ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
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19 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื›ืจื™
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื, ื™ื’): "ื›ึผึดื™ ืื•ึนืช ื”ึดื•ื ื‘ึผึตื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึฐื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช ื›ึผึดื™ ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”' ืžึฐืงึทื“ึผึดืฉืึฐื›ึถื". ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื—, ื‘): "ื ื›ืจื™ ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื‘ื“ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื“ืช ื•ืงื‘ืข ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื (ื™ืขื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ื™, ื˜).
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืกืžืš ืœื–ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื˜ื–): "ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึฐืœึธืื›ึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึธื”ึถื", ืœื ื ืืžืจ "ืœื ืชืขืฉื”" ืืœื "ืœึนื ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื”", ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ืฉืฉื•ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื ืชื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื): "ืœื ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” - ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืืชื” ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ืžืœืื›ืชืš". 1
ื•ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™: "ืชื‘ืฉืœ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื™". ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• "ืชื“ืœื™ืง ืœืš ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ". ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ื™, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœื ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื–, ื›ื, ืž"ื‘ ืขื’).
ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื ืฉื›ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•. ื•ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืœืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืขื•, ื). ื•ืื ื–ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฆื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื• ืงื˜ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื”-ื•). 2
ื•ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชืฆื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื—, ืž"ื‘ ืžื).
ื‘ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•
ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืขื•, ื‘). ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• (ื—"ื, ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืขื•, ื—, ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืื•"ื” ืจืขื•, ื‘, 'ื•ืื', ื•ืฉืœื ื›ืž"ื).
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืš ื™ืขืฉื”, ื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืฆืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืš, ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• (ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืจืขื•, ื˜).
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจืช ื’ื•ื™, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ื›ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืžื˜ื‘ื— ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืจ. ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›ื–; ืฉืฉ"ื› ืœ, ื ื–). ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืฉืจืชื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืœืขืฆืžื• ืคื ืก, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืขื•, ื’).
ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืจืชื™ื— ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื, ืฉืžื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•; ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ืžื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื• ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื™ื, ืž"ื‘ ืกื•). ื•ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฆื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื• ื—ืœื‘ ืคืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื”). 3

ื’ - ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
ืื ื“ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืจ ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœืื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืงืจื•ื, ื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืœื”ื ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืื” ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืœืื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืื•ืจื•. ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืœื™ืง, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ - ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืขื•, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ืœื‘).
ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืœื ืจืง ืžืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืื•ืจ.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืื• ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืกืจ ืื•ืจ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™: "ืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ". ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ (ื—"ื ืกื‘, ื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื•: "ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช", ืื• "ืขืฉื” ืขืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ", ืื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืชืจ, ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืจ, ื™ืืžืจ: "ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื—ืœืฉ", ืื• "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืืจ ื™ืคื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื“ื•ืœืง ื‘ื• ืจืง ืื•ืจ ืื—ื“". ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื– ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ: "ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ", ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืฉืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืืœื˜ ื—ืชื•ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ: "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืืœื˜", ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™, ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืชื•ืš. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™: "ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืืœื˜". ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™: "ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืžืชื‘ื–ื‘ื–", ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืžื– ืžืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™: "ื”ืžื›ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“". 4
ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“, ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืืœื ืจืง ื™ืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื•ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืžืœืื›ืชื•. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง, ืื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ, ืฉืื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื”ืžืœืื›ื”. 5
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืืฃ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.

ื“ - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืขืจ ืื• ื”ืคืกื“, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื) ืฉื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘) ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื• ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืชื™ืจื• ื–ืืช, ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืจื•ื‘ ืฆืขืจื• ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” (ื˜, ื™ื-ื™ื‘; ื˜ื–, ื”, 1).
ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื”: ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžื”ืื™ืœืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืœืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื–, ื”; ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื˜, ื–). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื“ืจืš 'ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช' ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื›ื”, ืก; ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื, ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš 'ื›ืจืžืœื™ืช' ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื›ื”, ืกื‘).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ 'ืžื•ืงืฆื”' ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื“. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืชืคื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ ืื• ื™ื’ื ื‘. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉืงื™ ืžืœื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื˜ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ืฉื ื•ื™ืชืงืœืงืœื• (ืฉื–, ื™ื˜, ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืกื˜).
ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื“ืœืช ื—ื•ืจืงืช ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ื”, ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืžืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืช (ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืžื ื™ืš ื•, ื, 1). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืจืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืชื, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืžื™ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืฉืจื, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืœืขื™ืœ ื›, ื—).
ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขืฆื ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉ"ืกืคืง ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื".
ืื ื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉื”ื”ื“ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื•ืื ืืคืฉืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืชืช ืœื• ืฉื ืœืื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืชืจ.

