ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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15 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ื›ืœืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืžื
ื‘ืจื ื”' ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืœื ื ืขืจื‘ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ: ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึทื™ึดื, ืฉื‚ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึดื–ึฐืจึทืข ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึธื™ึดื, ื•ึผื‘ึถื’ึถื“ ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึทื™ึดื ืฉืึทืขึทื˜ึฐื ึตื– ืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ". ื•ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื˜-ื™ื): "ืœึนื ืชึดื–ึฐืจึทืข ื›ึผึทืจึฐืžึฐืšึธ ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึธื™ึดื ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึทืฉื ื”ึทืžึฐืœึตืึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึถืจึทืข ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดื–ึฐืจึธืข ื•ึผืชึฐื‘ื•ึผืึทืช ื”ึทื›ึผึธืจึถื. ืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•. ืœึนื ืชึดืœึฐื‘ึผึทืฉื ืฉืึทืขึทื˜ึฐื ึตื– ืฆึถืžึถืจ ื•ึผืคึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•". ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ 'ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึธื™ึดื', ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขื™ืจื•ื‘. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืฃ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื—ื“ - ืืกื•ืจ. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ืžื›ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœืื™ื™ื.
ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื: ื) ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘) ืฉืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื’) ื›ืœืื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื“) ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืฉืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื”) ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื, ืฉืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื’ืคื ื™ื. ื•) ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฆืžืจ ื•ืคืฉืชื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื–) ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘.
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื—ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืจืง ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื (ืฉืขื˜ื ื–), ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื ืœืฉื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื”.
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื‘, 2), ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืข, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” - ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื’ื ื›ืœืื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ืœื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ืขืฆืžื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”). ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืกืจื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“, ื“).
ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืืœื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉืŸ ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื›ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื˜ืขืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช 'ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื', ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ืขืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช 'ื—ื•ืงื™ื'. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ, ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ื”' ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ื‘ืจื ื•ื ื‘ืจื. ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื ื”'. ื•ื”ื•ื–ื”ืจื ื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืฉื; ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืžื“). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื˜, ื): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ - ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ืงืงืชื™ ืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ (ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”) - ืชืฉืžืจื• ืขืชื”".
ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ื›ืœืื™ื™ื' ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื, ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—"ื’ ืคื•, ื; ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™). ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื”ื›ืจื, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืœื›ื“ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“. 1

ื‘ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ, ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึทื™ึดื". ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื ืืžืจ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื (ื‘"ืง ื ื“, ื‘). ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช" (ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ื‘ื ืงื‘ื™). ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื›ืœืื” ืื—ืช, ื•ืื ื™ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื–, ื‘-ื’).
ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื–ื›ืจ ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื›ืš. ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืคึถึผืจึถื“ ืื• ืคึผึดืจึฐื“ึธึผื”, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ืขืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืกื”. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจื‘ืขืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืกื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ืžืฉืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฉื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
ื”ืจื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ืื• ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ื•ื’ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“). ื›ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื - ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืœื“ ืคื•ืจื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ืœื“, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืกื”, ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ืขืงืจ. ื•ืื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”. 2

ื’ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“, ืื• ืœืจืชื•ื ืขื’ืœื” ืœืกื•ืก ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืจ. ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื™): "ืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•". ื•ื ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ืฉื ื•ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. 3 ืœื ืจืง ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืก ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœืขื’ืœืชื• ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืš. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืœืื” ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื” - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื–, ื™ื; ื™ื’-ื™ื“).
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื—ื•ืจืชื• ืœืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ื”ืจืชื•ืžื” ืœืกื•ืก ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื–, ื›ื). ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืก ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื’ืœื” - ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื ื™ื‘).
ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืฉืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืก ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื‘. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืœืื•ื›ืฃ ื”ืกื•ืก, ืฉืื ื™ืงืฉื•ืจ, ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ ื™ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืก ื•ื™ืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื•ืก ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื˜).
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžื•"ื  ื—"ื’ ืž"ื˜) ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืชืง"ืŸ) ื‘ื™ืืจ, ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืขืจื. ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืื ื™ืฆืจืคื•ื”ื• ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ. ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืœื ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืื• ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื”, ื™ืกื‘ืœื•.

