ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”
  • ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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27 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื•'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื›"ื• ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ
ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึทืช ืชึผึตืฆึตื ื”ึถืึฑืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื”. ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ึทืขึทื ืฉืึดืœึผื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึตืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ึถืึฑืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืฉืึธื. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืคึผึตืจึตืฉื ื˜ึทืขึทื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน 1 (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื‘, ื›ื—) ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ. ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืœึฐื”ึธืขึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึธื—ึทืจ, ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืœึธื”ึถื, ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ืžึดื–ึผึถื”, ืจึทืง ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื’ึทื•ึน', ื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผื•ึน .
ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ
ื•ึฐืขึดื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึทื‘ ื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ื™ื ื•ึฐืœึดืœึฐืžึนื“ ืึธื ื•ึผ ืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดื™ ื’ึผึทื ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ืœึนื ื ึธื—ึธื” ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึดื™, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึธืงึฐื˜ึธื” ืจื•ึผื—ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึดื™. ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึฐืชึนืจึทืฅ ืœึฐืžึทืืŸ ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึธื˜ึดื™ืœ ืงึดื ึฐืึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช*, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื—ึดืœึผื•ึผืง ื•ึผืคึตืจื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธืึดื™ื, ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืขึดื ื–ึนืืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืขึดื ื–ึนืืช. ื•ึฐืึดื ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืงึดื ึฐืึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช, ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ, ืจึทืง ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ืฉืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืขึดื ื–ึนืืช, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืขึทืœ ื–ึนืืช. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ืœึนื ื™ึธืฆึธืื ื•ึผ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื ื–ึนืืช, ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธืžึผึธื” ืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื” ื–ึนืืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฆึดื•ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืึทื—ึถืจึถืช ?

ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•
ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน, ืฉืึถื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ ื ึธืชึทืŸ ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื”ึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ื›ึผึฐื“ึตื™ ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืขึดื ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื. ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื, ื“ึผึฐืœึธืžึธื” ืึธืกึทืจ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึธืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึผึดื™ืจ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึธื” ืœึดืฉืึฐื—ึนื˜ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน . ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืึตื™ืŸ ื˜ึทืขึฒืžื•ึน ืขื•ึนืœึถื” ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึนืœ. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืœึดืฉืึฐื—ึนื˜ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื™ื•ึนื ืึถื—ึธื“, ื•ึฐืึดื ืฉืึธื—ึทื˜ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื‘ึผึฐืกื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื—ึดืœึผึทืช ื”ึทืœึผึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืžึปืชึผึธืจ . ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ืึทื›ึฐื–ึธืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึตืึถื—ึธื“ ืฉืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ึดื™ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื ึฐื—ึธื” ืฉืึถืึธืกื•ึผืจ. ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืึดื ื”ึธืึตื ื™ื•ึนืฉืึถื‘ึถืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึถืคึฐืจื•ึนื—ึดื™ื ืื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึตื™ืฆึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึผึดื™ืจ ืึดื ื”ึดื™ื ืžึฐืขื•ึนืคึถืคึถืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืงึผึตืŸ . ื•ึฐืขื•ึนื“ ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน ืึดื ื”ึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ืœึธืžึธื” ื”ึดืชึผึดื™ืจ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืคึผึทืงึผื•ึผืขึธื” 2 ื›ึผึดื“ึฐืึดื™ืชึธื ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืกึผึถื›ึถืช ื—ึปืœึผึดื™ืŸ (ืขื“, ื) , ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื”ึธืึทื›ึฐื–ึธืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืช ืžึปืชึผึธืจ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ? ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ื—ึตืœึถื‘ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ืคึผึทืงึผื•ึผืขึธื” ืžึปืชึผึธืจ ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื—ึตืœึถื‘ ืึธืกื•ึผืจ. ื”ึธื ืœึธืžึทื“ึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื”ึตื ืกึฐื‘ึธืจึทืช ื”ึทืœึผึตื‘, ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐืกึตืคึถืจ ื”ึทืžึผึดื“ึผื•ึนืช 3 ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“, ืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึทืžึผึธืฉื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืคึผึตืจึตืฉื ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืึตื™ืŸ ื˜ึทืขึทื ืœึฐื—ึทืœึผึตืง.

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ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ื”ืืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืืจ ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื” ืฉืœ 1 ืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืชืฉื—ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœืงื‘"ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื• ื—ืคืฆื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช. ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื”? ืืžื ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื›ื–ืจ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืœื”ืชืื›ื–ืจ ืขื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืชืฉื—ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืฉื˜ืขืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื. ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžื” ืืกืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“? ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืื ืฉื—ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื—ื˜ ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงืฉื”, ืื ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื” ืืกื•ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืขืœื™ื”ื? ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื” ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืคืงื•ืขื” 2 [ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื ืฉื—ื˜ื”], ื”ืื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช? ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืคืงื•ืขื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ื ืืกืจ. ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื 3 ื›ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ืข"ืค ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื "ืœ.


