ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื
  • ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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3 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืคื“ื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” Padua, Italy
ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืข"ื‘

ื”ืฉืืœื”
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื™. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื˜ื• ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช. ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ. ืื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
ืžืฆื•ืจืคื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืžื—ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.


ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื“ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื•.
ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืชื—" ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื•.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— 1 ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ 2 ืœืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื (ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”) ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (1 ืžื˜ืจ). ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (24 ืก"ืž 3 ) ืžื”ืงืจืงืข 4 .
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ 5 . ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ืœืช 6 .
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ื ืื• ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจ 7 .
ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ื ืžืžืชื›ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 20 ืก"ืž ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืคืกื™ื ื™ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืงื™ืจ ื•ื™ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื—ื–ืงื” ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” 8 .

ืžืœื‘ื“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘:
ื. ืชื—ื™ืœื” 9 ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืžืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” 10 .
ื‘. ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืื• ืงืจืงืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช. ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืคืกื— ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื•ืช.

ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฆืจื•ืช:
ืœื•ืงื— ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘. ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื–ื›ื”: "ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœืื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืคื” ืขืžื ื• ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืื™ื" 11 . ื•ืžื‘ืจืš "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ื-ืœื•ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘" ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš: "ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืจื ืœื ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœื™ ื•ืœืืคื•ืงื™ ื•ืœืขื™ื•ืœื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืœื—ืฆืจ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืฆืจ".




^ 1. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืข"ื‘; ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•"ื— ืฉืกื‘, ื™ื). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื.
^ 2. ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื‘. ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ื’ื” (ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื•-ื– ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื) ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
^ 3. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื˜ืคื— ื”ื™ื 10-8 ืก"ืž ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื”, ื ืงื˜ื ื• ืœืฉื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื”.
^ 4. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืฉืžื”, ื‘) ืคืกืง ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“.
^ 5. ื›ืš ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืฉืกื’, ื™ื): "ืžื”ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื—? ืงื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืงื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืงื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื ืฉืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื ื™ื, ืื• ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“, ืœื ืžื”ื ื™".
^ 6. ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืฉื: "ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืงืฉ ืื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืงื ื” ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ืŸ ืกื’ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื™".
^ 7. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜"ื– (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืฉืกื’ ืก"ืง ื™ื˜, ื•ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืกื’, ืžื–) ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ื›ื–ื• ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”". ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืกื™' ืฉืกื’ ืก"ืง ืกื“) ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื (ืจืื” ืคืจื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืกื™' ืฉืกื’ ืก"ืง ื™ื˜, ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™' ื˜ื– ืื•ืช ื“, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™' ืขื ืก"ืง ื™ื’) ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ืฉื ืก"ืง ืงื™ื‘) ืคืกืง ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ื˜"ื–. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ (ืฉื) ืฉืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ืฆื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘.
^ 8. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 6.
^ 9. ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” (ืกื™' ืฉืคื‘ ื“"ื” ืฆืจื™ืš) ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฆืจื•ืช.
^ 10.0 ืขื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง (ื—ืœืง ื– ืกื™' ืžื) ืฉื ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
^ 11. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื” ืœืžื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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