ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจื
  • ืืžื•ืจ

ืฉืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ื

ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
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14 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 61 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”'
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”
ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื” 70,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชืฉ"ื—, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 650,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉื›"ื–-1967 ื”ื™ื• ืคื” 2,000,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื›-7,000,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. 49% ืžืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขืฆืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆึถื ึทืข ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ืœืงื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื›ืจื• ืœื ื• ื ืฉืง ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื.
ืคืขื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื— ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ 100 ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืข"ืค ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื”. 184,864 ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื. 1,200 ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื. 330 ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. 387 ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื“ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื”.
ื•ึผืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ึดื™ ืชึผึถื”ึฐื’ึผึถื” ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึถืšึธ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธืชึถืšึธ
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• (710)
ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
527 - ืื™ืš ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ?
528 - ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื—ื”
529 - ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึทื™ ื”ึตื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื
ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” "ืึถืจึถืฅ ื—ึถืžึฐื“ึผึธื” ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื•ึผืจึฐื—ึธื‘ึธื”". ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื•ื“ื™ื", ืขืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” "ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื ึดืกึผึถื™ืšึธ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ืขึดืžึผึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื ึดืคึฐืœึฐืื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืขึตืช". ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™"ื— ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช" ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื•ึฐื–ื•ึนื›ึตืจ ื—ึทืกึฐื“ึตื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช. ื•ึผืžึตื‘ึดื™ื ื’ึผื•ึนืึตืœ ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื”: ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืขึท ื•ึผืžึธื’ึตืŸ".
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืืชื” ื—ื•ื ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื“ืขืช". ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ืคืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ื™ ืืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืกืœื— ืืชื”". ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื“ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ืืœ ื—ื–ืง ืืชื”" ื•ื›ื•'. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•.
ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
ืืกืคื ื• ืงืฆืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืคืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”' ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืื“ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื ื’ื” ืงื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”". ื–ื• ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช.
ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฆื’ืช
ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืœืžืฆื’ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืœืจืขื”. ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”' - ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžื—ื”
ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืื•"ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง 150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืกืจื’ืœื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื. ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-9, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-12 ืžืชื•ืš 150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ OECD ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-37 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60% ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืœืžื“ ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืž"ืก ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื (ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”), ืฉื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 90% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืžื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›-20% ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื 9 ืืœื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ืขืฆื•ื‘. ื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”. ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-102 ืžืชื•ืš 150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืจืง 42% ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื”ืขื™ื“ื• 89% ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื (ื”ืกืงืจ ื ืขืจืš ื‘-30 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช Ipsos). ื’ื ืื™ืจืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-116, ืชื•ื ื™ืก ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-120, ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-121, ืคืœื ืœืžื” ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื•ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-124. ื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ 129 ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžืงืœืงืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื”.
ืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืขื 3.8 ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืœ 100,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืืช ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืœื›ืœ 100,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืชื”ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื‘"ื“ (ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื) ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ 10,000 ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคื™ 6 ืžืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื”ื’ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื’ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืฆืจื›ื•. ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืคื’ืขื•ืช ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื ื‘-2020. 29% ืžื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื•-32.8% ืžื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื›-20% ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ ืข"ื) ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืชืžื” ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ "ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืŸ ื”' ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉืึธื ืœึตื‘ ืจึทื’ึผึธื–", "ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœ ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘? ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึฐื”ื•ึผ ืขื•ึผืœึธื, ื”ึทื”ึดื™ื ืฉืึทืขึฐืชึผึธื ืœึนื ื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืขึธื‘ึทืจ ืœึธืŸ ื™ึทืจึฐื“ึฐื ึธื". ืขื ื” ืœื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ. ืžื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ื–ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื›-19%. ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 31%. ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฆืžื— ื‘-22 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘112% ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ 43% ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ OECD.
ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”-500 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘187%!! ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ-140 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”.
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืŸ ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง, ืฉืžื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื“ื—ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช, ืžืกื—ืจ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื“'. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืžืชื ื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 64 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืชืžืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื–. ื’ื ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืคืชื—ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืคื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืช ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”, ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 600% ืœ 800%. ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื” ื™ืจื“ ืž-12,490$ ืœื ืคืฉ ืœ-8,100$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช. ื’ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขื’ื•ื ืฉืœ 20,940$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืกืคืจื“ 30,160$ ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” 34,780$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืฆืจืคืช 44,750$ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” 51,100$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืฆืžื— ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืž-24,900$ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ืœ-54,690$ ืœื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื (ื’'ื™ืคืœื ื˜ โ€“ ื“"ืจ ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ).
ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืฉื“ืฉืช ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ 2,000$ ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื›ืœื” ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ 2,800$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื‘ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ื”ื•ื 4,600$ ืœื ืคืฉ. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื˜ืื”ืจ ืืœืžืกืจื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ.
ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืืฆืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฉื•ืœื. ื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื—ืœืงื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืฉืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ืœืงื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชืœ"ื’ ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-76,000$ ืœื ืคืฉ.
ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ 82.80 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื 83.7 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ื›-20% ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื 76 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
ืื ืžื ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื›ื•ืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื 84.1 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืคืŸ.
ืžื“ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’" ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื“ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื‘ืœื•ืžื‘ืจื’" ื›ื•ืœืœ 169 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื”, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืœื™ื“ื”.
ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ 3.1 ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืฉืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœืฃ ืœื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. 7.5 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืืœืฃ ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•-2.7 ืœืืœืฃ ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืŸ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื.
ื”ืืžืช ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืžืชื’ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืืจืฅ
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืช. ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืžืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”' ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”.
ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืคืœืื™ืช
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื 3.1 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœืื™ืฉื”. ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืœืื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”-OECD ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื”, 1.6 ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืจื•ืกื™ื” 1.5 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื ื™ื•ืช (ื’ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช) ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-48% ืžืฉื ืช 2000.
ืขืœ ืฉืคืข ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ "ื•ึทืึฒื”ึตื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึถืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทืšึฐ ืคึผึฐืจึดื™ ื‘ึดื˜ึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืคึฐืจึดื™ ืึทื“ึฐืžึธืชึถืšึธ ื“ึผึฐื’ึธื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืชึดื™ืจืฉืึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื”ึธืจึถืšึธ ืฉืึฐื’ึทืจ ืึฒืœึธืคึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืขึทืฉืึฐืชึผึฐืจึนืช ืฆึนืื ึถืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ืœึธืชึถืช ืœึธืšึฐ" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–).
ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื
ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช 2012, ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ 289,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›-28,000 ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœื• 42,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•"ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ืœึนื ืึฒื’ึธืจึฒืฉืึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธื ึธื” ืึถื—ึธืช ืคึผึถืŸ ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืฉืึฐืžึธืžึธื” ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ึผึธื” ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื—ึทื™ึผึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื”: ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืึฒื’ึธืจึฒืฉืึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืคึฐืจึถื” ื•ึฐื ึธื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ: ื•ึฐืฉืึทืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื’ึผึฐื‘ึปืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดื™ึผึทื ืกื•ึผืฃ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ื™ึธื ืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื ึผึธื”ึธืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึถืชึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึถื“ึฐื›ึถื ืึตืช ื™ืฉืึฐื‘ึตื™ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื’ึตืจึทืฉืึฐืชึผึธืžื•ึน ืžึดืคึผึธื ึถื™ืšึธ" (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื’ ื›ื˜).

ืขืœื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”
ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-64%. ื’ื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ืืคื™ืœื• ืื›ื™ืœืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžื” ืœื?
ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ. ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื, ื’ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื™"ื—, ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื". ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืœืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื›ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”' ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ.
ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”' ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข: "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืึดื ืฉืึธืžึนืขึท ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืชึทื™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื” ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึฐืึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื” ืึถืช ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื ื™ื’). ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” "ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึดื™ืžึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึทืข ื”' ืœึทืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึธืชึตืช ืœึธื”ึถื. ื›ึผึดื™ืžึตื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ".
ื•ึฐืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืœึฐื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ืœึฐืฉืึตื ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึถืšึธ
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื”ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืขึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึตื ื•ึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืœึฐื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช ืœึฐืฉืึตื ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืึถืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื‘ึผึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื”ึดืœึผึธืชึถืšึธ". ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ืงื•ืจืื ื™
ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”. ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ื›ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืจืื• ืืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ืชืคืœืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื.
ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœ-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืจืื ื™ืช ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 30 ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืžืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”' ืืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื.
ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื
ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื ืขืฉืจ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื›ืš ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ "ื”ื•ื“ื•" ืฉื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื. ื›ืš ื‘'ื”' ืžืœืš' ืฉืœืคื ื™ 'ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืืžืจ' ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”' ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”' ืึถื—ึธื“ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืึถื—ึธื“" ื•ื›ื•'. ื›ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื™ื•ึนื“ื•ึผืšึธ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื. ื™ื•ึนื“ื•ึผืšึธ ืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื: ืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึธืชึฐื ึธื” ื™ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœึธื”ึผ. ื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึฐื›ึตื ื•ึผ ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ" ื•ื›ื•'.
