ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืืžื•ื ืช ืขื™ืชืš
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืงื”
  • ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
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18 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื ืชื™ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื: ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื” 1 , ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื. ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ: ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื 1/192 ืžื“ื™ื ืจ ื›ืกืฃ 2 . ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ. 3
ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช 'ื›ืกืฃ' ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”. 4
ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช 'ื›ืกืฃ' ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”: ื”ืื—ืช โ€“ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.

ื. ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ
ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื (ืžื“ ืข"ื‘) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ืคื™ืจื' ื•ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื–ืœื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘'ืคื™ืจื' ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืจื•.
ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื':
ื“ื™ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ - ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘, ืœืžืื™ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื” - ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ืื™ ืืžืจืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ื•ื™ - ืžืฉืขืจ ืชื ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืงื™ืฅ. ืืœื ืื™ ืืžืจืช ืคื™ืจื ื”ื•ื™, ืžืฉืขืจ ืชื ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ืื•ืงื™ืจ ื•ื–ื™ืœ? ื–ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื”ื“ืจ ืœื™ื” ื›ื”ื ื ื•ื–ื™ืžื ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื™ื” ืื™ื”ื• ืœื›ื”ื ื. ืืœื ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื”: ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ื•ื™, ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื”.
ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื:
ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ - ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืงืœื™ื, ื•ืฉืงืœ ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ืกืœืข, ื•ื”ืกืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจ, ื•ืื ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ - ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ.
ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืช ืขืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขืจืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืžืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ืฉืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื 4/5 ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ 4/5 ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ โ€“ ืืฃ ืื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ. 5
ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ืคื™ืจื' - ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืกืฃ 6 , ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืคื•ื ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ื“ืžื™ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 4/5 ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘.
ืืœื ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ื•'ืคื™ืจื', ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื 7 , ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฉืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขื•ื“ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืื›ืŸ ื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืช ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ:
ืฉื"ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื•ืงืจ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉืช ืกืœืขื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื”ื‘ื ื˜ื‘ืขื ื•ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ื™ืงืจ ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ื—ืžืฉืช ืกืœืขื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืกืš ื“' ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื–ื”ื‘ 8
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืชืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื':
ื“ื ื”ื™ ืฉืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืคืกืงื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื“ื›ืกืคื ื˜ื‘ืขื ืื‘ืœ ืขืชื” ืฉื ืชื”ืคืš ื•ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืกืคื ืคื™ืจื ื•ื“ื”ื‘ื ื˜ื‘ืขื ื“ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ื"ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืคื“ื”"ื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงืฆื•ื‘... 9
ื”'ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”' ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœ'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœ'ืคื™ืจื' ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœ'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื':
ื•ื ืœืข"ื“ ืžืกื‘ืจื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืชื—ืœืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื ืžื›ืกืคื ืœื“ื”ื‘ื. ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืกืคื ื•ืœื ื”ื“ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืชืจืข"ื• ืขื“ ืชืจืค"ื‘ ื•ื"ื› ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ืข. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืžื›ืกืคื ืœื“ื”ื‘ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืฉืžืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉืช ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจืื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืกืขืจืขื‘ืจืื ื•ืื—"ื› ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืžืœื›ื•ืชื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฉื˜ืจ ืื—ืช ืžื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื–ื”ื‘... ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืชืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื“ื”"ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืขืชื” ื”' ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื“ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื ื ืชื™ื™ืงืจ ื“ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื ืืœื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื–ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืœื ื›ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื”ื‘. 10
ืืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืื– ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’ (1973) ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ืืœื 'ืคื™ืจื' 11 . ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’ (1973), ื•ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื“ ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื:
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืขืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื "ื ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื,
ืžืฉืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ื”ื‘ ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื 4.3 ื’ืจื. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ืจื ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’ (1973) ืขืžื“ ืขืœ $2.1, ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืขืžื“ ืขืœ $9, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื– 0.00378 โ‚ช. 12 ื”ืฆืžื“ืช ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื (ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืฉืข"ื’), ื ื•ืชื ืช ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ - 196โ‚ช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื, ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 13
ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™. ื›ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”'ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื' (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื– ืก"ืง ื) ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•:
ื“ื›ืกืฃ ื“ืงืจื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื›ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืืœื ืฉื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื›ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืฉื•ื” ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ื"ื› ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืžื™ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
ืืœื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”'ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”', ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช, 14 ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืฆ"ืข.