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืกื™ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ (ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืจื—ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื). ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ.
ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”', ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืžื•ืกืจื™-ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื—ืจืฆืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืฃ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ.
ืืช ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืขื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ื "ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจ ื”' ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื? ื•ืื ืงืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ. ืื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ึผืช? ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืื ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื—ื”? ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”' ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ืืžืช.
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื ื›ืช
ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึฐืชึนืจึทืฅ ืœึฐืžึทืืŸ ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึธื˜ึดื™ืœ ืงึดื ึฐืึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ืžื ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชื ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ "ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš" ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ "ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจื™ื—ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื?
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ? ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง : "ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืจื•ืช: ื”ืืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ื”ืืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ืืจื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืœืžืช ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืฆื“ืงื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ืขืœื”..." [ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื’]. ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžื—ื ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื‘ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื, ืืœื ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื ื™ืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื ื ื”ื’ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื• ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื–ื”.
ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช?
ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืจืง ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ื–ื•?







ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื–'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื›"ื– ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ "ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช"
ื•ึผืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืคึผึตืจึตืฉื ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžื•ึนื ึตืขึท ืžึตืึดืชึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืงึดื™ื—ึทืช ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐืฆึธืจึฐื›ึผึตื ื•ึผ 1*. ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ืŸ ืกื•ึนื‘ึตืœ 2 ื”ึทื’ึผึฐืžึธืจึธื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ. ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ื•ึทื”ึฒื•ึธื” ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืœึฐืžึตื™ืžึทืจ 3 ืฉืึถืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”' ืœึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึธืงื•ึนื ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื. ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ึธื ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”: ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ืœึนื ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืึทืฃ ืœึฐืคึตืจื•ึผืฉืื•ึน. ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ื ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดืงึฐืฉืึธื” ืžึดื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื”, ื•ึฐื ึดื“ึฐื—ึทืง ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐื ึธื” ืึตื™ื ึธื”ึผ ื”ึฒืœึธื›ึธื”, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืชึผึดืจึฐืึถื” ืžึดื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืฉืึถื“ึผึธื—ึธื” ืžึดืฉืึฐื ึธื” ืขึฒืจื•ึผื›ึธื”. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื, ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืœึฐืคึธืจึตืฉื, ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ึธื ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”: ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืจึทืง ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืฆึผึดื•ึผึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ืœึนื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืฉืึทืœึผึทื— ื”ึธืึตื. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื, ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฆึผึฐื“ึธืงึธื”, ืœึนื ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™ ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืœึฐืคึทืจึฐื ึฐืกื•ึน. ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน, ืฉืึถืึดื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื, ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึน ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืจึทื—ึตื ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐืฆึทื•ึผื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ืจึทืง ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธืชื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ื•ึผืžึตืขึทืชึผึธื” ื ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืฉืึถื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ืจึทืง ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื™ึฐืจึทื—ึตื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึทื•ึผึธื ึทืช ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ึธื ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืจึทืงโ€ข ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ืื•ึน ืฉืึถืžึผึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™. ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ื”ื•ึผื, ื•ึฐื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธืชื•ึน ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืงึธืฉืึถื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ. ื•ึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืคึผึตืจึทืฉืึฐื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ื’ึผื•ึผืจ ืึทืจึฐื™ึตื” ื‘ึผึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึทืช ื—ึปืงึผึทืช . ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ, ืึตื™ืŸ ืึธื ื•ึผ ื ื•ึนื˜ึดื™ื ืžึดืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื ื”ึธืจึทื‘ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืงึผึธืฉืึธื” ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐื ึธื”: ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ ืžึฐืฉืึทืชึผึฐืงึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน, ื“ึผึฐื–ึถื” ืœึนื ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ืจึทืง ื›ึผึดื™ ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉืื•ึน ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืขื•ึนืœึถื” ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืึตืจ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฐืœึธื”. ื•ึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืคึผึตืจึตืฉื ื”ึธืจึทื‘ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืฉืึถื˜ึผึทืขึทื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึตื ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืขื•ึนืœึถื”.

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ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื: ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, 1 ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืงื— ื”ืื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” 2 ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืกื• ื‘ืคืฉื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• 3 ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื—ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื—ื. ืื•ืžื ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืืฃ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื ื“ื—ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื•ื“ื—ืื” ืžื”ืœื›ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืื’ ืœื”ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืชืื›ื–ืจ ืืœื ื™ืจื—ื. ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฆื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืœื ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ืจื—ื ื•ืœื ื™ืชืื›ื–ืจ. ื›ืš ืคืจืฉื ื• ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืงืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืืฃ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื•, ืืœื ืฉื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.

[ืจึทืง โ€“ ืืœื.]


