ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ื™ืš
  • ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื
  • ื”ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
undefined
16 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 60 ื“ืง' ืฆืคื™ื”
ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ
ื’ืจืžื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื
ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื” "ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื" (ืฉื•"ืข ืชื›ื— ื—). ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, "ื“ึผึดื‘ึฐืจึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืจึฐืžึฐื™ึธึ–ื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึถืŸึพื—ึดืœึฐืงึดื™ึผึธึ‘ื”ื•ึผ", ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, "ืฉืึดืžึฐืขึฅื•ึผ ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจึพื”ึ–' ื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนึ‘ื‘", ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• "ื—ึฒื–ื•ึนืŸึ™ ื™ึฐืฉืึทึฝืขึฐื™ึธึฃื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถืŸึพืึธืžึ”ื•ึนืฅ".
ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ืกืคืจื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื ื™ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื ืื™ืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื™ืชืจื• ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืื ื ืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืชืชืงื™ื™ื.

ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื
ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›"ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื". ื”ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื”' "ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึถึจืจึถื ืืฆื•ืจืš ืึถืฆึผึธืจึฐืšึธึค ื‘ึทื‘ึผึถึ™ื˜ึถืŸึ™ ื™ึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึดึ”ื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ึถึ›ืจึถื ืชึผึตืฆึตึฅื ืžึตืจึถึ–ื—ึถื ื”ึดืงึฐื“ึผึทืฉืึฐืชึผึดึ‘ื™ืšึธ ื ึธื‘ึดึฅื™ื ืœึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ–ื ื ึฐืชึทืชึผึดึฝื™ืšึธ" (ื ื˜)? ืžื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืจึฐืึตึžื” ื”ึดืคึฐืงึทื“ึฐืชึผึดึฃื™ืšึธื€ ื”ึทื™ึผึฃื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ—ื” ืขึทืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดืึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทืœึพื”ึทืžึผึทืžึฐืœึธื›ึ”ื•ึนืช ืœึดื ึฐืชึฅื•ึนืฉื ื•ึฐืœึดื ึฐืชึ–ื•ึนืฅ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืึฒื‘ึดึฃื™ื“ ื•ึฐืœึทื”ึฒืจึ‘ื•ึนืก ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึ–ื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืœึดื ึฐื˜ึฝื•ึนืขึท".

ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืฆื•ึนืจึฐืคึธื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ื
ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืืœื ืืช ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ. "ืœึธื›ึตืŸ ื›ึผึนื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื”' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืื•ึนืช ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืฆื•ึนืจึฐืคึธื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึทื ึฐืชึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืšึฐ ืึถืขึฑืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ืขึทืžึผึดื™" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื”). ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืก ืœื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ืขืคืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืขื ืฉืžืกืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ.

ื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืกื“
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืฉื” ืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืกื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช. ืฉื›ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”: "ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืชื•ึนืœึดึคื™ื“ ื‘ึผึธื ึดื™ืึ™ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื‘ึธื ึดึ”ื™ื ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืฉืึทื ึฐืชึผึถึ–ื ื‘ึผึธืึธึ‘ืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐื—ึทืชึผึถึ—ื ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดึคื™ืชึถื ืคึผึถึ™ืกึถืœึ™ ืชึผึฐืžึฃื•ึผื ึทืช ื›ึผึนึ”ืœ ื•ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ืชึถึฅื ื”ึธืจึทึ›ืข ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตึฅื™ ื”ึฝ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถึ–ื™ืšึธ ืœึฐื”ึทื›ึฐืขึดื™ืกึฝื•ึน: ื”ึทืขึดื™ื“ึนืชึดื™ึฉ ื‘ึธื›ึถึจื ื”ึทื™ึผึœื•ึนื ืึถืชึพื”ึทืฉึผืึธืžึทึฃื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื”ึธืึธึ—ืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืึธื‘ึนึฃื“ ืชึผึนืื‘ึตื“ื•ึผืŸึ˜ ืžึทื”ึตืจึ’ ืžึตืขึทึฃืœ ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ืึทืชึผึถึœื ืขึนื‘ึฐืจึดึงื™ื ืึถืชึพ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื“ึผึตึ›ืŸ ืฉืึธึ–ืžึผึธื” ืœึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธึ‘ื”ึผ ืœึนึฝืึพืชึทืึฒืจึดื™ื›ึปึคืŸ ื™ึธืžึดื™ืึ™ ืขึธืœึถึ”ื™ื”ึธ ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึตึ–ื“ ืชึผึดืฉึผืึธืžึตื“ึฝื•ึผืŸ " (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“, ื›ื”-ื›ื–).
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื, ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืจืงื™ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื•ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื”' ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ึฐื ื•ึนืฉืึทื ึฐืชึผึถึ–ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” 852 ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื—"ื•. ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืœื— ืข"ื) ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”' ืืช ื”ืจืขื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” 850 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื "ื›ื™ ืื‘ื“ ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ" (ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื• ื™ื’).

ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ื›ึผื•ึนืก ื”ึทื™ึผึทื™ึดืŸ ื”ึทื—ึตืžึธื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืก ืชืจืขืœื”. "ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ื›ึนื”ึฉ ืึธืžึทึจืจ ื”ึœ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึคื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœึ™ ืึตืœึทึ”ื™ ืงึทึ ื— ืึถืชึพื›ึผึจื•ึนืก ื”ึทื™ึผึทึงื™ึดืŸ ื”ึทื—ึตืžึธึ›ื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนึ–ืืช ืžึดื™ึผึธื“ึดึ‘ื™ ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉืึฐืงึดื™ืชึธึคื” ืึนืชื•ึนึ™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื ืึฒืฉืึถึงืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดึ›ื™ ืฉืึนืœึตึฅื—ึท ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธึ– ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึฝื: ื•ึฐืฉืึธืชึ•ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดึฝืชึฐื’ึผึนึฝืขึฒืฉืึ–ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื”ึนืœึธึ‘ืœื•ึผ ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื”ึทื—ึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ืึฒืฉืึถึ›ืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดึฅื™ ืฉืึนืœึตึ–ื—ึท ื‘ึผึตื™ื ึนืชึธึฝื". ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. "ื•ึธืึถืงึผึทึฅื— ืึถืชึพื”ึทื›ึผึ–ื•ึนืก ืžึดื™ึผึทึฃื“ ื”ึ‘' ื•ึธึฝืึทืฉืึฐืงึถื”ึ™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืฉืึฐืœึธื—ึทึฅื ึดื™ ื”ึ–' ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึฝื: ืึถืชึพื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ™ืึ™ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึธืจึตึฃื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืžึฐืœึธื›ึถึ–ื™ื”ึธ ืึถืชึพืฉื‚ึธืจึถึ‘ื™ื”ึธ ืœึธืชึตึจืช ืึนืชึธึœื ืœึฐื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธึงื” ืœึฐืฉืึทืžึผึธึ›ื” ืœึดืฉืึฐืจึตืงึธึฅื” ื•ึฐืœึดืงึฐืœึธืœึธึ–ื” ื›ึผึทื™ึผึฅื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึฝื”" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื›ื”).
ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื ื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื›ึผึจื•ึนืก ื”ึทื™ึผึทึงื™ึดืŸ ื”ึทื—ึตืžึธึ›ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงื” "ืึถืชึพืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนึงื” ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ›ื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธึฅื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืฉื‚ึธืจึธึ–ื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพืขึทืžึผึฝื•ึน: ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึธืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ื•ึฐืึตึ•ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึ–ื™ ืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ื”ึธืขึ‘ื•ึผืฅ ื•ึฐืึตึ—ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ึ™ ืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืคึผึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดึ”ื™ื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืึทืฉืึฐืงึฐืœึคื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึทื–ึผึธื”ึ™ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึถืงึฐืจึ”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึตึ–ืช ืฉืึฐืึตืจึดึฅื™ืช ืึทืฉืึฐื“ึผึฝื•ึนื“: ืึถืชึพืึฑื“ึฅื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืžื•ึนืึธึ–ื‘ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฅื™ ืขึทืžึผึฝื•ึนืŸ: ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตื™ึพืฆึนึ”ืจ ื•ึฐืึตึ–ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ืฆึดื™ื“ึ‘ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืึดึ”ื™ ืึฒืฉืึถึ–ืจ ื‘ึผึฐืขึตึฅื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึผึธึฝื: ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื“ึผึฐื“ึธึคืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืชึผึตื™ืžึธืึ™ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื‘ึผึ”ื•ึผื– ื•ึฐืึตึ–ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืงึฐืฆื•ึผืฆึตึฅื™ ืคึตืึธึฝื”: ื•ึฐืึตึ–ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ืขึฒืจึธึ‘ื‘ ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘ ื”ึทืฉึผืึนื›ึฐื ึดึ–ื™ื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธึฝืจ: ื•ึฐืึตึฃืชื€ ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ื–ึดืžึฐืจึดึ—ื™ ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ืขึตื™ืœึธึ”ื ื•ึฐืึตึ–ืช ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฅื™ ืžึธื“ึธึฝื™: ื•ึฐืึตึฃืชื€ ื›ึผึธืœึพืžึทืœึฐื›ึตึฃื™ ื”ึทืฆึผึธืคึ—ื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทืงึผึฐืจึนื‘ึดึคื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึธึฝืจึฐื—ึนืงึดื™ืึ™ ืึดึฃื™ืฉื ืึถืœึพืึธื—ึดึ”ื™ื• ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทืžึผึทืžึฐืœึฐื›ึฃื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถึ–ืจ ืขึทืœึพืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธึ‘ื” ื•ึผืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ืฉืึตืฉืึทึ–ืšึฐ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึถึฅื” ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ื”ึถึฝื " (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื”).

ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึถื‘ึถืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึถื”ึฐื‘ึผึธืœื•ึผ
ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืึถืชึพืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนึงื” ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ›ื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธึฅื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืฉื‚ึธืจึธึ–ื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพืขึทืžึผึฝื•ึน: ื•ึฐืึตืชึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึธืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘". ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึธืขึถึ”ืจึถื‘? ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื "ื›ืœ ืกื•ืžื›ื•ืชื", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืงืœืช ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืืฉื•ืจ. ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘' "ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผึธื” ืžึทื” ืœึผึธืšึฐ ืœึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึนืช ืžึตื™ ืฉืึดื—ื•ึนืจ ื•ึผืžึทื” ืœึผึธืšึฐ ืœึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ืึทืฉืึผื•ึผืจ ืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึนืช ืžึตื™ ื ึธื”ึธืจ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘ ื™ื—). ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ืžื• ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื. ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืืฉื•ืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื "ื•ึทื™ึผึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึทื”ึถื‘ึถืœ ื•ึทื™ึผึถื”ึฐื‘ึผึธืœื•ึผ".

