ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”
  • ื’ืจื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
17 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”

ืื ื”ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื”"ืช (ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš) ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ืœ ื•ืื—"ื› ืžืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืžืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื”ืงืฉื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื— ืื—ืจื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ ืžืœ ื•ืืช"ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืžืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ื•ืžื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ืช ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื "ื— (ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘') ืฉื ืกืชืคืง ืœืž"ื“ ื“ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืžื™ืœื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื’ืจ ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ื•ืžื™ืœืชื• ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ืช ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™"ื ื“ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง ืฉืžืœ ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื“ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืŸ ื ื— ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ืœ ื"ื› ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื”.

ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ ื ื™ืžื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคื ืช ืคืขื ื— (ืขื”"ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš) ืขื”"ืค ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื“ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืฃ ื“ื’ืžืจ ื’ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ ืข"ื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืž"ืž ื”ื•ื™ ื’ืจ ืœืžืคืจืข ื•ื”ื ืคืง"ืž ืœืคื™ ืžื” ื“ืงื™ื™"ืœ ื‘ืžืก' ืข"ื– (ื›"ื– ืข"ื) ื“ืขื›ื•"ื ืœื ื™ืžื•ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื•ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ืคื™"ื’ ืžื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•"ื‘ ื”ืœ' ื˜') ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื“ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืงื ืช ื›ืกืคื• ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื™ ื‘"ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื"ื› ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืฉื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื) ื“ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืจ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ (ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื—"ื’ ืคืจืง ื›' ื›"ื ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื™) ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื”ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“ ื›ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ืค"ื ื”"ื) ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืœื’ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื™ืœืชื•
ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ (ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื' ืกื™' ื–') ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืœืงืช ื™ื•ืื‘ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฆืขืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื ืžืจื“ื™ืžื• ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ื›ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ืขื”"ื– (ืกื™' ืงื›"ื) ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื ื™ ืœืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื (ื—"ื• ืกื™' ืค"ื”) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ืืžื ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ื—ืœ ื›ื•ืจืช (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื ืื•ืช ื“') ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืงื™ื™"ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืจื“ื™ืžื•, ืืžื ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•' ืžื”ืจ"ื— ืื•"ื– (ืกื™' ื™"ื) ื“ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื”ื•ืœ, ืœืค"ื– ืœื›ืื•' ืœื ืžืขื›ื‘ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืืคื™' ืื ื ื™ืžื ื“ืžืขื›ื‘ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™' ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ื™"ื‘ ืข"ื) ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืข"ื™ ืฉืœื™ื— ืžื”ื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืข"ื’ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื—"ื ืกื™' ื™"ื“).
ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืืžืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืœื”ื’' ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืืจื™ืง (ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืง"ืž) ื›ืชื‘ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืŸ ืœ' ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืกื ืฉื™ืฆื˜ื ืŸ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฆืขืจ ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™"ืœ ืœื—ื–"ืœ ื“ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืฆืขืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” (ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš) ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจื™ ื“ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืงื ืข"ื™ ืฆืขืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื•ื—"ื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื™ ืจืื™ื” ืขื›"ื“.
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื”ืจื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื ื“ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื”
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืกืชื ืขื•ืœื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื) ื”ืื‘ ื‘) ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ื’) ื•ื”ืกื ื“ืง ื•ื™ืฉ ืคืœื•ื’ืชื ืื ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื“ื“ืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•"ื— (ืกื™' ืจืค"ื‘) ื“ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžื’"ื ืฉื (ืก"ืง ื™ื—) ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืืคืจื™ื (ืฉืขืจ ื‘' ืื•ืช ื') ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•"ื– ื™ื•"ื“ ื‘ื”ืœ' ืื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืกื ื“ืง ื™ืขืœื” ื“ืœื›ืื•' ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ืชื ื”ื "ืœ ื“ืื™ ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื›"ื  ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืขื•ืœื” ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืืคืจื™ื ื™"ืœ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืก"ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืœ"ืข ืื ื›ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœ ื•ื˜ื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืก"ืช ื•ืื ื’ื ืื– ืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืขืจ ืืคืจื™ื ื“ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืงื•ื“ื.

