ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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5 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื–

(ืžืชื•ืš ื—"ื”)

ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

ื“. ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื” ืžืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืช 1 , ื•ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื ื—ื™ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืฆืื™-ืฉื‘ืช 2 . ืืš ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ืืชืจ ืคืชื•ื— (ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื), ื›ื™ ืื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• 3 .

ื”. ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื“
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื“ "ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ" ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืืข"ืค ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืžืจื—ืฅ ืœืื™ื ื•-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื”ื ื›ืจื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•, ืฉื”ื ื›ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืก (ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื“ืขืชื ื“ื ืคืฉื™ื”), ืืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื›ืจื™ 4 . ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื•, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžื›ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื”"ืจ, ืื ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” 5 , ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืคื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช 6 .
ืขื ื–ืืช ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ "ื—ืฉื“" ื•"ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ", ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ื“ ืื“ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื• "ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ" ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืืŸ 7 ? ืœื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉืืจืช ืืชืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš "ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ" ื•ื—ืฉื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจ (ืกื™ื•ืžืช il ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื”ืืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ ื•"ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ" ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื•ื’ื ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœ "ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืฉืจ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” "ืžืฉื•ื ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ" ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืœื ื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืฆืื™-ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ืœืœ 8 .

ื•. ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื“ืฉื‘ืช
ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" 9 ื ืฉืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืขื•ืŸ-ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชื ื•ืจ-ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื• ืชื ื•ืจ-ืืคื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื• ืœืืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืฉืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, "ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื“ื”ื•ื 'ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื“ืฉื‘ืช' ื•ืืฃ 'ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘' ื”ื ืืกืจื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื›ื 'ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื“ืฉื‘ืช' ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืžื™ืœื ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื“ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื "ื“ ื“ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื 'ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ืœืฉื‘ืช' ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ (ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช) ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืชืคืจืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื...".
ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘" ื ืฉืืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืจืช "ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช" ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืกืงืื•ืช, ื•ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืชื˜ื•ืคืœื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, "ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ 'ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื”ืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื›ื' ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืฆื•ืขื“ ืจืง ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืข"ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ ื•ื˜ืื ื‘ืื ื“ ืฉื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืชืคืชื— ืžืืœื™ื” ืœืฉืขื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ, ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืฃ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ืฉ, ื“ืฉื ืชืชื—ืœืง ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื, ื•ืื ื ื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื™ืฆืžื— ืžื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืื“ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืž"ื“ ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืขืกืงื• ืื• ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืกื•ืคืงื ื™ ืื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื ื“ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืค' ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”... ื•ืืฃ ื“ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ, ื“ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืจื— ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื—ื”, ืœื ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื, ืจืง ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื›"ืž ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืœ ืื• ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืฆืื ื•, ื•ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืžืขืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื’"ื› ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•. ื•ืœื ื“ืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื“ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš, ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื, ื›ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•.... ื•ื›ืฉื™ืชื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืชืจืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืจ ืขืค"ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžื–ื” ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืชื—ืœืœ ื•ื™ื–ื“ืœื–ืœ ืขื“ ืœืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ืข ืจื’ืœืš ืžื–ื”" 10 .
ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ "ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘" ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื”" - "...ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชืฉื•' ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™, ื“ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืืกื•ืจ. ืื•ืœื ืื—"ื› ืขืฉื” ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ืจื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื“ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื™ื’ื–ืจื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื›ื•ืฃ ืจืืฉื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื•" 11 .
ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”"ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืจื‘-ืฉื‘ืช ืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืชื ื“ืฉื‘ืช [ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืขื•ืŸ-ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”], ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžื ืข ืžืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืืชืจ, ื•ืืœื• ื”"ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘" ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื, ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• "ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช" ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'..., ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง, ืื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืชืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื”ืกื™ื [ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื] 12 .
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื• [ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื™ื•ืžืช il - ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื] ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื• 13 .
ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื 14 .





^ 1."ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืฉื™ื— ืกืง"ื“). ื•ื‘"ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืฉื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืก' ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื (ืขื ืข"ื) ื“ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”", ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื“ืœืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
^ 2. ืฉื•"ืข "ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื" (ืกื™' ืฉื™ื—, ื).
^ 3.ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืž"ื (ืฉื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™' ืจืžื’) ื•ื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืฉื ืก"ืง ื˜ื–).
^ 4. ื“ืขืช ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ื‘ืžืก' ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” (ื›ื ืข"ื‘). ื•ืฉื•"ืข ("ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื" ืกื™' ืจืžื’, ื).
^ 5. "ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘" ("ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื" ืกื™' ืกื–) ื•"ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง" (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืœื“, ื•ื—ืœืง ื˜ ืกื™' ื›ื“, ืžื›ื‘ืกื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช).
^ 6. ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ื“ืกื‘ืจื’ ื‘"ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ" (ื™ื˜ ืขืž' 357).
^ 7. ื›ืš ืžืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘"ื›ืชืจ" (ื‘' ืขืž' 197 ื”ืขืจื” 17), ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื”" (ื—ืœืง ื•, ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืกื™' ืคื“) ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื’ (ื—"ื ืกื™' ืคื”) - ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื”"ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื•ืจืง ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
^ 8. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉื“ ื•ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืชืคืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื• ืฉืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
^ 9. "ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”" (ืื•"ื— ื—"ื“ ืกื™' ืก). ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจ ืฉื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ-ืฉื‘ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืžืื•ืจ, ืข"ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืง.
^ 10.ืฉื•"ืช "ื—ืœืงืช ื™ืขืงื‘" (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืกื˜, ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืฆื“ - ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช)
^ 11.ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื”" (ื—"ื• ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ).
^ 12.ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘"ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ" (ื›) ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ื“ืกื‘ืจื’ "ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช" (ืขืž' 422 ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืฉื ื”ืขืจื” 1). ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืฆืžื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื”ืกื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืจื”ืกื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื•ืฆ"ืข.
^ 13.ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืชืจ, ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื.
^ 14.ืฉื”ืจื™ ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื–ื” "ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืื•ืžื ื ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ "ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”" (ืกื™' ืฉืคื” ืก"ืง ื•) ืœื ื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืชืชื›ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื.


ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืจื ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ
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