ื“ - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœืŸ
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ, ื‘ึผึฐื”ึถืžึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึทืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึท ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึทื™ึดื, ืฉื‚ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึดื–ึฐืจึทืข ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึธื™ึดื". ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื›ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‚ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืœึนื ืชึดื–ึฐืจึทืข ื›ึผึดืœึฐืึธื™ึดื ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืžื— ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”: ืœื ืขืฆื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืจืง ืื• ื™ืจืง ืขืœ ืขืฅ. ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ื›ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืกืจืง. ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืฅ ืกืจืง ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืจืง ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืฆื”, ื-ื’, ืจืž"ื ื•).
ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงืจืงืข, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื˜, ื). ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœืŸ, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื• ื–ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืขื ืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืขืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื 'ื›ึทึผื ึธึผื”'. ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืืช ื”'ื›ื ื”' ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืฃ ืžืขืฅ ื‘ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืจื 'ืจื•ื›ื‘'. ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื“, ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื’ื–ืข, ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื• ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•, ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคืงื“ ืœืคื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช. ื”'ื›ื ื”' ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืื“ืžื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื”, ื•'ื”ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”'ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
ืื ื”'ื›ื ื”' ื•ื”'ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื• ืžืœืงื•ืช. ื•ืื ื”ื ืžื–ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื“ื•ื ื•ืžืชื•ืง ืขืœ ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื—ืžื•ืฅ, ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืคืจืกืง ืขืœ ืฉืงื“, ืฉื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืจื™, ื˜ืขืžื•, ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืฅ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื•ืคื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“. ื›ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื• ื•ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื•ืกืคืง, ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืขื. 4

ื” - ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ืœืื”
ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ืชื•, ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืงืŸ ื•ืฉื—ืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจืช. ืœื›ืœ ืฆืžื— ื™ืฉื ื” ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืœื” ื ืงื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื, ื”ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื—ืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืขืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืžืขืฅ ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื ืขื ืฉื—ืœื” ื ืงื‘ื™ืช ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ - ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืžื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ 'ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื' ืฉืœื•. ืื•ืœื ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœืื” ื™ืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืคืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ.
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ื•ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจื™ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื• ืขืฅ ื‘ืขืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” (ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื˜, ืจื›ื“). ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืจืง ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื, ืืกืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ. ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ืื‘ืงืŸ ืœื—ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืœืืชื ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืจ (ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื’; ื›ืจื ืฉืœืžื” ื‘, ื; ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืœื’).

ื• - ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืž'ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—'. ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜): "ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึผึนืชึทื™ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ", ื•ืœืžื“ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: "ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ืงืงืชื™ ืœืš ื›ื‘ืจ" ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” - ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจื•ึผ. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ื™ื‘): "ื“ึผึถืฉืึถื ืขึตืฉื‚ึถื‘ ืžึทื–ึฐืจึดื™ืขึท ื–ึถืจึทืข ืœึฐืžึดื™ื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืขึตืฅ ืขึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื–ึทืจึฐืขื•ึน ื‘ื•ึน ืœึฐืžึดื™ื ึตื”ื•ึผ, ื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘". ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืก, ื; ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช, ื‘ื”"ื’, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจื™ื"ื–, ื’ืจ"ื, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง).
ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจื“ื‘"ื–). ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆื• ืื• ื™ืจื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื‘ื”ืžืชื•. ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื ื—ืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”'ื›ื ื”' ื•ื”'ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืžืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืขื™' ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ื’). 5

ื– - ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืืฃ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ. ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื“. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืื’ืก ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืืคืจืกืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืชืœื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืชืœ ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื• ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืงืจื•.
ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉืชื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืชืœื” ืฉืชื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ืชืœื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืžื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื”, ื–). ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ: ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”ื• ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืขื•ืงืจื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืœื’ื•ื–ืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขื“ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื”'ื›ื ื”' ื•ื”'ืจื•ื›ื‘' ืžืชืื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชืื—ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•. ืื•ืœื ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉืขืช ืื™ื—ื•ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•. ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชืื—ืชื” ืœื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื• ื•ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•.
ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืขืฅ ืคืจื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืขืฅ ืœื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžืžื™ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืืžื™ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื. 6



