื™ื, ื’, ืชืฉืž"ื’, ืขืž' 332 ื•ืื™ืœืš; [62] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—ื™"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื ืื•ืช ื‘; ื”ืจื‘ ื™. ืฉืคืจืŸ, ืขืžืง ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘, ืชืฉืž"ื˜, ืขืž' 124 ื•ืื™ืœืš. ื•ืจืื” ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ ื—. ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื, ื™ืฉ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืœื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคืจืŸ, ืฉื; [63] ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื› ืกื™' ื ื‘.
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