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจื—ืžื™ื. ืœืขื™ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื—ืžื™ ื”' ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื—ืžื™ื. ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”: "ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื™ึดื–ึผึธื›ึตืจ ืฉืึฐืžึถืšึธ... ืžึฐืฉืึทืชึผึฐืงึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน", ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื: "ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช".
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื’ืžืจื ื–ื• ื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื˜ืขืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืขื ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืจื—ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื’ื–ึตืจื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆึปื•ื•ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืืฆืœื•.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”'ืžืขืœื™ื' ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืขืฆืžื•, ื ื™ืชื ืช, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื. ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›'ืขื–ืจ' ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”' ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœื™ื•.
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืจืง.
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื?
ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžื•ึนื ึตืขึท ืžึตืึดืชึผึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืงึดื™ื—ึทืช ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐืฆึธืจึฐื›ึผึตื ื•ึผ. ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืขืกืง ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘"ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื". ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื”ื ื” ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื–ื•ืจืข ื–ืจืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ...ืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื›ืœื”" [ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ื›ื˜]. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื˜ืื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื—ืžืก ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ [ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื], ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืจืืชื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœื”ื™ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ืคืœ ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™", ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื:
ื. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื, ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื“ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš" [ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื—] ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื‘. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื—ืžืœื” ื•ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื ื•ืจื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื•ืชื— ืืฆืœื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื: "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื–ื”ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืื›ื™ืœืชื, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ืจื•ื’ ื’ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื•, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื ืื›ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื". ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืจืฉืข ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืงื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆืคื•ื ื, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื’ื ื•ื‘, ืœืขืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
ื’. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ืขืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืขืžืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื™ืกื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” [ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื-ื™ื]. (ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื ื•- ื‘ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื™, ื’).
ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื˜ื•ืจื— ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืžืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื•?
ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื?

ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ื™ืคื” ื–"ืœ

โ€ƒ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื—'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื›"ื— ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ืฆืืช ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื“ื
ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึดื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื ึดืจึฐืึถื”, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึทืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ืจึทืง ื”ึตื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ, ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื–ึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื–ึตืจ ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน .
ืึทืฃ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืžึฐืฉืึนืšึฐ ืžึดื–ึผึถื”โ€ข - ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐืงึทื™ึผึตื ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• - ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทื”ึทืฆึฐืœึธื—ึธื” ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทืฆึฐืœึธื—ึธื”โ€ข. ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืชึฐื—ึธืœึทืช ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” 1 ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ. ื•ึผืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึทืจ ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื“): ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ื›ึผึธืšึฐ. ืจึทืง ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื–ึตืจ, ืจึทืง ืฉืึถื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืึดื ื ึฐืงึทื™ึผึตื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึถืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึทืช ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ. ื•ึผืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึทืจ (ืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื’, ื‘): ืจึธืฆึธื” ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื–ึทื›ึผื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืœึธื”ึถื ื•ื›ื•', ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื, ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืœึธื”ึถื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื™ึตืฉื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืช. ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืžึปืกึฐื›ึผึธื ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึฐืžึธืจึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึทืžึผึธื” ืžึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึดืงึผึธืจ ืฉืึนืจึถืฉื ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึฐืžึธืจึธื, ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื ึดื‘ึฐื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื”ึฒืœึธื›ื•ึนืช. ืฉืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืงื•ึนืžื•ึนืช ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” : ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืœึธืื• ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ, ืึถืœึผึธื ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ. ื•ึผืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ (ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื—, ื): ื”ึทืžึผึปื“ึผึธืจ ื”ึฒื ึธืึธื” 2 ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืคึธืจ ืžึปืชึผึธืจ ืœึดืชึฐืงึนืขึท ื‘ึผื•ึน 3 . ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึปื“ึผึธืจ ื”ึฒื ึธืึธื” ืžึตื—ึฒื‘ึตืจื•ึน ืžึปืชึผึธืจ ืœึดืชึฐืงึนืขึท ืœื•ึน. ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึปื“ึผึธืจ ื”ึฒื ึธืึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฐื™ึธืŸ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึตืœ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื˜ึฐื‘ึดื™ืœึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึธื”ึตื ึผึธื” ืจึทื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึฐืžึธืจึธื. ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืœึนื ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืจึทืง ืœึฐืขึนืœ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื*. ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึนืืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื ืœึธืื• ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืจึทืง ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ื“ึผึฐืึดื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึทืช ื ึฐืชึดื™ื ึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืœึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืœึธื”ึถื ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื, ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถืคึผึตืจึตืฉื ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ืฉืึถืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึทืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ, ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื›ึผึธืšึฐ, ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืžึปืชึผึธืจ ืœึดืชึฐืงึนืขึท ืœื•ึน ืชึผึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื”, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืžึปื“ึผึธืจ ื”ึฒื ึธืึธื” ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื–ึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืขึทืžึผื•ึน, ื•ึผื›ึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื‘ึผึตืึทืจึฐื ื•ึผ, ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืึธืžึทืจ ืฉืึถืžึผึปืชึผึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืึตืœึผึถื”.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ื ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจื”
ื•ึฐืึดื ื ึดื›ึฐืกึฐืคึธื” ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืšึธ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื, ื›ึผึดืคึฐืฉืึทื˜ ื”ึทื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื“): ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตื ื•ึผ ื›ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”. ื ื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึผึธืึนืคึถืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธื”. ื•ึฐืœึนื ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“, ื•ึฐืึดื ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืจื•ึนืฆึถื” ืœึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื”, ืึธื– ื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื™ึธื›ื•ึนืœ ืœึฐื”ึดืคึผึธื˜ึตืจ 4 , ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ (ื™ื•ืžื ืกื˜, ื‘): ื›ึผึฐืœื•ึผื ื ึธืชึทืชึผึธ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืจึทืง ืœึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ืฉื‚ึธื›ึธืจ, ืœึนื ืึดื™ื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ึธื, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉื‚ึฐื›ึธืจื•ึน ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ึธื 5 . ืฉืึถื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน, ืจึทืง ืฉืึถื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ. ื•ึฐื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื: ื•ึทื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื—ึปืงึผึดื™ื ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ื•ื’ื•', ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘. ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ื›ึผึตื™ื•ึธืŸ ืฉืึถื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื”, ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืจึฐื—ื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ืึธื“ึธื, ื™ึนืืžึทืจ ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื”: ืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืœึธืื• ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ, ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ, ื•ึผื‘ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึตื ืขึนืœ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ื•ึผื‘ึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™ ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืชึผึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื”โ€ข, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ, ื”ึทืžึผึดื“ึผึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื”' ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื, ื”ึตื ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื.