ืกื ื“ืงืื•ืช ืœืื‘ ื‘ื’ืจ ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื•
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื“ืง ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื (ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกื ื“ืง ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืขืจืš ืกื ื“ื™ืงื•ืช) ื•ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขืœืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื’ืœื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื›ืืœื• ืžืงื˜ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืœืฉืžื™ื (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื˜ ืข"ื‘) ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื™ื•"ื“ (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื”) ืื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืก' ื™ื•ืžื (ื›ืช"ื™) ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื•ื–"ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื˜ืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืงื˜ื•ืจืช, ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื™ืจื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืฉื ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืžืœื”"ืฉ ืžื” ืœืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืจืœื•ืช ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžื˜ื•ื ืฃ, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ ื›ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื“ื‘ื—ื“ ืงืจื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืจืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื“ ืงืจื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ื” ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ืื“ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—"ืก ืื•"ื— (ืกื™' ืงื "ื˜) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื™ื–"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื•ืž"ืž ืืžืจืชื™ ื“ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื•ืชืจ ืข"ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื“ืง ื•ื›ืŸ ืืืžื•"ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื ืœื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืกื ื“ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื”ืœ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—"ืก) ืžืขืœืช ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื”ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื ื” ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”' ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืจื ืกื” ื•ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืคืขื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืืค"ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืข"ื› ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ), ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื” ืกืขื™' ื™"ื) ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื“ืง ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื“ืง.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืื‘ ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืกื ื“ืง ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื”ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžื•ืœ ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื ื“ืง ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื ื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื ื“ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืจืคื ื•ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื‘ื "ื™ ื“ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—' ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ื ื—' ื•ื”ืœืื” ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื•ืื– ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ื•ื"ื› ื‘ื’ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื—' ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ื—' ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ื”ื’ืจ ืœืžื” ืœื ื‘ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื”ืžื™ืœื”.

ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
ื”ื ื” ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœืžื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื˜ืŸ ืืœื ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื—"ื•) ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืฉื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›"ื› ืงืœ ืœืคื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืœืคืกื™ (ื‘ืžืก' ืฉื‘ืช ืคืจืง ืจ"ื ื“ืžื™ืœื”) ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืžื“ืžื™ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืœ ืœื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”' ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื•' (ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”) ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคืกืงื™ ืจื™ืงื ื˜ื™ ืกื™' ืชืงืฆ"ื’) ื•ืœืคื™ ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื (ืคื™"ื˜) ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืฉืจื” ืœืคืจืกื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืข"ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืฉ ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ (ืคืจืง ืฆ"ื”) ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืจื” ืœืคืจืกื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืž"ืž ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืข"ืค ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ื›ื "ืก ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืž"ืž ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืœื• ืฉื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื›ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—"ืก ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืž"ื”) ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืœ ื’ืจ ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ื›"ื  ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืื” ื•ื™ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื”ื›ื "ืก.
ื•ืž"ืž ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขืฉืจื” ื•ื™ืœ"ืข ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจ ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขืฉืจื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื– ื“ื‘ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื—ื“.

ืฉื ื™ืช ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืื•ืกืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืœื™ืง ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืข"ืค ื ืกืชืจ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื’ืœื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœืงื˜, ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืž"ื (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื” ืกืขื™' ื”'), ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื›ื‘, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืœืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคืจืกื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.

ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืข"ืค ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืข"ื– ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ืž"ืž ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื™ื•"ื˜ ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉื” (ื”ืœ' ืžื™ืœื”) ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืื“ ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืช ืจ"ืช ืžื•ื”ืœ, ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ (ื—"ื‘ ืกื™' ืชืง"ื”) ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืจ"ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช).

ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ
ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืœืืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื (ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืง ื›"ื˜) ื•ื–"ืœ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืขืžื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–"ืœ ื•ืงื ื ืงื ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื˜ืœ ื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืื™ื–ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•, ืขืžื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš, ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื— ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื ืžืœื˜, ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื‘ืจื— ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื ืžืœื˜, ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื— ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื ืžืœื˜, ืขืžื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืจื— ื•ื ืžืœื˜ ื ื’ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืžื” ืœืš ืคื” ืืœื™ื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื• ืงื ื ืงื ืืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืืชื” ืžืงื ื ืงื ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’"ืข ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื” ืžืงื ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื˜ื” ืžืฉื” (ืขืžื•ื“ ื’ืž"ื— ื—"ื–) ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืœืจ"ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ื•ืขืœ ืืžื• ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืฉ ื›ืœ ื’' ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื ื• (ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืจื) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื” ืื•ืช ื›"ื”) ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ืื—ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืก"ื” (ืกืขื™' ื™"ื) ื•ืœืค"ื– ืžืฉืžืข ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืกื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื–ื” ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืืฆืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจ ื•ืž"ืž ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžืœืืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืจืื” ื”ื›ืกื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’"ื› ื›ืกื ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•.

ื•ืืค"ื” ืืคื™' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืžืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ืค"ื˜ ืข"ื‘) ื“"ื” ืื ืฉื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืข"ืค ืžื” ื“ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืฉื—ื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืจ"ืข ืื™ืชื ื“ื’"ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื (ืœ"ื ื›') ืžื” ืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ืš ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ืคืจืฉื” ื' ืื•ืช ื™"ื˜) ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘' ื–') ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžื˜' ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ืžื–ืจื— ื“ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืชื ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—.

ืื ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”
ื”ื ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื‘ ืกืง"ื“) ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื” ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืž"ืข ื“ืื•ืจื™ืชื ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืขืจืœืชื• ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืขื™ืŸ ืคืจ"ืž ืกื™' ืง"ื• ืกืง"ื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืž"ื) ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื–ืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืชืคืœื” ืœื›ื•"ืข ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืค"ื ืžื”ืœ' ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื) ื•ืžื” ืชืืžืจ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืžืฆื•ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ื“ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื–ืžื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื—' ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื•ื"ื› ืชื“ื™ืจ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื ื’ื“ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื•ื"ื› ืฆ"ื‘ ืœืžื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืงื™ื™"ืœ ื‘ืื•"ื— (ืกื™' ืค"ื˜) ื“ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ืจ ื•ื’ื ืกืชื ืžืฉืงื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืคืœืœื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื‘ื—ื™' ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื“ื ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื“ืื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืงื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœืงื˜ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•"ืข (ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจืง ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืœืงื˜ืŸ ืื• ืœืื—ืจ).

ื•ืž"ืž ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืก ื“ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ืจื”ื (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”) ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ (ื”ืœ' ืžื™ืœื” ืกื™' ืงื›"ื“) ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ืก ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ื“ืขืช ืจ' ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ื•ืจื ืคื”"ื’ ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื“ืืœื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจืš ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื“ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืก ื•ืืœื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ื•ืก ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื•ืก ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ (ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคืงื•ื“ื™ืš ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”) ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืกื•ืฃ ืžืก' ื™ื•ืžื) ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืจืื™ื (ืกื™' ืช"ื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืก ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืž"ืž ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื’ืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื™ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™' ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืœ ื™ืฉ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื ืคื•ืกืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื' ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”) ื•ื"ื› ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจืชื™ ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš) ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืขื ื”ื "ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืœื ืคืœื•ื’ ืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืชื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืœื ืžื—ืžืช ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืงืจ"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืฉื"ื› ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ ื“ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืงืจ"ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื” ืชื“ื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืžื•ืœื• ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืžื•ื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืืœื ืžื˜ืขื ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื"ื› ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื ื"ื› ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•.

ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจ
ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืœ"ืข ืื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ืืœื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืืœื ื™ืขืฉื”ื• ื›ืฉื ืชืจืคื ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื' ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ืชืจืค"ื— ืกืขื™' ื•') ื•ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’"ื (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืงื "ื˜ ืก"ืง ื™"ื) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’"ื (ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชื™"ื˜) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืค"ืช (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืก"ื‘) ื‘ืฉื ืกืคืจ ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื“ื™ืชืจื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” (ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื“ื•ื“) ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืžืฉื ื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืค"ืช ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืค"ื” ืก"ืง ื˜"ื–) ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ื“ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกืขื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืœ ื•ืœื ื˜ื‘ืœ ืื ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืœืคืœืคืœ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™' ื') ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—"ืก ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืจื ื“"ื” ื•ื™ื’ืžืœ ื“ืกืขื•ื“ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ืืžื™ืจืช ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ
ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘"ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•"ื“ (ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™' ืจืก"ื”) ื‘ืฉื ืชืฉื•' ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื (ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ืžืฆื) ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืืœ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ื™ืœ"ืข ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืœื™ืŸ ื’ืจ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื ืืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืขืœืžื ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” (ืกื™' ืงืœ"ื) ืฉืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื”ืคืž"ื’ ื›ืชื‘ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื“ืขื™' ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื "ื– ื’"ื› ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ. ื•ืœื•ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืจื ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื›"ื› ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงืฉื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืกืคื—ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืœื“ื™ื ื ื“ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ื ืจืื” ื“ื”ื’ืจ ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื—ื ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืœ ื“ืœื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืกื•ืจืŸ (ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื˜ืจืก ื–ื”) ืžืฉื"ื› ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืชื—ื ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื›ื”ืคืž"ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื“ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจ ืœื’ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ.

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžื™ืœื”
ื”ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืจ ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืืฆืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”.
ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจ"ื™ (ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืชืจื•), ื“ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื™ืชืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“' ื™"ื—) ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ืขื” ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ืื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื”ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืื—"ื› ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœืจื•ืช ืขื™ื™"ืฉ. ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื (ืค"ื ื”"ื“) ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžืื‘ืจื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื–ื”ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ (ืืžื ื ื”ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืก' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื–' ืข"ื‘) ืžืื™ ืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื” ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืก' ื‘"ื‘ (ื™"ื“ ืข"ื) ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืœื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืœืฉื ืื"ื› ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืชืจื• ื•ื‘ืœืขื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจืง ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช), ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื“"ื (ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืจื•ืช) ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ืจืช ื“ืœื’ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื•ืจืช ืงื•ืจืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื” ืื ื›ืŸ ืž"ื˜ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืจืžื– ื‘ืฉืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื (ืคืจืง ืงื™"ื˜), ื•ืฆ"ื‘ ื“ื–ื” ื“ืœื ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”ืจ.

ื•ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื“ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืขื”"ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ (ื™' ื›"ื˜) ืœื ืก"ืœ ื›ืกื‘ืจืช ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจ"ื™, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื‘ื‘, ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืชืจื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื• ื›ืฉืฉื‘ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื (ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš) ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื–), ื“ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืจื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื "ื” (ื—"ื“) ื“ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื’ื•ื™ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืชืœื›ื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ื›"ื• ื˜') ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื“ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืงืœ"ื˜ (ืกืขื™' ื™"ื’), ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื”"ื– (ืกื™' ืงื›"ื˜ ืกืขื™' ื›') ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื’) ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ ืœืืจื ื•ืืชื” ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื–ื”"ืง (ืฆ"ื• ืข"ื), ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช (ืคืจืฉื” ืž"ื’ ืกื™' ื‘') ื“ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื”ื’ืจ, ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจ ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืก' ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” (ื˜' ืข"ื‘) ื“"ื” ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ื‘ืžืก' ืื‘ื•ืช) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื” (ืกื™' ืž"ื˜) ื“ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ืค"ื ืข"ื), ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžื›ื•ืช (ื™"ื˜), ื’ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื‘ ืœื’ืจื™ื ื•ืจืง ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ื•ืงื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืงืจื ืื‘ ืœื’ืจื™ื ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ืœื’ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื“ื"ื› ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฉื ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื“ืงื“ืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืจื™ ืื“ืจื‘ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”
ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžื™ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ืคืจืง ืจ"ื ื“ืžื™ืœื” (ื "ื” ืข"ื‘ ื‘ื“ืคื™ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช) ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืžื”ื™ืœ ื’ืจ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื ื™ื›ืกื™ ืขืจื•ื” ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ืžื”ื•ืœ ืข"ื› ื•ืžื“ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ืขื‘ื“ ื•ื’ืจ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื™ืœืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืขืจื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืš ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ืจื›ื”.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืจื"ืฉ (ื‘ืค"ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™' ื "ื‘) ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืžืงื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื) ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ื“ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืขืจื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘) ื•ื’ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœืชืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืงืืชื™ ืงืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืคื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื™ืš ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉืขื” ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืš ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ืก' ื™ื•"ื˜ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ (ืกื™' ืงื "ื–) ื“ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืกื•ืชื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขื›"ื— ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ืœื ืก"ืœ ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืœื ื›ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื“ืืข"ื’ ื“ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื ืž"ืž ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื ืจืื• ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ืข"ื›, ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื˜' ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘"ื™ ื‘ื”ืœ' ืžื™ืœื” (ืกื™' ืจืก"ื”) ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื” ื“ืขืจื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืขืจื•ื” ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื™ืœ"ืข ืื ืก"ืœ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืื• ื“ืก"ืœ ื“ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ืืžื ื ื”ืžื’"ื (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืข"ื” ืกืง"ื—) ื›ืชื‘ ื“ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืงื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืž"ืž ืœื ื™ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืจื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื”ืืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืกืง ืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืžืก' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ืž' ืข"ื) ื•ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืกื™' ื›"ื” ืกืขื™' ื™"ื˜) ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืชืš ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืขืจืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื•' ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช (ืœ"ื” ืข"ื‘ ื•ืกื•ื›ื” ืœ"ื˜ ืข"ื) ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืœืคืœืคืœ ื“ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืž"ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ืž"ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืœื” ื•ื"ื› ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื’ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืœืคืœ ื“ื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืคืกืง ื“ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืœื” ื•ื"ื› ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืฉื™ื”ื ืžื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืื—ื– ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื” ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ืื—ื– ื’"ื› ืืช ื”ืขืจืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื•ืื—"ื› ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืื—"ื› ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”.

ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ
ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื”, ื•ื’ื ืœื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืกื›ื ื” ื“ื”ืจื™ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข, ื—ื•ืฅ ืื ืฉื›ื™ื— ื”ื™ื–ืงื ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคื” ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื™ื“ื•ืข (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื) ื“ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ื›ื— ื”ืชืื•ื•ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืžืื“ื”"ืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื“ื”"ืจ ืœืงื— ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื• ื‘ืคื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืจืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ื‘ืคื”, ื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืฆื” ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืืœืช ื—ื›ื ื”ื™ืืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’.

ื•ืื’ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืกื ื“ืง ืื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืฉื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“, ื•ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืื—"ื› ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ื“ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืจืื” (ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกืชืจื™ื) ื“ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื“"ื™ ื•ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ืช ืฉ' ื•ื›ืฉืžื ื™ื— ื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืื– ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื“' ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืช ื™' ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื“"ื™ ื•ื"ื› ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืŸ ืื ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”.

ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืœื” ื‘ืขืคืจ
ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืœื” ื‘ืขืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื•ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื“ืขืจืœืช ื’ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจ"ื (ืคืจืง ื›"ื˜) ื“ื•ื™ืžืœ ืืช ื‘ื "ื™ ืืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืจืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืœืขื ืืžืจ ืžื™ ืžื ื” ืขืคืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื›ืืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืจืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื ืžืฉืœื• ืœืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื›ืขืคืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืฉ"ืฉ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ืค"ื— ื“ื™ืŸ ื“') ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื ื˜ืขื ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ืจ
ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื’ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื“ืก"ืœ ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื”ื’ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื– (ื—"ื ืกื™' ืชืœ"ื“) ื“ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจืš ื“ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื™ื‘ืจืš.

ืื ื’ืจ ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™
ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืž"ื• (ืกืขื™' ื“') ืคืกืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื›ืŸ, ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืžื’"ื (ืกืง"ื™) ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืฉืขืฉื ื™ ื’ืจ ื“ืžืงืจื™ ืขืฉื™ื” ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื—ืจืŸ, ื•ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ื•ื‘"ื— ื›ืชื‘ื• ื“ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืŸ ื“ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืžื’"ื ืžืกื™ืง ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืฉืคื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ื˜ื•"ื– ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืกืง"ื”) ืœืคืจืฉ ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืž"ื ื“ื’ืจ ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื“ืžื™ ื•ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืœื›ื™ ืžื’ื™ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืคื™ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืฉื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื”"ืค ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื•ืจ ืืชืš ื’ืจ ื“ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™"ืž ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื ื™ืฆื ืžืฉื ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืื™ื” ืžืจืข"ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™"ืž ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il