ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
  • ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 22 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ืžื‘ื•ื
ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ืื’ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•.

ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืฆ"ื
ืœืคื ื™ 189 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืฆ"ื (ื™ื•ืœื™ 1831) ื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” (ื—ืœื™-ืจืข), ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงืช ืงืฉื”, ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™). ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืกื“ ื•ืขื“-ืžืคืงื— ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื’ืคื”.
ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ [=ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืขืง"ื] ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื‘"ื“ ืง"ืง ืคื•ื–ื ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืคื”. ืจืขืง"ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ืขื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื’ืคื”, ื“ืื’ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช, ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ื–ื ื . ืจืขืง"ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจื•ืกื™, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื• .

ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž15 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“, ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ืžื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ืจ. ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ืงื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืœื”ื–ืœื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื—ื•ืžืฅ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื™ ื•ื•ืจื“ื™ื (ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืงืžื•). ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขืง"ื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืชืงื•ืคืชื ื•.

ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื
ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื›"ื“ ืžืจื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืงืฆ"ื‘ ืจืขืง"ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื›"ืฅ ืื‘"ื“ ืื ืกื‘ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ื•ืืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœืช ืคื•ื–ื ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื”. ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื "ื’ื ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืืฉืจ ืกื“ืจื• ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืžื–ื” ื•ื™ืจื—ืงื• ื›ืžื˜ื—ื•ื™ ืงืฉืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืฃ ื›ืžืœื ื ื™ืžื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืžืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืชื• ืืœื™ื‘ื ืจื™ืงื ื, ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ื". ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื”, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืžืื›ืœื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ "ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื—ื•ื˜ื ืœื”' ื‘ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื›ื ืชื ืžืื™ืกื•ืจื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ืœื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื—"ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื• ืžื ืฉื•ื" (ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ ืฉื). ืจืขืง"ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจืขืง"ื ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืคื”. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื” "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื• ืžื ืฉื•ื".

ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืื’ืจืช ื”ื "ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ืจื•. ื™ืฉ "ืœืคืฉืคืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช", ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื”' "ืœื“ืคื•ืง ืขืœ ืคืชื—ื™ ื”' ื‘ืชืคืœื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื". ืจืขืง"ื ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”: ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื”ืžืฆืœืช ืžืžื™ืชื”. ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ืจืขืง"ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช "ื•ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืื“ื•ื ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”' ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขืœ ื–ืจืขื• ื•ืฉืจื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•". ื•ื‘ืื’ืจืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ" ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื "ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื™"ื” ื•ื–ืจืขื• ื•ืฉืจื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ ืืจืฆื•" (ืฉื ืงืžื•). ืจืขืง"ื ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืจืขืง"ื ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื—ืœืื™ื ืžื›ืœื ื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื›ืœื" (ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ ืื•ืช ืœื•).

ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื’ืจืช ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช. ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืขืงื‘ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•, ื™ืฉื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžื ื›ืกื™ื”ื, ืืš ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคืช ืœื—ื. "ื•ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื” ื ืคืฉื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ื—ืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื". ืจืขืง"ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืื•ืžืœืœื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืกืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืœืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื’ืกื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืจืข ื—"ื•. ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœื‘ื“ื ืชืžืฉื•ืš ื”ืจืขื” ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—"ื• ื’"ื› ืจืขื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื—"ื•". ืจืขืง"ื ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืขื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช.

ื”ืชืžื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช
ืจืขืง"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. "ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ืืช ืคืงื—ื ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืžื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื›ื™ืกื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื”ื ื™ืกืชืžื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื•ื™ืชืžื”ืžื” ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืื• ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™". ืจืขืง"ื ืžืชืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืžื”ืชืžื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื–ื• "ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ื›ืฃ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืžื”ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืฃ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“". ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืžื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืจืขืง"ื ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช. "ื•ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื–ื•...ืฉืœื ื™ืื—ืจื• ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืจื•ืคื".

ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช
1. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ
ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื›ืจ ืื‘"ื“ ืคืœื–ืŸ (ื‘ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”) ืฉืืœ ืืช ืจืขืง"ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื’ืคื”? ืจืขืง"ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืื’ืจืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ื›' ืืœื•ืœ ืชืงืฆ"ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: "ืžื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืชืคืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืืžืช ืฉื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื›ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืžืชื™ ืžืขื˜, ืขืจืš ื˜"ื• ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื›ืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืฉื".
2. ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ืจืขืง"ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื›ื ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื’ืจืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื’ืจืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืžื• ืฉื”ืงื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืข"ืค ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื‘'ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ' ืขืž' 82).
3. ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื
ืจืขืง"ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืคื•ื–ื ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืคื˜ืจืœื• ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื” (ืฉื).
4. ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช
ืจืขืง"ื ื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืขื›ื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฆื™ื•ื” ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช (ืฉื).
5. ืฉืชื™ื” ื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื‘ืคื•ื–ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื” ื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ืืš ืจืขืง"ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื” ื—ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืœืš ืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืื—ืจ 'ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘' ื•ื™ืกืขื“ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื• (ืฉื).

ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื“ืื’ื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช
ืจืขืง"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžืื›ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื’ืคื” "ืฉืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ืœื™ืœืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื" (ืฉื ืงืžื•). ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื“ืื’ื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืขืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื™ื™"ืฆ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื’ืจืช: "ื•ื”ื ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื” ืจืขื” ืืฉืจ ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืงืจื” ืžืฉืจืฉื” ื•ืžืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืืกืงื•ืคื” ื ื“ืจืกืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืข" (ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื“' ืื’' ื'ืœื’ ืขืž' ืฉื ื•-ืฉื ื–).
ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืš ืื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ื. "ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘, ื•ื™ื’ืจืฉ ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื”...ื•ืœื›ืœ ืœืจืืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘" (ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื).
ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืจื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช: "ืืš ื“ืข, ืฉืข"ื™ ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ืข"ื› ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืชื•. ืจืง ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื“ืขืชื•. ื›ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช 'ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ืชึตืฆึตืื•ึผ' (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื”, ื™ื‘), ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช" (ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืชื ื™ื™ื ื ืชื•ืจื” ื™).

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ืžืกืงื ื•ืช
ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื - ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื“ืื’ื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื“ืื’ื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”'.
"ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ืœืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืคืœื˜ืชื ื•, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ืคื” ืžืขืœื™ื ื• , ื•ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขืžื• ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืžืŸ" (ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”).


ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช
ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ (ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืฉื›"ื˜), ืขืž' ืงืœื”- ืงืžื
ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืกื•ืคืจ, ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื™ื (ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืขื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืชืจืค"ื˜), ืขืž' 34-37.
ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื, ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ื’ืจ (ืื—ื™ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืจืฉื”, ืชืจืฆ"ื—), ืขืž' 82-85.
ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืกื•ืคืจ, ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ (ืžื•ื ืงืื˜ืฉ, ืชืจื "ื“), ืขืž' ืžื—.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il