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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืื“ื, ืืœื ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื• ื›ืžื• ืžืœืš ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื•.
ืืžื ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”' ืชืฆืžื— ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืš, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื 1 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ. ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ื• ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืขืœืช, ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ืจืฆื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉ"ืก, ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•, ืžืฉืžืข ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืฉื•ืคืจ 2 [ืื“ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ื“ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจ] ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื• 3 [ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื”], ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื•. ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืœืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื ื”ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืืœ ืชืคืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืฉืื ืชืืžืจ ื›ืš ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืงื•ืข ืœื• ืชืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืžืžื ื•. ืืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืžืœืš ืขืœ ืขืžื• ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจื ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”.
ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ื• ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื’ื ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” 4 ื•ืื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: 5 ื”ืจื™ ื ืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ. ืืœื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”' ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื™ืฆื•ื ื• ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื™ื”ื™ื”: ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืœื”ื ืืชื• ื ื™ืชื ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื–"ืœ ื›ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื•ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืจืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื–ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื.

[ื™ึดืžึฐืฉืึนืšึฐ ืžึดื–ึผึถื” โ€“ ื ื’ืจื ืžื›ืš. ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึทืฆึฐืœึธื—ึธื” โ€“ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขึทืœ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื” โ€“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.]


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื•. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ื”ืŸ 'ื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช', ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฉืœ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืงืฉื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืฆืœ ืขืฆืžื. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื›ืœื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืžืื‘ืง ืขื ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื“, ื•ืื ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืื• ืœืชืงื ื, ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ. ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•. ืืœื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช ื”' ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื. ืžื›ื•ื— ืงื™ื•ืžื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืชืขืœื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืžื™ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขืฆื ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืืœื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืฉื’ื ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื™ืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื . ืžื˜ืจืชืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืจืฆื” ื•ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ.
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ
ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืœึนื ื ึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ ืœึตื”ึธื ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืจึทืง ืœึฐืขึนืœ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื” ืœืงื‘"ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• "ื›ืœื•ื ื ืชืช ืœื ื• ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•ื”... ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ืžืจืืฉ (ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”) ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื”. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืงืœื” ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื, ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืžืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื›ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ืกื•ื›ื”. ืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืขืฉื” ืœื• ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžื” ืžื ืจืชื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆื..." [ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ)]. ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื— ื•ืขื•ืœ , ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœื”ื, ื”ื ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืชืืจืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื”: "ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืงื•ืจื ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ื•ืžืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•...ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ื ืื‘ืœื™ื โ€“ ืœื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•... ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขืš ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช)" [ืžื:]. ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืžืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ื›ื’ื–ึตืจื” ืžื”', ืื•ืœื, "ืืฃ ื“ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ืืœื ืœืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื•, ืž"ืž ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื— ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืœ " [ืฉื ืžืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื, ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“].
ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉ'ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•'? ื”ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื”ื‘ ื•ื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช?
ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืžื•, ืœืงื‘"ื” ืฉื’ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•?


ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืžื• ืขืžืืจ ื–"ืœ

โ€ƒ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื˜'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื›"ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–


ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื‘ืข"ื— ืื‘ืœ ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื‘ื "ื
ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืคึผึตืจึตืฉื (ื”ืจืžื‘"ื) ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื”, ื˜ึทืขึทื ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธืŸ ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช, ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื—ึธืก ื”ึธืึตืœ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึธื™ื• ืขึทืœ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึน, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึธื™ื• ืžึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื”ึฒืžึดื™ืช 1 , ืœึดืžึฐื ึนืขึท ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืฆึธืจึฐื›ึผึตื ื•ึผ, ืฉืึถืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืื•ึนืกึตืจ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” 2 . ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื˜ึทืขึทื ื”ึทืžึผึฐื ึดื™ืขึธื” ืœึฐืœึทืžึผึตื“ ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ึผืžึดื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืึตืœึผึถื” ืžึทืฉืึฐืžึทืข, ืฉืึถื“ึผึทื•ึฐืงึธื ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื—ึทื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึฐื“ึธืงึธื”, ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืฉืึถื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™, ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืœึธืชึตืช ืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื”. ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึทืฆึผึฐื“ึธืงึธื” ื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช. ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึทืช ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™. ืจึทืง ื›ึผึดื™ ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื, ืœึนื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื”' ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™, ื•ึฐืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืคึทืจึฐื ึตืก ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื”ึดื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ ืึถืœ ื”ึถืขึธื ึดื™ ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื“ึผึธื—ึฐืงื•ึน ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ . ื•ึผืžึดื–ึผึถื” ื”ึทื˜ึผึทืขึทื ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื’ึผึทื ื›ึผึตืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœึผื•ึน ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผึฐืžึดื™ื“ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึน. ื•ึฐืึดื ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื”, ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ, ืึทืฃ ืึดื ืžื•ึนื ึตืขึท ืื•ึนืชึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึผึฐืจึธื›ึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ืจึทืง ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื ึดืชึผึฐื ึธื” ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐื‘ึดื™ืœ ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื , ืจึทืง ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึดื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถื”ึทืžึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื—ึธืคึตืฅ ื•ึฐืจื•ึนืฆึถื”, ืจึทืง ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ. ื•ึผื›ึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืจึธื ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื, ื•ึฐืขึดื ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘, ื•ึผื›ึฐื“ึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื, ืœื): ื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืžึฐืึนื“. ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ืœึนื ื‘ึผึธืจึธื ืึถืช ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐื”ึตื˜ึดื™ื‘ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื , ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึทืช ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ื ึดื‘ึฐืจึธื*, ื•ึผื›ึฐื“ึดื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืฉืึตื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื 3 . ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืขึดื ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึถื™ื”ึธ ื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื ึนืขึทื, ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื ึฐืชึดื™ื ึธืชึธื”ึผ ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึทืช ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช
ื•ึฐืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืึถืœ ื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ืŸ ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ืœึดื“ึฐื—ึนืง ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ. ืฉืึถืึทืฃ ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืกึฐื‘ึธืจึธืชื•ึน, ืฉืึถืกึผื•ึนื‘ึตืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึธืฆึธื” ืœึดืงึฐื‘ึผึนืขึท ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช, ื™ึตืฉื ืœึฐืคึธืจึตืฉื, ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ: ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ืžึฐืฉืึทืชึผึฐืงึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน, ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทืง ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืจึทืง ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึดืชึฐืึทื›ึฐื–ึตืจ. ื•ึฐืึดื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน. ื•ึฐืขึดื ื›ึผึธืœ ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึตื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ, ื”ึตื ืœึฐื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธื ื•ึผ. ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึธื‘ื•ึนื ืžึตืึดืชึผื•ึน ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืจึทืง ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทื’ึผึธืžื•ึผืจ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื™ื• ื”ึตื ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทื’ึผึธืžื•ึผืจ, ืจึทืง ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืฉืื•ึผื ืฆึทื“ ืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช, ืจึทืง ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ.


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ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืš: ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ 1 ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, 2 ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื ืจื—ืžื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžืืชื ื• ืืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ืชื, ืืœื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื. ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืจื—ืžื™ ื”' ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืจื—ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”. ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืจื—ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ื–ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื’ื–ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ืจื—ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืจื ืกื•. ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืืžืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ. ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ืงื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉืœื—ื”. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ ืื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื–ื• ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืœื ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ื' ืฉื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช - ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” - ื ื–ื›ืจ ืจืง 3 ืฉื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืืžืจ: ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ืขื, ืื‘ืœ ื ืชื™ื ืชื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉ. ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ืจืชื•, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ื•ื›ื•' ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืจื—ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”' ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื—ื. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืจื•ืื” ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื• ืขื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื’ื ืื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืกื“, ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืœืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื”ื ื• ืžืคืขื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ื”ื•ื 'ืจื—ืžื™ื' ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœืื“ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื• ื•ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื–ื” 'ืžื•ืจื™ื“' ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉืจืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื”ืื“ื ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื ื•, ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื•ืจืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื•.
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื?
ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ึตืจื•ืช ื”'?