ื” - ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืœืื›ืช ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ (ืžื–ื’ืŸ)
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื• ืกื›ื ื”, ื’ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื•, ืฉืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื—, ื™ื–). ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ื™ื‘ื•ืืจื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื›ื–-ื›ื—.
ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉืš (ืจืž"ื ืจืขื•, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื•; ืจืž"ื ืฉื›ื—, ื™ื–, ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื“, ื•).
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกืงื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคื—ืžื™ื, ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืœืžืขื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืขื•, ื”). ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช 'ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช'. ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ื’ื–, ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘'ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช'. ื•ืจืง ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืชื ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืจ ืขื–, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืชื ื•ืจ. ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžืื•ื“, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืขื– ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืชื ื•ืจ (ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื’, ื›ื—, ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ื”ืขืจื” ืคื–).
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืืžื ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžื–ื’ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžื–ื’ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื–, ื‘), ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ืช (ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช').
ื•ืื ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ. ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืงืจ ืžื“ื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ. ื•ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ. 6

ื• - ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืจื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืคืขืœ
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ื‘ื”ื’ืฉืช ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืœื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื. (ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ืข ืืช ืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืชื”ืœ"ื“ ืจืžื’, ื, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื—, ืกื’. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื‘, ื™ื“).
ื•ืื ืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ. ื•ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื–ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ. (ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื“, ื’-ื“; ืฉื›ื”, ื™ื“; ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื“, ื™ื˜-ื›; ืฉื›ื”, ืขื’).
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืจื™ืก ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ื•ืชืžื•ืจืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช - ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื•.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืคืขืœ ืื• ื—ื ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื•ื—. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. 7
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื“ื” ืื• ืžืคืขืœ ืื• ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืื ื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืืœื ื™ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ืœืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.

ื– - ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืคืขืœ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ื“ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืืจื™ืกื•ืช.
ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืจื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืกืงืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืชื™ืคืจืฅ ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš, ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ืฉื›ืจื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ืœื’ื•ื™, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื•ื™. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืžืจื—ืฅ ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื’, ื-ื‘). 8
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื ื•ืช, ืื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉื›ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ.
ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื›ื ืกื• ื•ื™ืงื ื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื’, ืœื˜). 9

ื— - ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ื•ื™
ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื”ืœื›ื” ื•) ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื”ืกื›ื 'ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช' ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืกื•ื›ื, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ืžื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ื ืขื ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืกื›ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ื’ื“ ืื• ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžื•ืกืš ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ื‘ืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื›ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืš ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื“, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื‘). 10
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืœื•ืงื— ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืขืกืงืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื“, ื). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื (ืจ"ืŸ). ื•ืขื•ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื›ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. 11
ื˜ - ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืง
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืคืขืœ ืื• ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืฉื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™. ื•ืื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื”, ื; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื”, ืž"ื‘ ื”-ื•; ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื‘, ืกื”). 12
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืื• ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืจื™ืก ื‘ืขืกืง ื›ื–ื”. 13
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื, ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื”, ื“). ื•ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืขืกื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืชื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœื• (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 9). ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืื• ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ืงื•ื ื” ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. 14
ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื›ื ืขื ื‘ื ืง ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื• (ืžืœืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ื, ืœื’). 15