ื‘"ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“" ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ "ืึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ื’ื•ึนื™ึดื ืžึตืึทืจึฐืฆื•ึน" ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘"ื™ึดืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ื”' ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ืึฑืœึนื”ึทื™ึดืšึฐ ืฆึดื™ึผื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื“ึนืจ ื•ึธื“ึนืจ ื”ึทืœึฐืœื•ึผื™ึธื”ึผ" ืื ื• ืžืžืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื‘ึผื•ึนื ึตื” ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทื™ึดื ื”'. ื ึดื“ึฐื—ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึนึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื™ึฐื›ึทื ึผึตืก". ื‘ื”ืœืœื• ืืช ื”' ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉ"ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืœึฐืึปืžึผึดื™ื. ืฉึนึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึนืคึฐื˜ึตื™ ืึธืจึถืฅ" ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”' ื›ื™ ื”' ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ื™ึฐื”ึทืœึฐืœื•ึผ ืึถืช ืฉืึตื ื”' ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืฉึนึฐื’ึผึธื‘ ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน. ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึน ืขึทืœ ืึถืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึธื™ึดื: ื•ึทื™ึผึธืจึถื ืงึถืจึถืŸ ืœึฐืขึทืžึผื•ึน ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึธื™ื• ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึนึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืขึทื ืงึฐืจึนื‘ื•ึน ื”ึทืœึฐืœื•ึผื™ึธื”ึผ". ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืชื”ืœืœ ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ื”' ื™ืžืœื•ืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื. "ืชึผึฐื‘ึดืึตืžื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึดื˜ึผึธืขึตืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทืจ ื ึทื—ึฒืœึธืชึฐืšึธ ืžึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐืฉืึดื‘ึฐืชึผึฐืšึธ ืคึผึธืขึทืœึฐืชึผึธ ื”'. ืžึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธื™ ื›ึผื•ึนื ึฐื ื•ึผ ื™ึธื“ึถื™ืšึธ ". ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš "ื”' ื™ึดืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื ื•ึธืขึถื“", "ื›ึผึดื™ ืœื”' ื”ึทืžึผึฐืœื•ึผื›ึธื”. ื•ึผืžื•ึนืฉืึตืœ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื" ื•ื›ื•'.
ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื
ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื”' ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื ื• "ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ืš ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”". ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื›ืš ืžืืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื’.
ืืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจืง ืž"ื’ ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื‘ืคืจืง ืž' ืžืชื ื‘ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ "ื ื—ืžื• ื ื—ืžื• ืขืžื™" ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ึฒืœึจื•ึนื ื™ึธื“ึทึœืขึฐืชึผึธ ืึดืึพืœึนึฃื ืฉืึธืžึทึ—ืขึฐืชึผึธ ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึจื™ ืขื•ึนืœึธึคืื€ ื”ึ™' ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตืึ™ ืงึฐืฆึฃื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ ืœึนึฅื ื™ึดื™ืขึทึ–ืฃ ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ื™ึดื™ื’ึธึ‘ืข ืึตึฅื™ืŸ ื—ึตึ–ืงึถืจ ืœึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธืชึฝื•ึน (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืž, ื›ื—).
ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื ืžื—ื–ืง ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”' ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื”' ืขื•ื– ืœืขืžื• ื™ืชืŸ". ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• "ื›ึผึดึ—ื™ ืึฒื ึดึ›ื™ ื”ึฅ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืžึทื—ึฒื–ึดึฃื™ืง ื™ึฐืžึดื™ื ึถึ‘ืšึธ ื”ึธืึนืžึตึฅืจ ืœึฐืšึธึ› ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื™ืจึธึ–ื ืึฒื ึดึฅื™ ืขึฒื–ึทืจึฐืชึผึดึฝื™ืšึธ" (ืžื, ื™ื’). ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื‘ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช. ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. "ืจึธืึฅื•ึนืช ืจึทื‘ึผึ–ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึนึฃื ืชึดืฉืึฐืžึนึ‘ืจ ืคึผึธืงึฅื•ึนื—ึท ืึธื–ึฐื ึทึ–ื™ึดื ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึธึฝืข" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืžื‘, ื™ื—). ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.
ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคืงื—ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื’ ืœืžื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื‘ืจื. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื•. ื”' ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ "ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผึธึžื” ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทึคืจ ื”ึ™' ื‘ึผึนืจึทืึฒืšึธึฃ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนึ”ื‘ ื•ึฐื™ึนืฆึถืจึฐืšึธึ– ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ‘ืœ ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื™ืจึธืึ™ ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ื’ึฐืึทืœึฐืชึผึดึ”ื™ืšึธ ืงึธืจึธึฅืืชึดื™ ื‘ึฐืฉืึดืžึฐืšึธึ– ืœึดื™ึพืึธึฝืชึผึธื”". ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื’ืฉืžืช ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื ื™ ืื™ืชืš. "ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนึคืจ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทึ™ื™ึดืึ™ ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธึพืึธึ”ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึทื ึผึฐื”ึธืจึ–ื•ึนืช ืœึนึฃื ื™ึดืฉืึฐื˜ึฐืคึ‘ื•ึผืšึธ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืชึตืœึตึคืšึฐ ื‘ึผึฐืžื•ึนึพืึตืฉืึ™ ืœึนึฃื ืชึดื›ึผึธื•ึถึ”ื” ื•ึฐืœึถื”ึธื‘ึธึ–ื” ืœึนึฅื ืชึดื‘ึฐืขึทืจึพื‘ึผึธึฝืšึฐ: ื›ึผึดึ—ื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ึ™ ื”ึฃ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถึ”ื™ืšึธ ืงึฐื“ึฅื•ึนืฉื ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ืžื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืขึถึ‘ืšึธ ื ึธืชึทึคืชึผึดื™ ื›ึธืคึฐืจึฐืšึธึ™ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ื›ึผึฅื•ึผืฉื ื•ึผืกึฐื‘ึธึ–ื ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึถึฝื™ืšึธ: ืžึตืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ื™ึธืงึทึงืจึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึทึ›ื™ ื ึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึทึ–ื“ึฐืชึผึธ ื•ึทืึฒื ึดึฃื™ ืึฒื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดึ‘ื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐืึถืชึผึตึคืŸ ืึธื“ึธืึ™ ืชึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึถึ”ื™ืšึธ ื•ึผืœึฐืึปืžึผึดึ–ื™ื ืชึผึทึฅื—ึทืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึถึฝืšึธ".
ืขื ื”ื ืฆื— ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš
ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื›ืš ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืœื›ืŸ ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ ืื ืชืจืื” ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: "ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื™ืจึธึ–ื ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ืึดืชึผึฐืšึธึพืึธึ‘ื ึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึดื–ึฐืจึธื—ึ™ ืึธื‘ึดึฃื™ื ื–ึทืจึฐืขึถึ”ืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดึฝืžึผึทืขึฒืจึธึ–ื‘ ืึฒืงึทื‘ึผึฐืฆึถึฝืšึผึธ: ืึนืžึทึคืจ ืœึทืฆึผึธืคื•ึนืŸึ™ ืชึผึตึ”ื ึดื™ ื•ึผืœึฐืชึตื™ืžึธึ–ืŸ ืึทืœึพืชึผึดื›ึฐืœึธึ‘ืึดื™ ื”ึธื‘ึดึคื™ืึดื™ ื‘ึธื ึทื™ึ™ ืžึตืจึธื—ึ”ื•ึนืง ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืชึทึ–ื™ ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตึฅื” ื”ึธืึธึฝืจึถืฅ".
ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืขื“ื™ ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”' ื‘ืจื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื™ืคืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”' ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. "ื›ึผึนึšืœ ื”ึทื ึผึดืงึฐืจึธึฃื ื‘ึดืฉืึฐืžึดึ”ื™ ื•ึฐืœึดื›ึฐื‘ื•ึนื“ึดึ–ื™ ื‘ึผึฐืจึธืืชึดึ‘ื™ื• ื™ึฐืฆึทืจึฐืชึผึดึ–ื™ื• ืึทืฃึพืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึดึฝื™ื•: ื”ื•ึนืฆึดึฅื™ื ืขึทืึพืขึดื•ึผึตึ–ืจ ื•ึฐืขึตื™ื ึทึฃื™ึดื ื™ึตึ‘ืฉื ื•ึฐื—ึตืจึฐืฉืึดึ–ื™ื ื•ึฐืึธื–ึฐื ึทึฅื™ึดื ืœึธึฝืžื•ึน".