โ€ƒ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื™'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื' ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื–

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื” ืœืœื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื‘ืœื™ืช. ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ืงื˜ืข ืงืœืืกื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ "ื”ืกื›ืœ ืฉื—ื“ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช" ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืœื ื• ืจื™ื”"ืœ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•:

ืึธืžึทืจ ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึผื–ึธืจึดื™: ื›ึผึตืŸ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึธื›ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื”ึธืจึฐืฉืึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตื ื”ึธืึฑืœื”ึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืึตื™ื ึธื ื‘ึผึดื™ื›ืœึถืช ืึธื“ึธื ื•ึฐืœื ื™ื•ึผื›ึฐืœื•ึผ ืœึฐืฉืึทืขึตืจ ื›ึผึทืžื•ึผืชึธื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื›ื•ึผืชึธื, ื•ึฐืึดื ื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ืขึทืฆึฐืžึธื ืœื ื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื–ึฐืžึทื ึผึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึผืžึฐืงื•ืžื•ืชึธืื•ึฐื—ึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึธืื•ึฐื”ึทื–ึผึดืžึผื•ึผืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื, ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ืึถืœ ื™ึฐื“ึดื™ืขึธื” ืฉืึฐืœึตืžึธื” ืžึฐืคืจึถืฉืึถืช ืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึตืื•ึผืจ ืžึตืึตืช ื”ึธืึฑืœื”ึดื™ื. ื•ึผืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืขื• ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื•ึฐืงึดื™ึผึตื ืื•ืชื• ืขึทืœ ื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผืœึธื™ื• ื•ึผืชึฐื ึธืึธื™ื• ื‘ึผึฐืœึตื‘ ืฉืึธืœึตื, ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผึทืึฒืžึดื™ืŸ. ื•ึผืžึดื™ ืฉึผึถื”ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื“ึผึตืœ ืœึฐืชึทืงึผึตืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืœึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ื”ึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐืžึถื—ึฐืงึธืจ ื•ึผืกึฐื‘ึธืจื•ืช ื•ึฐื”ึถืงึผึตืฉืื•ืช ืžึดืžึผึทื” ืฉึผืึถื™ึผึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ื‘ึฐืกึดืคึฐืจึตื™ ื”ึทื—ื•ื–ึดื™ื, ื”ื•ืจึธื“ึทืช ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึฒื ึดื™ึผื•ืช ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผึทืช ื”ึทื˜ึผึฐืœึทืกึฐืžึธืื•ืช, ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผึทืžึฐืจึถื”, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ื”ึทืงึผึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธื ื•ืช ื•ึผืžึทืงึฐื˜ึดื™ืจ ื”ึทืงึผึฐื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืžึตื”ึทืงึผึธืฉืึธื” ื•ึผืกึฐื‘ึธืจึธื, ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื™ื•ื“ึตืขึท ืึฒืžึดืชึผึทืช ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืจึธืื•ึผื™, ื•ึฐื›ึทืžึผึธื”, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืš, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” ืžึธืงื•ื, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึตื™ื–ื” ืขึตืช ื•ึผืžึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืšึฐ ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืขึทืกึผึตืง ื‘ึผึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึธื ึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืกึดืคึผื•ึผืจึธื ื™ึถืึฑืจึธืšึฐ.
ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึทื›ึผึฐืกึดื™ืœ, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดื›ึฐื ึทืก ื‘ึผึฐืื•ืฆึทืจ ืจื•ืคึตื ืžึฐืคึปืจึฐืกึธื ื›ึผึดื™ ืจึฐืคื•ึผืื•ืชึธื™ื• ืžื•ืขึดื™ืœื•ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืจื•ืคึตื ืึตื™ื ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื‘ื•, ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืžึฐื›ึทื•ึผึฐื ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื”ึธืื•ืฆึธืจ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืฉื ื”ึทืชึผื•ืขึถืœึถืช, ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึฐืกึดื™ืœ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื ื•ืชึตืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึตืœึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืœื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึทื›ึผึดื™ืจ ื”ึธืจึฐืคื•ึผืื•ืช, ื•ึฐืœื ื›ึทืžึผึธื” ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐื”ึทืฉืึฐืงื•ืช ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืจึฐืคื•ึผืึธื” ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึธืึดื™ืฉื, ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึธืจึฐืคื•ึผืื•ืช ื”ึธื”ึตื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืžื•ืขึดื™ืœื•ืช ืœึธื”ึถื, ื•ึฐืึดื