ื‘. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื โ€“ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช
ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื (ืคืจืง ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ - ื’) ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื:
(ื‘) ืžื ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ืก ื•ื‘ืžืคืชื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืจืข ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืฉืงืœื• ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ืžืฉืงืœื• ื›ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ืงืจื ืกืœืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืกืœืข ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
(ื’) ื”ืกืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืจ ืฉืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื’ืจื”, ื•ืžืขื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืื™ืกืจ, ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืžืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ืจื” ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืขื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื™ืกืจ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื”.
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžื ื• 15 , ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ื™ื•"ื“ ืฉื” ืกืขื™' ื):
ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืœืืžื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื‘ื”' ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืง"ื› ืžืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื“ืจื”ืžื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง.
ื•ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ืœืฉื•"ืข ืฉื, ืก"ืง ื“):
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืค"ืง ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ (ื™ื‘ ืข"ื) ืกื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื›ื•' ืจืง ื”ืกืœืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื "ืœ ื•ืœื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ื›ื "ืœ ื›"ื“ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืงืœื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉ"ืค ื ืžืฆื ืžืขื” ื˜"ื– ืฉืขื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ืจ ืฆ"ื• ื•ืกืœืข ืฉืค"ื“ ื•ืฉืงืœื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื™ืกืจ ื”' ืœื•ื˜ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืฉื˜"ื– ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืงื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืข ืœื ื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ื•ืขื "ืฉ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›"ื– ื›ืกืฃ ืฆืจื•ืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื 'ื›ืกืฃ ื—ืžืฉืช ืฉืงืœื™ื' ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื“ืจื”ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ืžืื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. 16
ืืœื ืฉืขืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื (ืžื“ ืข"ื‘), ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ืžืžื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื), ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื”ื” 17 , ื”ืจื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 1920 ืฉืขื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ, ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 160 ืฉืขื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘.
ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืชืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืื ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ื™ื™ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืง ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ืคื™ืจื' - ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืกืฃ 18 , ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืืฃ ืื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื—ื“ืœ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. 19
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”'ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื' ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ - ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”'ืื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื' ืžืงืฉื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ (ืื”"ืข ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืžื— ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื ืข"ื‘), ืฉืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื ืข"ื‘, ื“"ื” ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™), ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ ื ืงื™.
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ, ืฉื’ื ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื 20 . ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื“ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื” ื’ื ื“ื™ื ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 1/192 ืžืชื•ื›ื•.
ืืœื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื•"ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆ"ืข, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ 1/192 ืžื“ื™ื ืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื 1/192 ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 1/192 ืžืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืจ.

ื’. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืงืฆื‘ื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื
ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ 'ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”', 21 ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉ"ืก, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืœ. ืืœื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืจืฆื ื•ื”ืชืคื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงืฆื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ.
ืœื“ืขืชื•, ืขืฉื• ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืฆื‘ืช ืขืจืš ืœืงืฆื‘ืช ืžืฉืงืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ื“ืœื• ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื“. ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืข
ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื, ื›ืชื‘ ืจืฉ"ื™: 'ืคืจื•ื˜ื” โ€“ ืฉืœ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช'. ื•ื“ื™ื™ืงื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ืกืฃ 22 . ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉ"ืš (ื—ื•"ืž ืชื™ื˜ ืก"ืง ื’), ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืง 'ืื ื›ืกืฃ ืชืœื•ื” ืืช ืขืžื™...'.
ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืž"ืข (ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืคื— ืก"ืง ื‘):
ื•ืœืค"ื– ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื“ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื›ื™ ืื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขื™ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืœืŸ ืœืžื™ืžืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืืฉื” ืกื’ื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื•ืœื ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฆ"ืข:
ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”'ื—ืœืงืช ืžื—ื•ืงืง' (ืื‘ื”"ื– ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื– ืก"ืง ื›ื“), ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืฉื”; ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉ"ืš (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืฉื” ืก"ืง ื), ืืœื ืฉืชืžื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืž"ืข ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื’ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขื™"ืฉ. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื.
ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืคื—ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•, 23 ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกืž"ืข.
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื ืžื™ื ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื, ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงืœ.

ื”. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
1. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื โ€“ ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื’ืจ"ื (ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™' ืฉื” ืก"ืง ื“) ืฉื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืขื˜, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืขืฆืžื•:
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืฃ ืฉืฉื•ื” ืงืฆืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื "ืฉ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ื•ื›"ื” ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืฉ"ืค ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืืœื ืฉืž"ืž ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง. ื•ืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืฉื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘' ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืื—ืช ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉื (ื•ืขืž"ืฉ ื‘ืื”"ืข ืกื™' ืก"ื• ืก"ื•):
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืกืฃ, ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื™ืœืš ื—ื•ืงื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืื—ืช โ€“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื”ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง. 24
ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืžื™ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืื• ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš. ื•ืื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื  ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื“ืžื–ื“ื‘ื ื) ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื, ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื” ื”ื’ืžืจื, 25 ืฉื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ - ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ. ื•ื”ืœื ืื ื™ืœืš ืœืคืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™, ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ, ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืจืง ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ืืœื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืคืจื•ื˜ ืืช ื“ื™ื ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืืœื ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘. 26
ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ: ื. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ื‘. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื”, ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืข"ืž. ื’. ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื“ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™, 27 ื”ืจื™ ืœืื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ. 28
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืขืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืฉื”, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ, ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื’ืจื. 29
2. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืœืš ื—ื•ืงื™
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ::
ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืืœื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื ืชืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืงืฆื‘ ืคื“ื™ื•ื ื• ื”' ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”' ืœื•ื˜ ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ /ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ืช/ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืš ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื™ื™"ื— ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืงืง ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื "ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉ' ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื "ืœ ื“ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื›ืœื•ื ื•ื”ื”"ื  ื‘ืื ืงื"ื ืื˜ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืชืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœื•ื ืจืง ืžืคืงื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” 30
ื”'ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ' ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืš ื—ื•ืงื™, ืื ื™ื™ืงื— ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืจื”ื, ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืชื• ืื“ื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ.
ืื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”'ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ' ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืืกืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืืœื ืžืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง, ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”'ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ'.
3. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”'ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘' โ€“ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ
ืœื“ืขืช ื”'ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘', (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื‘) ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืืš ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืขืจื›ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืขื•ืœื” โ€“ ืืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื‘. ื‘ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ื ืฉื ื”ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืงื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•.
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ 'ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ', ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•:
ื“ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื ื”ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™' ืž"ืž ื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื›ืกืฃ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื•... ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื' ืจื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืžืื” ืจื•"ื› ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื' ื•ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืื” ืื• ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืœื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”"ื– ืฉื˜ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ...
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจืื”, ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื ืงื•ื‘; ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืงืœ. 31

ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ืœืคื™ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช, 'ื›ืกืฃ' ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืชื›ืช.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืื” ื’ืจื. ื›ืกืฃ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืชืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
ืื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื (ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชืื ืœืขืจื›ืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื‘), ื”ืจื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžืื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื—ืช"ืก ื•ื”'ืขื•ื ื’ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘', ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื•. ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืืกืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœืชืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืจื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืกืคื ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ื™ืงื‘ืข ื’ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ 32 , ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื 1/3840 ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืขืฉืจื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ.
ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื’ืจ"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืชื™ื ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืขืจืš ืžืื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืฉืข"ื’) ืกื›ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื› - 196โ‚ช.


ืžืชื•ืš 'ืืžื•ื ืช ืขืชื™ืš' ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืจืฅ www.toraland.org.il




^ 1.. ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื”: ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืช (ืค"ื’ ื”"ื), ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ืžืื™ืจื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ ืข"ื), ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกืชื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื ืžืขืฉื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืžืจื•ื‘ ืงื˜ื ื•ืชื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื›ืกืฃ. (ืื‘ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืž"ืก ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
^ 2.. ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื” 'ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™'. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ ืข"ื) ืžืคืจื˜ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื: 'ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื - ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ืฉืฉ ืžืขื” ื›ืกืฃ - ื“ื™ื ืจ, ืžืขื” - ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ - ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืกืจื™ืŸ, ืื™ืกืจ - ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืกืžื™ืกื™ื, ืžืกืžืก - ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืงื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื ืง - ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื ืžืฆื ืคืจื•ื˜ื” - ืื—ืช ืžืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืื™ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™.' ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ 1/192 ื“ื™ื ืจ.
^ 3.. ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค"ื.
^ 4.. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืจ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืง ื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘. ื•ืจ' ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืจืฅ, ื›ืจืš ื’, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืกื—ืจ.
^ 5.. 'ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงืจื ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืœืชื ื“ืคืกื™ืงื ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื—ืžืฉืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืืœื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืžืฉื™ ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘' - ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช, ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื"ืฉ.
^ 6.. ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืค"ื• ื”"ื’; ื•ืขื™' ื’ื ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืค"ื” ื”ื™"ื’; ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื; ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืจื’ ืกืขื™' ื“; ื—ื–ื•"ื, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื’, ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•' (ื”ืฉื ื™).
^ 7.. ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืžื” ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื—; ืจื™"ืฃ, ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื“ืฃ ื›ื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘; ืจื"ืฉ, ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืค"ื“ ืกื™' ื.
^ 8.. ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ื—ืœืง ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืคื˜.
^ 9.. ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ืฉื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืค"ื’. ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœื›ืกืฃ โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืœื–ื”ื‘. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ื•ื–ืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
^ 10.. ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ืฉื.
^ 11.. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื“ (1944) ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืก ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื•. ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื ื›ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื•ื ืงื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ 35$. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ืฉื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืฆืžื“ื• ืืœื™ื”ื. ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืก ืงืจืก ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื (1971), ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉืขืจื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืืš ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืฉืืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’ (1973), ืขืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช. ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืœื“ื•ืœืจ ืื• ืœื–ื”ื‘, ื•ืžืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื”ื‘ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'. ืจ' ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ื•"ื“ ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงื™ื“; ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืคืจืง ื™ื— ืกืขื™ืฃ ื’. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืจืคื•ืคื•ืจื˜, ืฉืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ืจื™"ืž ืคื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื’ (1973) ื—ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื'.
^ 12.. ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืงื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื' ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ืœื ืžืขืจื›ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื‘. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืขืจื›ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ: ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉืงืœื” 8.6 ื’ืจื โ€“ ื›ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉืงืœื” 12.9 ื’ืจื โ€“ ื›ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืจ' http://index.goldenm.co.il/ad-ategory/europe/russia/. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”'ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”' ืฉื, ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ืื ื›ืš, ื’ื ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื•.
^ 13.. ืขืค"ื™ ืืชืจ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
^ 14.. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื 1/192 ืžื“ื™ื ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื 1/20 ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืœืขื™ื, ืฉื”ื 196โ‚ช.
^ 15.. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืจ' ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืค"ื’ ื”"ื‘, ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืค"ื ืž"ื.