ื›ืฉืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”' ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”. "ื›ึผึธึฝืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึžื ื ึดืงึฐื‘ึผึฐืฆึฃื•ึผ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธึ—ื• ื•ึฐื™ึตืึธึฝืกึฐืคื•ึผึ™ ืœึฐืึปืžึผึดึ”ื™ื ืžึดึคื™ ื‘ึธื”ึถืึ™ ื™ึทื’ึผึดึฃื™ื“ ื–ึนึ”ืืช ื•ึฐืจึดึฝืืฉืึนื ึ–ื•ึนืช ื™ึทืฉืึฐืžึดื™ืขึปึ‘ื ื•ึผ ื™ึดืชึผึฐื ึฃื•ึผ ืขึตึฝื“ึตื™ื”ึถืึ™ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฆึฐื“ึผึธึ”ืงื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขึ–ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึนืืžึฐืจึฅื•ึผ ืึฑืžึถึฝืช: ืึทืชึผึถึฃื ืขึตื“ึทื™ึ™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ”' ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึ–ื™ ืึฒืฉืึถึฃืจ ื‘ึผึธื—ึธึ‘ืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึฐืžึทึฃืขึทืŸ ืชึผึตึ ื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื•ึฐืชึทืึฒืžึดึจื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึดึคื™ ื•ึฐืชึธื‘ึดึ™ื™ื ื•ึผึ™ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืึฒื ึดึฃื™ ื”ึ”ื•ึผื ืœึฐืคึธื ึทื™ึ™ ืœึนืึพื ึฃื•ึนืฆึทืจ ืึตึ”ืœ ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึทึ–ื™ ืœึนึฅื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถึฝื”".
ื’ื•ืืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืืœ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื ื‘ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. "ืึธื ึนื›ึดึฅื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดึ–ื™ ื”ึ‘' ื•ึฐืึตึฅื™ืŸ ืžึดื‘ึผึทืœึฐืขึธื“ึทึ–ื™ ืžื•ึนืฉืึดึฝื™ืขึท: ืึธื ึนื›ึดึžื™ ื”ึดื’ึผึทึคื“ึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืฉืึทึ™ืขึฐืชึผึดื™ึ™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืžึทึ”ืขึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐืึตึฅื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึธื›ึถึ–ื ื–ึธึ‘ืจ ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึถึฅื ืขึตื“ึทึ›ื™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ–' ื•ึทึฝืึฒื ึดื™ึพืึตึฝืœ: ื’ึผึทืึพืžึดื™ึผื•ึนืึ™ ืึฒื ึดึฃื™ ื”ึ”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืึตึฅื™ืŸ ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ึดึ–ื™ ืžึทืฆึผึดึ‘ื™ืœ ืึถืคึฐืขึทึ–ืœ ื•ึผืžึดึฅื™ ื™ึฐืฉืึดื™ื‘ึถึฝื ึผึธื”".
ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืœ ืชื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื: "ืึทึฝืœึพืชึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึฐืจึ–ื•ึผ ืจึดึฝืืฉืึนื ึ‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืงึทื“ึฐืžึนื ึดื™ึผึ–ื•ึนืช ืึทืœึพืชึผึดืชึฐื‘ึผึนื ึธึฝื ื•ึผ: ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดึจื™ ืขึนืฉื‚ึถึคื” ื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึธื”ึ™ ืขึทืชึผึธึฃื” ืชึดืฆึฐืžึธึ”ื— ื”ึฒืœึ–ื•ึนื ืชึผึตึฝื“ึธืขึ‘ื•ึผื”ึธ ืึทึฃืฃ ืึธืฉื‚ึดึคื™ื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจึ™ ื“ึผึถึ”ืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดึฝื™ืฉืึดืžึ–ื•ึนืŸ ื ึฐื”ึธืจึฝื•ึนืช: ืชึผึฐื›ึทื‘ึผึฐื“ึตึ™ื ึดื™ึ™ ื—ึทื™ึผึทึฃืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถึ”ื” ืชึผึทื ึผึดึ–ื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึฃื•ึนืช ื™ึทึฝืขึฒื ึธึ‘ื” ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพื ึธืชึทึจืชึผึดื™ ื‘ึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธึœืจ ืžึทึ—ื™ึดื ื ึฐื”ึธืจื•ึนืชึ™ ื‘ึผึดึฝื™ืฉืึดื™ืžึนึ”ืŸ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืงึ–ื•ึนืช ืขึทืžึผึดึฅื™ ื‘ึฐื—ึดื™ืจึดึฝื™: ืขึทืึพื–ื•ึผึ™ ื™ึธืฆึทึฃืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืœึดึ”ื™ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธืชึดึ–ื™ ื™ึฐืกึทืคึผึตึฝืจื•ึผ".
