ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืชืจืข"ื“ (1913) ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืกืข ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืขืžื“ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื›ื‘ืŸ 49 ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขืžื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ ืžื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื›ืžื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
ื”ืžืกืข ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื“ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืข- ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช. ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ืžืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš - ื ื›ืฉืœื•. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ื™, ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื "ืš ื”ื ืžื“ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ืžื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืง"ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื“ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืจืžืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื. ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืงืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื“. ืื•ืœื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืื– ืฉื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉืฉ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื–ืงืชื ื ืคืกืง ื•ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”- ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื
ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื• ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”. ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ืขื ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืจืื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื?!
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ืžืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืคื•ืช, ื•ืจื“ืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื–ืืช, ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืฆืื• ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™. ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืš 45,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื”ื ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื, ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉืจื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืชื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืžืฆืจืคืช ื•ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื– ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื™"ื—, ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืคื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืคื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉืœื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืจืžืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.

ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง
ื’ื ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืื™ื’ืจืช ืฉืกื’, ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืคื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื "ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืžืืฉื›ื ื–" (ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”). "ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืžื”, ื›ื”ืจ"ืฉ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ืจ' ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื–"ืœ, ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืžืฅ ื™ืจืืช ื”' ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื‘ ืฉืœื". ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื.

ืชืจ"ื‘-ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ
ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื‘ (1842), ื›ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ึพ3,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืžืคืจื™ื–, ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ืกื›ื•ื ืขืชืง ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืคืจื ืง ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื• ื™ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืจื•ืช. ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื“ืงืงื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”.
ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ 'ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื›ืœื™ื' ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ืจ' ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืœื”ืจืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™, ืœื ื™ืขืœื” ืจื•ืคื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช". ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืฉืคืขืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืจืžื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืจื•ืคื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื”.

ืชืจ"ื˜- ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื˜ (1849) ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ึพ4,500 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ื”, ืคื ื• ืœืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื›ืฉืจ ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืงื ืื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื—ื• ื ื’ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ "ืฉื™ืชืœืžื“ื• ื ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื...". ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื "ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืจื™ืงืช ืขื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื, ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื™ื™ื’ืจื ืžื›ืš, "ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืฆืจืขืช ืžืžืืจืช ืœื–ืจืขื ื•". ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืชืงื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืžื—ืืช ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ืงื.

ืชืจื˜"ื–-ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžืœ
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื˜"ื– (1856) ื™ื–ืžื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ืช ืืœื–ื” ื”ืจืฅ ืœืžืœ ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’ื ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก. ื“"ืจ ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืžืชื ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ืจื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืœ. ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื—ืจื. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื ื” ืœืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ืชื” ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉืืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืจืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืžืœ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“, ื’ื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.

ืชืจืœ"ื‘-ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ"ื‘ (1872), ื›ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื 9,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื™ื–ื ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื“ืงื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื ืื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื“ืจื›ื• "ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื”" ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื• "ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ". "ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื™ืœื“ืกื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข. ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืฉืงืžื• ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœื ืคืขืœื• ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื•". ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืชืงื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ืงื.

ืชืจ"ืž-ืชืจืž"ื‘-ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืž (1880), ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ึพ15,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืก ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื“"ืจ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื”ืจืฆื‘ืจื’, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืจื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื. ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืž"ื‘, ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืก ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืื•ึผืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืžื“ื• ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ืื•ืžื ื ืจื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ืจื, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจ
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื  (1890) ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื•ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื”. ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื•: "ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืคืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœื ืขืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”... ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืœื—ื ืงืœื•ืงืœ ืœื—ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”. ืขืœึพื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื... ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช..."

ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื˜ืขื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืš. ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื–ื• ื•ืจื“ืคื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื. ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœืจื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืข ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื—ื• ื ื’ื“ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ึพืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื•ืขื– ื”ื•ื˜ืจืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื‘ืฉื‘ืข'
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il