ื™ึดื–ึฐื“ึผึทืžึผึตืŸ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืงึทื‘ึผึตืœ ืชึผื•ืขึถืœึถืช ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึถื ื‘ึผึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึตืœึดื™ื ื”ึธื”ึตื ื™ึดื˜ึผื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื™ืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึทืžึผื•ืขึดื™ืœ, ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทื˜ึฐืขึตื ืื• ื™ึดืจึฐืื•ึผ ืœึฐื–ื•ึผืœึธืชื• ืชื•ืขึถืœึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืžึดืงึฐืจึถื” ื™ึดื˜ึผื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืœื ื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผื•ืขึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึผืชื•ึผ ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ื”ื•ึผื ืขึฒืฆึทืช ื”ึธืจื•ืคึตื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ื”ึถื—ึธื›ึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึดื‘ึผึตืจ ื”ึธืจึฐืคื•ึผืื•ืช ื”ึธื”ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึทืฉืึฐืงึถื” ืื•ืชึธื ื›ึผึธืจึธืื•ึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื” ื”ึทื—ื•ืœึถื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐื–ึทืžึผึตืŸ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืฆึผึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืจึฐืคื•ึผืึธื” ื•ึผืจึฐืคื•ึผืึธื” ืžึดืžึผึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ื•ึผืžึทืฉืึฐืงึถื” ื•ึผืชึฐื ื•ึผืขึธื” ื•ึผืžึฐื ื•ึผื—ึธื” ื•ึฐืฉืึตื ึธื” ื•ึฐืงึดื™ืฆึธื” ื•ึฐืึทื•ึผึดื™ืจ ื•ึผืžึดืฉืึฐื›ึผึธื‘ ื•ึฐื–ื•ึผืœึธืชึธื.
ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื ืงื“ึถื ืžืฉืึถื”, ื–ื•ึผืœึธืชึดื™ ืžึฐืขึทื˜ ืžึดื–ึฐืขึธืจ, ื ึดืคึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื ึดืžึผื•ึผืกึตื™ ื”ึทื›ื•ื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื˜ึผึฐื‘ึธืขึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึถืขึฐืชึผึธืงึดื™ื ืžึดื ึผึดืžึผื•ึผืก ืึถืœ ื ึดืžึผื•ึผืก ื•ึผืžึตืึฑืœื•ื”ึผึท ืึถืœ ืึฑืœื•ื”ึผึท, ื•ึฐืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืฉืึถืžึผึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืงึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื ืžึตื”ึถื ื•ึฐืฉืื•ื›ึฐื—ึดื™ื ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ึธื ื•ึผืžึฐื ึทื”ึฒืœึธื, ื•ึผืžึฐืฉื‚ึดื™ืžึธื ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืœึฐืชื•ืขึธืœื•ืช, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžึธื ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืœึดื ึฐื–ึธืงึดื™ื, ื›ึผึฐืคึดื™ ื”ึทื”ึฒื›ึธื ึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึทื–ึผึดืžึผื•ึผืŸ. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผื•ืขึดื™ืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื• ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸื”ึธืึฑืœื”ึดื™, ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทื–ึผึดื™ืง ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื• ื”ื•ึผื ื”ึตืขึธื“ึฐืจื•.
(ืžืืžืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคืกืงื” ืข"ื˜)
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื™ื”"ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ "ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ืืœื”ื™ื™ื", ืื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืจืืช ื”"ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™". ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืฉืคืข ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื.
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ - ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื™ ืจื™ื”"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืงืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืฉื˜, ืืš ืžืื™ื“ืš ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช: ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื (ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช). ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื ืืœื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”,ืืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.
ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉืจืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™, ื”ืื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“? ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื! ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•.
ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื (ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช) ืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื“ืจืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืกืชืจืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœื•ืงื™ ื‘ืื“ื. ืžื—ืจ ื ืชื—ืงื” ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•.โ€ƒ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื™"ื
ืžืฉื ื”: ื‘' ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื–