ื›ืฉืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ - ืžืชืขื™ื™ืคื™ื
ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. "ื•ึฐืœึนืึพืึนืชึดึฅื™ ืงึธืจึธึ–ืืชึธ ื™ึทึฝืขึฒืงึนึ‘ื‘ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพื™ึธื’ึทึฅืขึฐืชึผึธ ื‘ึผึดึ–ื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึฝืœ: ืœึนึฝืึพื”ึตื‘ึตึคื™ืืชึธ ืœึผึดื™ึ™ ืฉื‚ึตึฃื” ืขึนืœึนืชึถึ”ื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื–ึฐื‘ึธื—ึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืœึนึฃื ื›ึดื‘ึผึทื“ึฐืชึผึธึ‘ื ึดื™ ืœึนึคื ื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึดึ™ื™ืšึธึ™ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื ึฐื—ึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐืœึนึฅื ื”ื•ึนื’ึทืขึฐืชึผึดึ–ื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ื•ึนื ึธึฝื”: ืœึนืึพืงึธื ึดึจื™ืชึธ ืœึผึดึคื™ ื‘ึทื›ึผึถึ™ืกึถืฃึ™ ืงึธื ึถึ”ื” ื•ึฐื—ึตึฅืœึถื‘ ื–ึฐื‘ึธื—ึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืœึนึฃื ื”ึดืจึฐื•ึดื™ืชึธึ‘ื ึดื™ ืึทึ—ืšึฐ ื”ึถืขึฑื‘ึทื“ึฐืชึผึทึ™ื ึดื™ึ™ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื˜ึผึนืื•ืชึถึ”ื™ืšึธ ื”ื•ึนื’ึทืขึฐืชึผึทึ–ื ึดื™ ื‘ึผึทืขึฒื•ึนื ึนืชึถึฝื™ืšึธ". ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื ืชื™ืขืฆืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”'. ืœื›ืŸ ื”' ืžื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื”ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื’ืืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืž"ื˜ ืฉืขืจื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. "ืึธื ึนื›ึดึจื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดึฅื™ ื”ึ›ื•ึผื ืžึนื—ึถึฅื” ืคึฐืฉืึธืขึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒื ึดึ‘ื™ ื•ึฐื—ึทื˜ึผึนืืชึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืœึนึฅื ืึถื–ึฐื›ึผึนึฝืจ". ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ, ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื

ื™ื ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื
ืกื™ืคืจ ืžื ื—ื ืขื™ื ื™: ื”ืื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืข"ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื–ืžื ื• ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื›ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืขืžื“ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืขื” 20:00, ืฉื‘ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืฆืคื™ืจื”. ืœืคืชืข ื”ืจื‘ ืืžืจ: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืฉื›ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืงืžื• ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื ืžื ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืื• ืœื.

ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”
ืกื™ืคืจ ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืข"ื”, ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ: ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืื• ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื ืฉืง ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ืžื”ืืจืฅ.
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื’ื ืื—ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ื’ื ืื—ื™ ื ืขื™ื. ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžืจื’ืžื” ืžืคื•ืจืงืช ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ. ืžืจื’ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื”. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื’ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื™ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื›ื ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ื•ื‘ืื” ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืื ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ-ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
ื›ืฉืื—ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื’ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืื ื™ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื• ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื‘ืจื’ ื“ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืง. ืœืงื— ืžืกืžืจ ื•ืงืฆืฅ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื’. ื›ืš ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื”.
ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืจืื• ืœืžืคืงื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื—ื™ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื–ืืช. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื“ ื™ืจื• ืืžืฉ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื—ื›ื ื ืขื™ื ื•ืคืฆืขื•ื”ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืืช ื”ืคื’ื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืจื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ื. ื›ืš ืขืฉื•, ื•ื”ืžืจื’ืžื” ืคืขืœื”. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ื•ืจืชื” ืืฉ ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื ืขื™ื โ€“ ืคื•ืฆืฅ. "ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ืชืš".


ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”
ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”'? ื”ืจื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ื”', ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืจื•ืžื ืื•ืชื?
ืฉืืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืกืจื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืคืœื• ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžื™ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.


ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื . ืžื” ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื”? ื”ืื ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช?
ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื ืคื˜ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”?
ื”ืžืกืข ืœืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื–ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•. ื“ืจืš ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืœืขื•ืœื.






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ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคืช. ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il