^ 1.. ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืง, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ (ืฉื) ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื”' ืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจืื• "ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื• ืœืขื“ ืœืขื•ืœื", ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื• ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืจ ื™, ื•): "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื•ืขืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืžื›ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื’ื“ืœ", ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืžื–ืœื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื. ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ (ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืฉื), ื”ืจื™ "ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื‘"ืจ ื™ื, ื•) ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืืคื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•". ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืชื–ืจื™ืข ื”) ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืขืจืœ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืข"ื›. ืืžื ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืœืื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”) ืืœื ืฉื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื–ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”.
^ 2.. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ืจืขื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื–ืจืข ืžื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื–ืจืงืชื• ืœืจื—ื ื ืงื‘ื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื (ืžื ื—ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื—"ื‘ ืฆื–, ื›ื–; ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื›ืจื ืฉืœืžื” ื—"ื‘ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘). ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
^ 3.. ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ื˜ืžื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ - ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื• ืžืœืงื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืื• ื˜ืžื - ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืœืจื"ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืžืื™ื ื›ืกื•ืก ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื - ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื ืฉื• ืžืœืงื•ืช. (ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ืขื” ื’ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืžืื™ื).
^ 4.. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื‘): "ื—ื–ืจืช ื•ื—ื–ืจืช ื’ืœื™ื, ืขื•ืœืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืœืฉื™ ืฉื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ืฉื“ื”, ื›ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื”, ื—ืจื“ืœ ื•ื—ืจื“ืœ ืžืฆืจื™... ืื™ื ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”". ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืฉื ื™ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• (ืฉื ื, ื): "ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ, ื”ื›ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ... ืื™ื ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”". ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ื’, ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžืจืื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ (ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื”), ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื, ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขื ื”ืคืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”, ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื’, ื”-ื•). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืคืจื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื (ืจ"ืฉ, ืจื™ื‘ืž"ืฅ).
ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืื• ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื”). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืงื•ืช. ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ืžืฉื ื” ื, ื; ืจืžื‘"ื ื’, ื”). ื•ืืข"ืค ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืง (ืจืž"ื ืจืฆื”, ื•, ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ (ื—ื–ื•"ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื’, ื•).
ืกืคืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจ. ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื•ื– ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื—"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ื›ื“), ื•ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื”). ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืกืคืง, ื•ื ื˜ื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™.
ื ืจืื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ื‘ืกืคืง, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกืคืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืฉืื ื”ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘) ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืžื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸ (ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื). ื•ื–ื” ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืคืจื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—, ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืกืคืง ืžืคื ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงืœ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ื•, 5.
^ 5.. ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื•, ื-ื‘: "ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื—: ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื–ืœ, ื•ืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™... ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืื™ื. ืžื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืœืื™ื ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื›ืœืื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ". ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™, ื•) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืœืื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื• ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกืง ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื’ื ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœืŸ ืืœื ืฉืœื ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืฆื”, ื–), ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื• ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกืง ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ (ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื•, ื‘; ื’ืจ"ื ืจืฆื”, ื“), ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื“ืจืฉืชื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ืงืงืชื™ ืœืš ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื˜, ื, ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืžื”ื: ื‘ื”"ื’ (ื”ืœ' ื›ืœืื™ื ืกื™' ื“), ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช (ืฆื˜), ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•, ืชืกื“), ืจื™ื"ื–, ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžืœืš (ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื•), ื’ืจ"ื ืจืฆื”, ื“, ืจืข"ื, ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื“ื”, ื•ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง (ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื, ื•).
ืžื ื’ื“, ืœืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื˜, ื), ืจื"ืฉ, ืจื“ื‘"ื–; ืฉ"ืš (ืจืฆื– ื”ืฉื ื™, ื’), ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ืŸ 'ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™' ('ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื'), ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ื‘"ืž ืฆ, ื, ื”ืกืชืคืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื ื’ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ืกื•ืจ 'ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™', ื•ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื”"ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”, 9). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– (ืขืœ ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื•), ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืงื ื” ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• (ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืื—ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ืชืœื•, ื•ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื—ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืกืจื™ื).
ืืžื ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื‘ืŸ ื ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื• ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ืกืคืงื•ืช. ื•ื’ื ืื ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื™ืœืŸ (ื•ื›"ื› ื—ื–ื•"ื ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื). ืืžื ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืกืคืง ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘'ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืฉืจื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื›ืœืื” ื•ื”ื–ืจืขื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ืื“ืžื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ืขืชื™ืš 92). ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื”, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ืžื•ืชืจ, ืžืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื. ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืชืœื• ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
^ 6.. ืœืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืœืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื˜, ื; ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ (ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื”) ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง (ื•ืขื™' ืฉืžืข ืฉืœืžื” ื’, ื™ื•"ื“ ื™ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงื™ื™ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ (ื™ื‘ื™"ื ื—"ื™ ื™ื•"ื“ ืœื•).
ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืœืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื›"ื› ืจื"ืฉ ื”ืœ' ื›ืœืื™ื ืกื™' ื’', ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืฆื”, ื–. ืืœื ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื: ื) ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืจืง ืขื“ ืœืฉืขืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฅ, ื•ื›"ื› ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•, ื›ื”; ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืœื’; ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื, ืงืขื˜; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืฆื”, ื™ื—. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื’ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื—ื”, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื˜ื” ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง (ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ื“-ื˜ื•). ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” (ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื”). ื‘) ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืชืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” (ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืืจื• ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืจ"ื– ื’ื•ื˜ื” ื•ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื ืช ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื—"ื‘ ื™ื•"ื“ ื ื. ืืžื ื ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”). ื’) ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ืจืฆื”, ื–, ื•ืฉื•"ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›"ื“, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืขืช ื—ื–ื•"ื (ื‘, ื˜), ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ืกืคืง ืื ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืืกื•ืจื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื (ื›ืœืื™ื ื, ื; ื‘, ื˜; ื’, ื’). ืื ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืฉื’ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืกืคืง ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื‘ืœื ืกืคืง ืกืคื™ืงื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ืžื ื’ื“, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืฉื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื, ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืฅ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ - ืขื“ื™ืฃ (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื—, ื™ื-ื™ื’; ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื—, ื›ื”-ื›ื—).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืืฉืžืชื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืขืฆืžืื•ืช โ€“ ืžื”ืžื ื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš

    ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื‘
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ื—ื™
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื•ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il