ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื‘ืช
  • ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
  • ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื™ื’ - ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ืœื•
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื’), ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ืืœื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฅ: ื) ืžืฆื‘ื•, ื‘) ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ:
ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืืฉืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื” ื“ืขืชื• ืืฆืœ ื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื - ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืืฉืคื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ื - ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ื™ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ื ื; ืจืž"ื ืฉื—, ื–). ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืžื“ืจื’ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื—, ืœื‘).
ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืคืฆืขื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื–ืจืง ืืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคื—, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ื•-ื–, ื™ื; ืž"ื‘ ืžื—, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›, ืžื‘).
ื›ืœื™ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช, ืื ื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื›ืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ืชืคืจืง ืžืžื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืœื™. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช). ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืŸ ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืื• ื›ืชืจ ืฉื ืคืœื•, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื ืคืœ ืžื‘ื’ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื•. ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ื›ืืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื’ื“, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. 1
ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช - ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืœื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื‘, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ื—-ื™; ืž"ื‘ ืœื”). 2
ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ื‘ื”ื, ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ืื ื ื–ืจืงื• ืœืคื— ืžื˜ื•ื ืฃ, ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื ืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื–ืจืงื• ืœืคื—, ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ืืžื ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื•ืชื ืžื“ื™ืŸ 'ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™' (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›, ืžื‘).
ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ื’ื‘ื• ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื ื”ื•ื ื— ื‘ืคื— ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื”ืกืคื’ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื— ื‘ืืฉืคื” ืžื˜ื•ื ืคืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืงืฆื”.

ื™ื“ - ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื”ืฆื“ ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•
ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืชื•, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ืš ื“ื™ื ื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืฉื ืŸ: ื) ืžื”ืฆื“, ื‘) ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•. ืžื”ืฆื“ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ:
ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื“ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื‘ืŸ ืื• ืขืคืจ ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจื™ ืชื’ืจื•ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื–ื–ืชื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื”ืฆื“ - ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืชืจ - ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื’, ื, ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื, ื—-ื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืขื˜, ืื ื”ืขื˜ ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื ืขืฉื” 'ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ' (ืœืขื™ืœ ื”), ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื˜. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื›ื— ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืคืœื• ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื›ื— ืื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ืชื™ืคื•ืœ. ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœืฆื™ื“ื”, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื‘, ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜, ื“).
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ื– ืžื˜ืื˜ื ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืื• ืœื˜ืื˜ื ืื‘ืง, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื”ืฆื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืื˜ื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื™ - ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• (ื˜"ื– ืฉื—, ื™ื—; ืž"ื‘ ืงื˜ื•). 3
ื•ืื ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืฆื“. ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืกื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื’ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•, ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืœื ืืกืจื•. ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ืื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื“ื• ืื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื, ื—; ืจืž"ื ืฉื—, ื’). ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืขื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง ื›ืฉื™ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืื• ืขืฆื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื—, ืคื‘). ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืื–ืขืงื”.

ื˜ื• - ื ื˜ืœ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ ืื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื”ืœื›ื” ื–) ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื™ืฆื•ื— ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื. ื•ืื–ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื“ ืืœื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ืžื˜ื ืžื™ื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืžื˜ื ืžื™ื“ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื ืขื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื”.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื—ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื•, ืœื ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื—, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ืชืงื•, ื›ื˜). ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ืžื˜ื• ืžื™ื“ (ืž"ื‘ ืฉื—, ื™ื’).
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื“, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื•, ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”. 4
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง (ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš) ืฉืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื•, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”. ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืืœื ื™ื ืขืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืื– ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื ืขืจ ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“. ื•ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ืจื’ืข ื‘ืœื ืฉื™ืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืจื™ืžื•. ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• (ื›ื“, ื•) ืฉื”ืชื™ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ื™ืœื“ ืฉื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ - ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื• (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื˜, ื). 5



^ 1.. ื›"ื› ืžื ื—ืช ืฉื‘ืช ืคื—, ื‘, ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื–, ืžื•, ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื ื™ื‘, ืž, ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื˜, ืงืกื–. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื ืฉืฉ"ื› ื˜ื•, ืขื‘, ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉืฆื“, ืืœื ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื ืคืœ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืจ"ื™ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ) ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ื, ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื•ืงืฆื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ืชืคืจืง ื•ื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื”, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื”ืชืคืจืง. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืกืคืกืœ ืฉืจื’ืœื• ื ืฉืžื˜ื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืžื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ื•ื™ืชืงื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื•, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื™ื’, ื—, ืจืž"ื ืฉื—, ื˜ื–, ื•ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜ื•, ื•.
^ 2.. ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืงื”, ืื• ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–, ืื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืžื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืจืขื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืง, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื˜ื•, ื’. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื—"ื‘ ืœื•, ื“ ืื•ืช ื–' ื•ื˜'.
ืืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ (ืฉืชื›ื•ืœืชื• ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืกืื” - ืืžื” ืขืœ ืืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื•ืช. ืืžื” ื”ื™ื - 45.6 ืก"ืž) ืฉื“ืœืชื• ื”ืชืคืจืงื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืืจื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืงืฆื” (ืจืž"ื ืฉื™ื“, ื, ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›, ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ืงืกื“). ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืกืื”, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจื” ืจืœื•, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืก"ืช, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื”.
^ 3.. ื•ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ืื˜ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื ืžื”ืฆื“ (ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืฉื—, ืก; ื—"ื ืกื–, ื ืฉืž"ื ื•; ื—ื–ื•"ื ืžื–, ื™ื“). ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ืฉืฉ"ื› (ื›ื‘, ืœื–- ืœื—), ื•ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืฉื›ื•- ืฉื›ื–). ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืจ, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™, ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื”ืฆื“ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืขืฆืžื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžื’ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจ. ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื’ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื•). ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื™ืจ ืจืขื•, ื’, ื•ืคืž"ื’ ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืฉื—, ื™ื—, ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ื•ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ืจืขื•, ื™, ืžื—ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ืฆื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›, ื”ืขืจื” ืงืฆื“, ืฉื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืžืงืฆืช ืžื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืžื ืชื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžื–ื’ืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืžื—ืžืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืก, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื—, ื›ื•, ื”ืขืจื” ื ื”. ื•ืฉืœื ื›ืืจื—"ืฉ ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจื” ืชืกื•, ืฉืืกืจ.
^ 4.. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืกื™' ืฉื—; ื‘ื"ื— ืฉ"ืฉ, ืžืงืฅ ื’; ื›ื”"ื— ืฉื—, ื›ื–; ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื˜, ืœื’; ืžื ื•"ื ื—"ื ื™ื’, ื‘. ื•ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื: ืคืž"ื’ ืžืฉื‘"ื– ืชืžื•, ื‘; ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—, ื“; ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›, ื”ืขืจื” ื›ื–.
ืœื“ืขืช ืž"ื ืฉื—, ื–, ืื ื˜ืขื” ื•ื ื˜ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืจืฉืื™ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืจืฆื”. ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืฉืžืœืื›ืชื• ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืฉืืจ ืžื•ืงืฆื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžื™ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืžื• (ื’ืจ"ื ืจืกื•, ื™ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื™ื’; ืฉืฉ"ื› ื›ื‘, ืœื“).
^ 5.. ื™"ื ืฉื’ื ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื• ืืกื•ืจ ืื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš. ื•ื™"ื ืฉืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื•ืชืจ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ). ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื˜, ื).
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il