ื’ึผึทื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืชึผึตื‘ื•ึนืฉืึดื™
ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆืจื™ื: "ืžึทื”ึพืชึผึตื–ึฐืœึดึฅื™ ืžึฐืึนึ–ื“ ืœึฐืฉืึทื ึผึฃื•ึนืช ืึถืชึพื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึผึตึ‘ืšึฐ ื’ึผึทึคื ืžึดืžึผึดืฆึฐืจึทึ™ื™ึดืึ™ ืชึผึตื‘ึ”ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจึพื‘ึผึนึ–ืฉืึฐืชึผึฐ ืžึตืึทืฉึผืึฝื•ึผืจ". ื›ืš ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ (ื˜ื–) "ื—ึทื™ ืึธื ึดื™ ื ึฐืึปื ืึฒ-ื“ึนื ึธื™ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืึดื ืขึธืฉื‚ึฐืชึธื” ืกึฐื“ึนื ืึฒื—ื•ึนืชึตืšึฐ ื”ึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉื‚ึดื™ืช ืึทืชึผึฐ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื ื•ึนืชึธื™ึดืšึฐ". ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. "ืœึธื›ึตืŸึ™ ื’ึผึทึฃื ืึถืชึพื”ึธืจึธืขึ”ื•ึนืช ืœึดืžึผึทึ–ื“ึฐืชึผึฐ ืึถืชึพื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึธึฝื™ึดืšึฐ". ื’ื ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื™ืžื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช "ื’ึผึทึคื ื‘ึผึดื›ึฐื ึธืคึทึ™ื™ึดืšึฐึ™ ื ึดืžึฐืฆึฐืึ”ื•ึผ ื“ึผึทึ›ื ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฅื•ึนืช ืึถื‘ึฐื™ื•ึนื ึดึ–ื™ื ื ึฐืงึดื™ึผึดึ‘ื™ื ืœึนึฝืึพื‘ึทืžึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึถึฅืจึถืช ืžึฐืฆึธืืชึดึ–ื™ื ื›ึผึดึฅื™ ืขึทืœึพื›ึผึธืœึพืึตึฝืœึผึถื”" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘).

ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึดื ึผึตื” ื‘ึธืขึดื™ืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดึฝืงึฐืจึธื ืฉืึฐืžึดื™ ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึตื—ึตืœ ืœึฐื”ึธืจึทืข
ืึถืชึพื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดื ื•ึฐืึถืช ืขึธืจึฃื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืœึธืชึตืช ืึนืชึธื ืœึฐื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธื”
ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืก ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืชืจืขืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื "ื•ึธืึถืงึผึทึฅื— ืึถืชึพื”ึทื›ึผึ–ื•ึนืก ืžึดื™ึผึทึฃื“ ื”ึ‘' ื•ึธึฝืึทืฉืึฐืงึถื”ึ™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืฉืึฐืœึธื—ึทึฅื ึดื™ ื”ึ–' ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึฝื: ืึถืชึพื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ™ืึ™ ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึธืจึตึฃื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ”ื” ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืžึฐืœึธื›ึถึ–ื™ื”ึธ ืึถืชึพืฉื‚ึธืจึถึ‘ื™ื”ึธ ืœึธืชึตึจืช ืึนืชึธึœื ืœึฐื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธึงื” ืœึฐืฉืึทืžึผึธึ›ื” ืœึดืฉืึฐืจึตืงึธึฅื” ื•ึฐืœึดืงึฐืœึธืœึธึ–ื” ื›ึผึทื™ึผึฅื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึฝื”" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื”). ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื?

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื”
ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื– ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื, ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื— ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืคืจืง ืž"ื˜ ืžืชื ื‘ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืื“ื•ื, ื“ืžืฉืง, ืงื“ืจ ื•ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืฆื•ืจ, ืขื™ืœื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื” ื’ื ืœื”ื ื ื—ืžื” "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ื”ึทื™ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืึถืช ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผืช ืขึตื™ืœึธื ื ึฐืึปื ื”'" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื˜).

ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื”
ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช: "ื›ึผึดื™ึฉ ื”ึดื ึผึตึจื” ื‘ึธืขึดึœื™ืจ ืึฒืฉืึถึงืจ ื ึดึฝืงึฐืจึธืึพืฉืึฐืžึดึฃื™ ืขึธืœึถึ—ื™ื”ึธ ืึธึฝื ึนื›ึดื™ึ™ ืžึตื—ึตึฃืœ ืœึฐื”ึธืจึทึ”ืข ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึถึ–ื ื”ึดื ึผึธืงึตึฃื” ืชึดื ึผึธืงึ‘ื•ึผ ืœึนึฃื ืชึดื ึผึธืงึ”ื•ึผ ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ื—ึถึ—ืจึถื‘ ืึฒื ึดึคื™ ืงึนืจึตืึ™ ืขึทืœึพื›ึผึธืœึพื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ ื ึฐืึปึ–ื ื”ึฅ' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึฝื•ึนืช". ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ื ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. "ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจืื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืขื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืืชื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• 'ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ืจ ื”' ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืจื ื• ืžื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื•'" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘, ื’). ื•ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžืืžืจ "ืจืง ืืชื›ื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืคืงื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื" (ืขืžื•ืก ื’' ื‘'). ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ืœื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื‘ืช ืขื•ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื™ื ื• (ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ื ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืื”ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘).