^ 1.. ื”ืกืž"ื’ (ืœ"ืช ืกื™' ืขื”) ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ื‘"ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืžื“. ืื•ืœื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ื‘ื ื›ืืกืžื›ืชื. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ื•, ื; ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื‘, ื˜ื–; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืจืžื’, ื, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืจืžื’, ื–. ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื’, ื), ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื•. ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื•, ื) ื›ืชื‘, ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื“ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™, ืชื”ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜, ื™.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื–, ื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืžื– ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœื•: "ืœืžื” ืœื ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™", ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื–, ื‘).
^ 2.. ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ืช ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื‘, ื, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื›ื“, ื‘. ื•ื˜ืขื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ: ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืžืœืื›ืช ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืœืชื•ืก' ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื˜ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืœืื›ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื›ื”, ื›ื˜). ื•ืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ืœืขื•ืœื (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื™ื“, ืž"ื‘ ืขื’).
^ 3.. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžื™ื“, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืคื ื•ืฆื“ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื”). ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ืžื”ื’ื•ื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื›ื”, ื“).
ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื–, ื˜, ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืฉื›ื—ื• ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื›ืœ ืžืฉื, ืืฃ ืฉืชื•ืš ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืชื™ื“ืœืง ื ื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื”. ื•ืื—"ื› ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”.
^ 4.. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืœื™ืงื”, ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™: "ื”ืžื›ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“" (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉืœื“, ื›ื•). ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช", ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืืžืฅ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืจืžื•ื– ืœื• ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ืกืฃ, ื™ืชืืžืฅ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืžื– ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืžื– ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™.
^ 5.. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื—ื˜ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืฃ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื•ืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืจืขื•, ื›).
^ 6.. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื™ ื”"ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœ, ื, 'ื”ื›ืœ', ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉืฆืขืจ ืฉืจื‘ ืงืฉื” ืžืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืงื•ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ื˜ ืœื”ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืง"ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื™ื’, ืœื˜, ื•ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ื›ื’-ื›ื“, ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืฆ, ื›. ืืžื ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ื–, ื‘), ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช'. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœื™ืง ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืœืงืช ืžื–ื’ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉืžื™ืงืœ ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜, ื™ื. ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื–ื’ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ 'ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ืฉื‘ื•ืช' ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื”ืกืจืช ืฆืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ืžื‘, ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื•.
^ 7.. ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื ื•ื‘"ื™ ื, ื›ื˜, ื”ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื–ื• ืขืฆื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืœืžืจืงื˜ื™ื ื’, ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื•ื”ื—ืช"ืก ืื•"ื— ื ื˜, ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
^ 8.. ื—ื™ืœืงื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื“, ื). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื™. ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงื ื•ืชื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื“, ื•). ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื“, ื ื’). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื ืœื’ื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื” (ืจืž"ื ืฉื), ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืชื•ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื 'ื“ื‘ืžืงื•ื', ื•ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื’, ื˜ื–). ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืฉืขืฆื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืคืž"ื’ (ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืจืžื“, ื), ืฉืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ื‘ื•.
^ 9.. ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•, ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘, ืœื, ืœืชืช ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ 'ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื•ืจ'. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื›ืจื™ ืขื–, ื˜ื–. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื‘, ืงืคื“, ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžื—ืœืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืฉืœื• ืฉื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืืกืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื’, ืœื˜. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืชืคืจืฅ ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช.
^ 10.. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืž"ื ืฉื–, ื“; ื˜"ื– ื’; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืจื ื‘, ื“; ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื–, ื“; ืจื ื‘, ื˜ื•, ืืจื—"ืฉ ื›ื’, ืงืขื’. ืืžื ื ืœื‘"ื™ ืฉื–, ื’, ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ืžื ื—ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื, ื“; ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื, ืžื“; ืจื‘ ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘, ืžื’; ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื’, ื™ื–. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืจื›ื‘ ืœืžื•ืกืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ, ืื ืกื•ื›ื ืฉื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืื• ืฉื™ืชืคืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื–, ื‘, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืจื ื‘, ื‘, 'ืื ืงืฆืฅ'). ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ื™ื, ืœืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื–, ื“, ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืจืž"ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
^ 11.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื’, ื, ื•ืข' ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ืฉื›ืŸ'). ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืชืช ืฉื ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืจื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื’ื ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื. ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืจ"ืŸ, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืš ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืจืžื“, ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื ื•"ื‘ ื•ืจืข"ื. (ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ื™ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืก. ื•ืจ"ืช ืกื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช). ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื›ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืจืžื“, ื™ื’, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืช ืœืงื‘ืœืŸ ื’ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืชืชื‘ื˜ืœ. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” ืจืžื“, ื, 'ืื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ', ื•ื‘ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื’, ืœื”. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืžื“, ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื›ืžื• ืขื ืงื‘ืœืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ.
^ 12.. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื”ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื™, ื˜ื•ืœ ืืชื” ืืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ ืื—ื“, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ื•. ื•ืื ืจืฆื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืœ, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืจืžื”, ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ืœืจื"ืฉ ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืจืฆื” ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื›ืืจื™ืก, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ืจืž"ื ืจืžื”, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื˜-ื™ื).
ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื™ืขืฉื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื•ื™, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
^ 13.. ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืจื™ืก ืื• ืงื‘ืœืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ืจ"ื ืฉื™ืง ืื•"ื— ืฆื–, ืฉืื ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืก ืื• ืงื‘ืœืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื™ืฉ"ื ื‘ืืจื—"ืฉ ื›ื’, ื”ืขืจื” ืฉืขื•. ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืืจื—"ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขืกืง ืฉื”ื’ื•ื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 10 ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 8.
^ 14.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื—"ื™ ื’, ื; ื’, ืœื, ื‘, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื›ืจื™ ืคืจืง ืกื–. ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืงืœ, ื”ื™ืงืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืกื—ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžื™ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืงื ื” ืืช ืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ื’ืจื ืฉืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”. ืข"ื›. ื•ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื•ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืž"ืž ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื.
ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืขืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืงื‘ืข ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ื›ืจื™ ืกื–, ื•, ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื”.
^ 15.. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ื™ื•ืžื™ (ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืกืงื) ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื ืง. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื‘ืช (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ื‘, ื™ื“, 9). ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื•ืขื–ื™, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื• ื™ืงื“ื™ืžื• ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื•ืื– ืื ื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• (ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืืคื•ื“ ื’, ื ื).
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    58 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

    ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืจืง ื‘'

    ื˜"ื– ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืข"ื
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช

    ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืฉ"ืข
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ

    ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืค"ื‘
ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืื•ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il