ืืชืžื•ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ "ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ" ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืคืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœืื“ื. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืงื‘ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ื•ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช.ื ืจืื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืฉืขืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”":

"ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืคืฉ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืžืชืจื™"ื’ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื... ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื ืžืฉืš ืืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ืžืชืจื™"ื’ ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจื™"ื’ ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื’ื ื”ื ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื—ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื˜' ื”') "ืœื›ื• ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืœื—ืžื™", ื•ื›ืœ ืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ืจืž"ื— ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื–ื•ืŸืžืžืฆื•ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœืื•ืชื• ืื‘ืจ. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืกืจ ืœืื“ื ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื”, ื’ื ื”ืื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื—ืกืœืžืฆื•ื” ื™ื—ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ืžื–ื•ื ื•"
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ.ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ "ื ืคืฉื˜ื”ื•ืจื”" (ืฉืื•ืœื™ื–ื”ื”ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื ืฉืžื”)ืฆืจื™ืšื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื‘"ื—ื•ืžืจ" ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ืืžื•ืจ ืžืขืชื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืคืข ื•ืื•ืจ ืืœื•ืงื™ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื.ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื”.ืืžื ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘ืœื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ืืœืื”ื™ืื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืขื“ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ.
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืš ืขื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืจื•ืžืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืœืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื–ื™'ืŸ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื ื. ื ืจืื” ืงื˜ืข ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืข ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”:
"...ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ. ื•ืžืกืจื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš ื—''ื•. ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื— ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืจ,ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘(ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื ''ื) "ื•ืืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืคื™ืš ื’ื•' ืœื ื˜ื•ืข ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ืืจืฅ". ื•ื›ืžืืžืจื ื–''ืœ"ืืœ ืชืงืจื ื‘ื ื™ืš ืืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ืš" ื›ื™ ื”ืžื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,ื›ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจื‘ ื›ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื—''ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืจืก ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸื›ืžื” ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘(ืฉื ืž''ื˜) "ืžื”ืจืกื™ืšื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ืš ื•ื’ื•'". ืื• ืžื—ืฉื™ืš ืื• ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื ื—''ื•. ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸ:
ื–ื”ื• "ื•ื™ื‘ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ื ื’ื•'". ื›ื™ ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœืงื™ื ืขืฉื” ื•ื’ื•'. ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืšืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ืžืกื“ืจื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืชื— ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ืจื’ืข ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืฉื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸื”ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ"
(ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื ืคืจืง ื’')

ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืืžื™ืจื” ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘"ืฉืขืจื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื”": ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื ืฉืžืชื• ืืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
ืกื™ื›ื•ื:
ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื—ื–"ืœ ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืœื ื ืžื ืขื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช (ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืžืฉืœ)ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ. ืžืื™ื“ืš,ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื:
ื. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ืช ืžื”ืื“ื ืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืœืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื˜ืขื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ืืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
ื‘. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจื–ืžื ื• (ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืขืงื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•), ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื“.
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื’ืขื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื - ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื.ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืš ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœื™-ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืžืฆืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

โ€ƒ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”: ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”- ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื›ื•ืชืจืช: ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืœืง ื'
ืžืฉื ื”: ื’' ื›ืกืœื• ืชืฉืข"ื–


ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื 'ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ืจืช 'ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื‘' ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืœืžื“ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš". ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืœืื•ืžื”, ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื”:

"ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš". ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื•ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืก ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื"
(ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืคืจืง ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ื’)

"ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ื ืคืฉ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื—ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื“ื ื—ื•ืžืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžืžื•ื ื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ [ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™"ื˜, ื™"ื—] ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš. ื•ืืžืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” [ืฉื‘ืช ืœ"ื ืข"ื] ื“ืขืœืš ืกื ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจืš ืœื ืชืขื‘ื™ื“. ื•ืืžืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชืœื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ื ืคืฉื• ืœื ื™ื’ื ื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื ืืฃ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื ื”ื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื• ื•ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืช"
(ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืžื’, ืžืฆื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ)

ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืื“ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื•ืจื” ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืฉืคืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.
ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ืœืžื“ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืžื™ืชืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ:

"ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื•ื”, ืืžืจ ืงืจื: ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื™ืชื” ื™ืคื”".
(ืžืกื›ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืœื–:)

ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื:
"ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช"
ืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืชึดืจึฐืึถึžื” ื—ึฒืžึฃื•ึนืจ ืฉื‚ึนื ึทืึฒืšึธึ— ืจึนื‘ึตืฅึ™ ืชึผึทึฃื—ึทืช ืžึทืฉึผื‚ึธืึ”ื•ึน ื•ึฐื—ึธื“ึทืœึฐืชึผึธึ– ืžึตืขึฒื–ึนึฃื‘ ืœึ‘ื•ึน ืขึธื–ึนึฅื‘ ืชึผึทืขึฒื–ึนึ–ื‘ ืขึดืžึผื•ึน" (ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื’, ื”) ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื. ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ:

"ื›ื™ ืชืจืื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ืืš. ื–ื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ื“ืจื›ื™ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื ื•ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื’' ื™"ื–). ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ืืช ื•ืขื–ืจืช ืœื•, ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™, ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื ื, ืืœืš ื•ืืคื™ื™ืกื ื•, ื”ื•ืœืš ืืœื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื"
(ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื’)

ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื:
"ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืชื ื”ื’ ืขื ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืžื•ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง, ื•ืื ื™ืกืคืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืกืคืจื ืœืฉื‘ื— ื•ื™ื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ื ื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” [ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื] ื”ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื“ืจืš ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืจืขื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืžืจ [ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืž"ื˜, ื’'] ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ".

ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืฉื•ืžืจื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆืขืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื“ืขืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืขืฉื” ื–ื”, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื™ืงื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•" (ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื (ืื“ื ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื”ืฉื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืžื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืขืจ) ืืš ืœื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื–ืง ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื–ืง ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืœืžื“ ืžืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš, ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ).





ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il