ืฉืื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•
ื–ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืื‘ ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื•. ืื ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื›ื•ืก ื”ืชืจืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืื’ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”'. "ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื”ึ™ ืชึผึดื ึผึธื‘ึตึฃื ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ”ื ืึตึฅืช ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดึ–ื™ื ื”ึธืึตึ‘ืœึผึถื” ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึธึฃ ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถึ—ื ื”ึž' ืžึดืžึผึธืจึคื•ึนื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึธื’ึ™ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึฐืขึคื•ึนืŸ ืงึธื“ึฐืฉืื•ึนึ™ ื™ึดืชึผึตึฃืŸ ืงื•ึนืœึ”ื•ึน ืฉืึธืึนึคื’ ื™ึดืฉืึฐืึทื’ึ™ ืขึทืœึพื ึธื•ึตึ”ื”ื•ึผ ื”ึตื™ื“ึธื“ึ™ ื›ึผึฐื“ึนืจึฐื›ึดึฃื™ื ื™ึทึฝืขึฒื ึถึ”ื” ืึถึฅืœ ื›ึผึธืœึพื™ึนืฉืึฐื‘ึตึ–ื™ ื”ึธืึธึฝืจึถืฅ".

ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื—ึทืœึฐืœึตื™ ื”' ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืงึฐืฆึตื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ
ื”ืฉืื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืื’ื•ืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื. "ื‘ึผึธึคื ืฉืึธืื•ึนืŸึ™ ืขึทื“ึพืงึฐืฆึตึฃื” ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ, ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ืจึดึคื™ื‘ ืœึทึฝื”ึ™' ื‘ึผึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ”ื, ื ึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธึฅื˜ ื”ึ–ื•ึผื ืœึฐื›ึธืœึพื‘ึผึธืฉื‚ึธึ‘ืจ, ื”ึธืจึฐืฉืึธืขึดึ›ื™ื ื ึฐืชึธื ึธึฅื ืœึทื—ึถึ–ืจึถื‘ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึฝ'". ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช "ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื—ึทืœึฐืœึตื™ ื”' ื‘ึผึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืงึฐืฆึตื” ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืœึนื ื™ึดืกึผึธืคึฐื“ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืึธืกึฐืคื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืงึผึธื‘ึตืจื•ึผ ืœึฐื“ึนืžึถืŸ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื”).

ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ืื’ ื›ืืจื™
ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื "ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืฉ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื•ืื’ ื›ืืจื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”' ืžืžืจื•ื ื™ืฉืื’ ื•ืžืžืขื•ืŸ ืงื“ืฉื• ื™ืชืŸ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืื•ื’ ื™ืฉืื’ ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ื•". ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ "ืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืจื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื™, ื•ืฉืจืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืชื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื". ืฉื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืช - ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืืกื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื’ ืข"ื).

ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘?
ื ึฐื‘ึฝื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐืจึถืืฆึผึทึฃืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฉืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ "ืขื‘ื“ื™". "ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดึฃื™ ืฉืึนืœึตึกื—ึท ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึดื™ึฉ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึฐื—ึจื•ึนืช ืฆึธืคึœื•ึนืŸ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ—' ื•ึฐืึถืœึพ ื ึฐื‘ึฝื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐืจึถืืฆึผึทึฃืจ ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœึ˜ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™ึ’ ื•ึทื”ึฒื‘ึดึจืึนืชึดึœื™ื ืขึทืœึพื”ึธืึธึคืจึถืฅ ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืชึ™ ื•ึฐืขึทืœึพื™ึนึฃืฉืึฐื‘ึถึ”ื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐืขึทึ›ืœ ื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึฅื ื”ึธืึตึ–ืœึผึถื” ืกึธื‘ึดึ‘ื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทึฃื—ึฒืจึทืžึฐืชึผึดึ”ื™ื ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึทืžึฐืชึผึดื™ืึ™ ืœึฐืฉืึทืžึผึธึฃื” ื•ึฐืœึดืฉืึฐืจึตืงึธึ”ื” ื•ึผืœึฐื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึ–ื•ึนืช ืขื•ึนืœึธึฝื" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื”). ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืชืžื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ "ืขื‘ื“ื™" ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. ืื™ืš ื–ื›ื” ืื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืœืฉื ื›ื–ื”?

ืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื ืืฆืจ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืชืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืกืชืื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืงื ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”' ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื. ื”' ื ื•ืชืŸ "ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตืœึผึถื” ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทื“ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทืจ ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดื™ ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึถืช ื—ึทื™ึผึทืช ื”ึทืฉื‚ึผึธื“ึถื” ื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื™ ืœื•ึน ืœึฐืขึธื‘ึฐื“ื•ึน" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื–).
ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื›ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื•. "ื”ึธื™ึนึฃื” ื”ึธื™ึธึฃื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจึพื”ึ ' ืึถืœึพื™ึฐื—ึถื–ึฐืงึตึจืืœ ื‘ึผึถืŸึพื‘ึผื•ึผื–ึดึงื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตึ›ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืึถึฅืจึถืฅ ื›ึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื“ึผึดึ–ื™ื ืขึทืœึพื ึฐื”ึทืจึพื›ึผึฐื‘ึธึ‘ืจ ื•ึทืชึผึฐื”ึดึฅื™ ืขึธืœึธึ›ื™ื• ืฉืึธึ–ื ื™ึทื“ึพื”ึฝ': ื•ึธืึตึกืจึถื ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื”ึฉ ืจึจื•ึผื—ึท ืกึฐืขึธืจึธึœื” ื‘ึผึธืึธึฃื” ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืฆึผึธืคึ—ื•ึนืŸ ืขึธื ึธึคืŸ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœึ™ ื•ึฐืึตึฃืฉื ืžึดืชึฐืœึทืงึผึทึ”ื—ึทืช ื•ึฐื ึนึฅื’ึทึฝื”ึผ ืœึ–ื•ึน ืกึธื‘ึดึ‘ื™ื‘ ื•ึผืžึดึจืชึผื•ึนื›ึธึ”ื”ึผ ื›ึผึฐืขึตึฅื™ืŸ ื”ึทื—ึทืฉืึฐืžึทึ–ืœ ืžึดืชึผึฅื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืึตึฝืฉื" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื).
ืžื” ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉื? "ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืชื—ืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืจืฉืข. ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืžื”? ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืคืœื” ืžืกืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื•. ืืžืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ืœื™ื? ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืŸ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™" (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื™ื’ ืข"ื‘). ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”' ืฉื•ืื’ ื›ืืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืื’ื•ืช.

ืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื”' ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื’ึผึธืœึธื” ืกื•ึนื“ื•ึน ืึถืœ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื
ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืขืžื•ืก (ื’ ื–) ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื”' ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ "ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื”' ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ื’ึผึธืœึธื” ืกื•ึนื“ื•ึน ืึถืœ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึธื™ื• ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื". ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื”' ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืœื™ืš ืืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื– ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื). ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”' ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื•. "ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทึคืจ ื”ึ™' ืึตืœึทึ”ื™ ืขึฒืฉื‚ึตึฃื” ืœึฐืšึธึ” ืžื•ึนืกึตืจึ–ื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึนื˜ึ‘ื•ึนืช ื•ึผื ึฐืชึทืชึผึธึ–ื ืขึทืœึพืฆึทื•ึผึธืืจึถึฝืšึธ: ื•ึฐืฉืึดืœึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธืึฉ ืึถืœึพืžึถึจืœึถืšึฐ ืึฑื“ึœื•ึนื ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืžึถึฃืœึถืšึฐ ืžื•ึนืึธึ—ื‘ ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืžึถึ™ืœึถืšึฐึ™ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ืขึทืžึผึ”ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ืฆึนึ–ืจ ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืžึถึฃืœึถืšึฐ ืฆึดื™ื“ึ‘ื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทึคื“ ืžึทืœึฐืึธื›ึดื™ืึ™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืึดึฃื™ื ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ”ื ืึถืœึพืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึผึธึ–ื”ื•ึผ ืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึฝื”" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื–).

ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืจืขื‘ ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืชืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”' ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” "ืึธื ึนื›ึดึžื™ ืขึธืฉื‚ึดึฃื™ืชึดื™ ืึถืชึพื”ึธืึธึ—ืจึถืฅ ืึถืชึพื”ึธืึธื“ึธึคื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื”ึทื‘ึผึฐื”ึตืžึธื”ึ™ ืึฒืฉืึถืจึ™ ืขึทืœึพืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืึธึ”ืจึถืฅ, ื•ึฐืขึทืชึผึธึ—ื” ืึธึฝื ึนื›ึดื™ึ™ ื ึธืชึทึ™ืชึผึดื™ึ™ ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื”ึธืึฒืจึธืฆึฃื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึตึ”ืœึผึถื” ื‘ึผึฐื™ึทึ›ื“ ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทึฅืจ ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ–ืœ ืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึดึ‘ื™. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธึจื” ื”ึทื’ึผึœื•ึนื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืžึฐืœึธื›ึธึ—ื” ืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ืœึนึฝืึพื™ึทืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึคื•ึผ ืึนืชื•ึนึ™ ืึถืชึพื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทึฃืจ ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ”ืœ ื•ึฐืึตึจืช ืึฒืฉืึถึคืจ ืœึนึฝืึพื™ึดืชึผึตืŸึ™ ืึถืชึพืฆึทื•ึผึธืืจึ”ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืขึนึ–ืœ ืžึถึฃืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ‘ืœ ื‘ึผึทื—ึถืจึถื‘ึฉ ื•ึผื‘ึธืจึธืขึธึจื‘ ื•ึผื‘ึทื“ึผึถึœื‘ึถืจ ืึถืคึฐืงึนึจื“ ืขึทืœึพื”ึทื’ึผึคื•ึนื™ ื”ึทื”ื•ึผืึ™ ื ึฐืึปืึพื”ึ”' ืขึทื“ึพืชึผึปืžึผึดึฅื™ ืึนืชึธึ–ื ื‘ึผึฐื™ึธื“ึฝื•ึน".

ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ
ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ื•ึผ ืึถืช ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœ ื•ึดึฝื—ึฐื™ื•ึผ
ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื’ื ืœืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, "ืขึดื‘ึฐื“ึฅื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ–ืœ ื•ึดึฝื—ึฐื™ึ‘ื•ึผ ืœึธึงืžึผึธื” ืชึดึฝื”ึฐื™ึถึ›ื” ื”ึธืขึดึฅื™ืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึนึ–ืืช ื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึผึธึฝื”". ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' "ื•ึฐึ ืึทืชึผึถื ืึทืœึพืชึผึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืขึจื•ึผ ืึถืœึพื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตื™ื›ึถึœื ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืงึนึฝืกึฐืžึตื™ื›ึถึ—ื ื•ึฐืึถืœึ™ ื—ึฒืœึนืžึนึฃืชึตื™ื›ึถึ”ื ื•ึฐืึถืœึพืขึนึฝื ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถึ–ื ื•ึฐืึถืœึพื›ึผึทืฉึผืึธืคึตื™ื›ึถึ‘ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพื”ึตึžื ืึนืžึฐืจึดึคื™ื ืึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถืึ™ ืœึตืืžึนึ”ืจ ืœึนึฅื ืชึทืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึ–ื•ึผ ืึถืชึพืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึฝืœ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื– ื˜).

ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ
ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”' ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ืืžื•ื ื™ื "ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ื”ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึ–ื•ึน ื‘ึผึตึฝืืœึนื”ึดึ‘ื™ื" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘, ืœื• ื™ื’). ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืžื ื” ืืช ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช โ€“ ืื“ื•ื, ืžื•ืื‘, ืขืžื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฆื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืื›ื–ืจ ื•ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื•. ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื•?

ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ
ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืฉืงืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžื”', ืจืง ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. "ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดึฃื™ื€ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึธึฃื” ื”ึทื”ึดึ—ื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืชึ™ ืžึทืžึฐืœึถึ™ื›ึถืชึ™ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึผึธึฃื” ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ”ื” ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื”ึ™ ื”ึธึฝืจึฐื‘ึดืขึดึ”ื™ืช ื‘ึผึทื—ึนึ–ื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ืฉืึดึ‘ื™ ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ืึตืœึทึกื™ ื—ึฒื ึทื ึฐื™ึธื”ึฉ ื‘ึถืŸึพืขึทื–ึผึจื•ึผืจ ื”ึทื ึผึธื‘ึดึœื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถึคืจ ืžึดื’ึผึดื‘ึฐืขื•ึนืŸึ™ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึตึฃื™ืช ื”ึ”' ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตึงื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดึ›ื™ื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœึพื”ึธืขึธึ–ื ืœึตืืžึนึฝืจ: ื›ึผึนึฝื”ึพืึธืžึทึžืจ ื”ึง' ืฆึฐื‘ึธืึ›ื•ึนืช ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึ–ืœ ืœึตืืžึนึ‘ืจ ืฉืึธื‘ึทึžืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืชึพืขึนึ–ืœ ืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึฝืœ: ื‘ึผึฐืขึฃื•ึนื“ื€ ืฉืึฐื ึธืชึทึฃื™ึดื ื™ึธืžึดึ—ื™ื ืึฒื ึดึคื™ ืžึตืฉืึดื™ื‘ึ™ ืึถืœึพื”ึทืžึผึธืงึฃื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ”ื” ืึถึฝืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื›ึผึฐืœึตึ–ื™ ื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ื”ึ‘' ืึฒืฉืึถึจืจ ืœึธืงึทึœื— ื ึฐื‘ื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทึคืจ ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถืœึ™ ืžึดืŸึพื”ึทืžึผึธืงึฃื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ”ื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึดื™ืึตึ–ื ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึฝืœ: ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื™ึฐื›ึธื ึฐื™ึธึฃื” ื‘ึถืŸึพื™ึฐื”ื•ึนื™ึธืงึดึฃื™ื ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื™ึฐึ ื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื’ึผึธืœึจื•ึผืช ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึœื” ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืึดึฃื™ื ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ—ืœึธื” ืึฒื ึดึฅื™ ืžึตืฉืึดึ›ื™ื‘ ืึถืœึพื”ึทืžึผึธืงึฅื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึผึถึ–ื” ื ึฐืึปืึพ ื”ึ‘' ื›ึผึดึฃื™ ืึถืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนึ”ืจ ืึถืชึพืขึนึ–ืœ ืžึถึฅืœึถืšึฐ ื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึฝืœ" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื—).

ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ืึทืชึผึธื” ืžึตืช ื›ึผึดื™ ืกึธืจึธื” ื“ึดื‘ึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืœ ื”'
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช ืืžืช. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข. ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื‘ื ืฉืงืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”. "ืœึธื›ึตึ—ืŸ ื›ึผึนึšื” ืึธืžึทึฃืจ ื”ึ”' ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ึ™ ืžึฐืฉืึทึฝืœึผึตึฝื—ึฒืšึธึ” ืžึตืขึทึ–ืœ ืคึผึฐื ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธึ‘ื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื”ึ™ ืึทืชึผึธึฃื” ืžึตึ”ืช ื›ึผึดึฝื™ึพืกึธืจึธึฅื” ื“ึดื‘ึผึทึ–ืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืœึพื”ึฝ'". ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžืชื’ืฉืžืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”.

ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช
ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืช ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืืžืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืกืคืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื•, ืืœื ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื”. ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื™ืกืคืจื• ืœืขื ืฉื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžืช ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ืœื• ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช. ื›ืš ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ ืืžืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืฉืงืจ. "ื•ึทื™ึผึธึ›ืžึธืช ื—ึฒื ึทื ึฐื™ึธึฅื” ื”ึทื ึผึธื‘ึดึ–ื™ื ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธื ึธึฃื” ื”ึทื”ึดึ‘ื™ื ื‘ึผึทื—ึนึ–ื“ึถืฉื ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดึฝื™".

ืจืฉืขื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื•ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืืžืช ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•. ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื”ื ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจ, ื•ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื ื‘ื™ื ืืžืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื”ื ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืชื—ื ื ื• ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื’ืื•ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื’ืื•ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉื—ื ื ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชืจืกืง ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื— ื™ื–). ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื”ืœืœื• ื’ืจืžื• ื ื–ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆื“ื™ืง
ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื ื”. "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืžึฐืจึธื“ึพื‘ึผึ—ื•ึน ืœึดืฉืึฐืœึนึคื—ึท ืžึทืœึฐืึธื›ึธื™ื•ึ™ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ืœึธึฝืชึถืชึพืœึฅื•ึน ืกื•ึผืกึดึ–ื™ื ื•ึฐืขึทืึพืจึธึ‘ื‘" (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื™ื–, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ืœื•. ื ื“ืจื™ื ืกื”). ื”ืžืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”', "ื•ึทื™ึผึทึฃืขึทืฉื‚ ื”ึธืจึทึ”ืข ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตึ–ื™ ื”ึฃ' ืึฑืœึนื”ึธึ‘ื™ื• ืœึนึฃื ื ึดื›ึฐื ึทึ—ืข ืžึดืœึผึดืคึฐื ึตึ›ื™ ื™ึดืจึฐืžึฐื™ึธึฅื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทื ึผึธื‘ึดึ–ื™ื ืžึดืคึผึดึฅื™ ื”ึฝ': ื•ึฐึ ื’ึทื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึถึคืœึถืšึฐ ื ึฐื‘ึฝื•ึผื›ึทื“ึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทืจึ™ ืžึธืจึธึ”ื“ ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ื”ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืขึ–ื•ึน ื‘ึผึตึฝืืœึนื”ึดึ‘ื™ื ื•ึทื™ึผึถึคืงึถืฉื ืึถืชึพืขึธืจึฐืคึผื•ึนึ™ ื•ึทื™ึฐืึทืžึผึตึฃืฅ ืึถืชึพืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึ”ื•ึน ืžึดืฉึผืึ•ื•ึผื‘ ืึถืœึพื”ึ–' ืึฑืœึนื”ึตึฅื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตึฝืœ: ื’ึผึทึ ื ื›ึผึธืœึพืฉื‚ึธืจึตึจื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึฒื ึดึคื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึธืึ™ ื”ึดืจึฐื‘ึผึฃื•ึผ ืœืžืขื•ืœึพืœึดืžึฐืขึธืœึพืžึทึ”ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึฐื›ึนึ–ืœ ืชึผึนืขึฒื‘ึฃื•ึนืช ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดึ‘ื ื•ึทึฝื™ึฐื˜ึทืžึผึฐืื•ึผึ™ ืึถืชึพื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ื”ึ”' ืึฒืฉืึถึฅืจ ื”ึดืงึฐื“ึผึดึ–ื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึดื™ืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึธึดึฝื".

ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” - ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืจืื”. ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื›ื•ืขืก, ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐื—ึทึงื˜ ืžึถึฝืœึถืšึฐึพื‘ึผึธื‘ึถึ›ืœ ืึถืชึพื‘ึผึฐื ึตึฅื™ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึผึธึ–ื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึธึ‘ื™ื• ื•ึฐื’ึทึ›ื ืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพืฉื‚ึธืจึตึฅื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธึ–ื” ืฉืึธื—ึทึฅื˜ ื‘ึผึฐืจึดื‘ึฐืœึธึฝืชึธื”: ื•ึฐืึถืชึพืขึตื™ื ึตึฅื™ ืฆึดื“ึฐืงึดื™ึผึธึ–ื”ื•ึผ ืขึดื•ึผึตึ‘ืจ". ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืกื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ "ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึนึฅืฃ ืึถืชึพื‘ึผึตื™ืชึพื”ึ–' ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื‘ึผึตึฃื™ืช ื”ึทืžึผึถึ‘ืœึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐืึตึจืช ื›ึผึธืœึพื‘ึผึธืชึผึตึงื™ ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ›ื ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื‘ึผึตึฅื™ืช ื”ึทื’ึผึธื“ึ–ื•ึนืœ ืฉื‚ึธืจึทึฅืฃ ื‘ึผึธืึตึฝืฉื: ื•ึฐืึถืชึพื›ึผึธืœึพื—ึนืžึฅื•ึนืช ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉืึธืœึทึดึ–ื ืกึธื‘ึดึ‘ื™ื‘ ื ึธึฝืชึฐืฆื•ึผึ™ ื›ึผึธืœึพื—ึตึฃื™ืœ ื›ึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื“ึผึดึ”ื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถึ–ืจ ืึถืชึพืจึทื‘ึพื˜ึทื‘ึผึธื—ึดึฝื™ื" (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื˜).

ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ
ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขืช. ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื—ื•ืฉ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•. "ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ื ื‘ืจืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืงื• ื‘ื”ืŸ; ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื•, ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืืจื•, ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฉืขืจื•, ืฆื“ืงื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ืืกื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื•" (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข"ื). ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•.
ื”ืคืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืืœื•ืงื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ืงืœืงืœื• ื‘ื•. ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืงื— ืฉืชื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืืฉ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ื ื“ ืข"ื). ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ืžื“ืขืชื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจืชื•.

ื”ื–ื—ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื•ืจืช ืขื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืงื—ื™ื
ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื? ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื—ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉืื“ื ื–ื—ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื–ื—ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื ื™. ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื›ื”
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื”
ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืืœื”, ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ "ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ืœื›ื”". ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ 'ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ืฉื ืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจื—'" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื. ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ืข"ื‘).
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืงืชื ืœื•ืžืจ ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื ืงื•ื“ื ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: 'ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”' (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื) 'ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'' (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื‘) 'ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•' (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื) ื•ื‘ืชืจ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ืฉื‘ ื“ื ื—ืžืชื ื•ืชืจืชื™ ื“ืชื™ื•ื‘ืชื". ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื”.

ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœื ื•
ืขืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืž ืข"ื‘) "ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืคืจืง ื‘ืชืจื ื“ืžื’ื™ืœื” (ื“ืฃ ืœื:) ืืžืจื™' ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื•ืื ื• ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืกื™ืงืชื".
ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื˜ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ "ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืกื•) ื•ืœื "ื—ื•ื“ืฉื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื›ื" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื). ื”ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืคื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื’ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“). ื•"ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ืขืก ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื™ื–ื". ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ื’ืžืจื.
ืืขืค"ื› "ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื” ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืขื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืฉ"ื— ื›ืกื“ืจืŸ (ื“ืฉ"ื— = ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•. ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'. ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•, ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื) ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'. ืืžื ื ืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™". ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื ื•ื–' ื“ื ื—ืžืชื
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื ืจื‘ื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื "ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืœื’ื™ืŸ ืชืœืชื ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื ื•ื–' ื“ื ื—ืžืชื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ ื‘ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคื˜ื™ืจ ื–' ื“ื ื—ืžืชื ื’ื ื›ืฉื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืžืจื• ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืกื•ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืคื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืกืื™ ื•ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืœืงืจื•ื "ืฉืžืขื•" ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื.

ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื’' ื“ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืชื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืฉื‘ืข ื“ื ื—ืžืชื. ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืฉืงืจ, ืœื ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื”. ืฉืœื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื— ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”' ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืืžืŸ.

ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ ืขื“
ืกื™ืคืจื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื™ืžื•ืจ ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžืœืš: ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืชืฉืก"ื’ ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืขืœื™, ืฉื•ืœื™ (ืฉืœื•ื) ื”ืจ ืžืœืš ื”ื™"ื“, ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื™ืจื™, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืช"ื•. ืื ื™ ื ืคืฆืขืชื™ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื™ืœื“ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ืชื ื• ืฉืชื—ื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืคื’ื”. ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉื™.
ื”ืจื‘ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจืฆื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืชืžื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืžื˜ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื. ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืง ืื ื™, ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื™"ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื ื—ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™, ืื ื™ ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื”ืขืžื•ืง, ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ื•ืœื ื”ืขื–ืชื™. ืœืฉืžื—ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงืจื ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ื•ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืงืจื ืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•: "ืชื›ืœื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืงืœืœื•ืชื™ื”, ืชื—ืœ ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืชื™ื”". ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื™. ื‘"ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจืฆื— ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื•ืœืœื“ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™ ืขื ื”ืจื‘, ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื— ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ืคืฉืจื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื”ืจื‘ ืฉืื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• "ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™-ืขื“". ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก. ืœืขืชื™ื ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืฉื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงืžืชื™ ื‘-03:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืชื•ืจ, ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžืืช ื”' ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”' ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื—, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ "ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™-ืขื“".

ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ . ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื“ืฉื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™?
ื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื.

ืืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื” . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื›ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ?
ืžื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื” ืœืœื ื˜ื™ื—.

ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื?
ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื ืขื”, ื•ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื ืœืขืฉืŸ ื›ืœืœ.

ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžึฐืฆืจื™ื . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช?
ืื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘, ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืœื•ื™. ืœื ื•ื— ืžื•ืชืจ.

ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื . ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”?
ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื”. ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
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