^ 16.. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืจ' ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื’ืจ"ื— ื ืื”, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื 96.15 ื’ืจื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ื‘-101 ื’ืจื. ื•ืจ' ื‘ืกืคืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืคืจืง ื™ื’, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช; ื•ืจ' ื’ื ืฉื•"ืช ื™ื—ื•ื” ื“ืขืช, ื“ ืกื™' ื ื“.
^ 17.. ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืžื“ ืข"ื‘, ื“"ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื›"ื”; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื  ืข"ื, ื“"ื” ื“ืžื–ื‘ื ื.
^ 18.. ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืค"ื• ื”"ื’; ื•ืขื™' ื’ื ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœ' ืžืข"ืฉ ืค"ื” ื”ื™"ื’, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื; ืฉืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ืจื’ ืกืขื™' ื“; ื—ื–ื•"ื, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื’, ื“"ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•' (ื”ืฉื ื™).
^ 19.. ืจ' ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื‘, ืฉื”ืงืฉื” ืฉ'ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ ืคื˜ืจ ืœื™ื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืณ ืกืœืขื™ื, ื•ืžื ืดืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœื•', ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ: 'ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื“ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื›ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ืžืฉืดื› ืกืงืดื ื•ื”ืœื›ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืงืœื•'. ื‘ืก"ืง ื ืฉื, ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื–ื” ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื, ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื: 'ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข', ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ื•ืจ' ื’ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื—ื•"ืž ืกื™' ื˜ื– ืก"ืง ื.
^ 20.. ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”: ืื• ืฉื›ืš ืฉื™ืขืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื—ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš, ืื•, ืฉื›ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™.
^ 21.. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื˜, ืขืž' 385.
^ 22.. ื›ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ, ื—ืœืง ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืกื™' ืฉืคื“: 'ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื“ื›ืกืฃ ื“ืงืจื ืœืื• ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžืฉ ืืœื ืžื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืžื•ืฉืืœ ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืกืชื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ'. ื•ืข' ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘, ืกื™' ื, ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจืฉ"ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ (ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื”), ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืœื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
^ 23.. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ (ื”ืœ' ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค"ื ื”"ื”): 'ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ืชื” ืฉื™ืชืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉืงืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœื• ืžืื” ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืจื”'. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžืช ืื“ื (ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, ื›ืœืœ ืงื  ืกืขื™ืฃ ื), ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืš, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืงืคื˜.; ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื™"ืž, ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื™' ืคื• ืก"ืง ื•.
^ 24.. ืฉื•"ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื˜ื–, ืกื™' ืงื–; ื•ืขื™"ืฉ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—"ื” ืกื™' ืงืฆื˜, ื•ื‘ื—"ื• ืกื™' ืงืฆื, ืฉื“ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
^ 25.. ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื  ืข"ื; ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘"ืž ืžื“ ืข"ื‘, ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ืฉื, ื“"ื” ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื 'ืคื™ืจื'
^ 26.. ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงืคื‘ ืก"ืง ื”, ื“"ื” ืฉื”ื•ื), ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื™ื ืจ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืื•ืžืจ 'ืœื“ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื™', ืฉืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื• ืœื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœื ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืื” ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืžื•ืจืชื ื‘ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจื–"ื  ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืจืฆื•ื ื•, ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
^ 27.. ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ืืฆืœื โ€“ ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆื•ื‘, ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ.
^ 28.. ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื” (ืฉื ื” ื™ื˜ ื- ื‘ ืขืž' 118), ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ, ืžื—"ืก 'ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”', ื”ืกืชืคืง ืžื”ื• ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ: ื”ืื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื•ื›ืฉื• ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืœื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืขืœ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ. ืืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื ื•, ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ; ืื• ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืืŸ, ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ. ืืš ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงืžืขื•ื ืื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ื‘ื• ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
^ 29.. ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ. ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืข' ืจ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™"ืฃ, ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื• ืขืžื•ื“ ื, ื“"ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ; ืืš ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ.
^ 30.. ืฉื•"ืช ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ ื‘, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืกื™' ืงืœื“. ื•ืขื™"ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆ"ืข.
^ 31.. ื›ื™ื•ื (ืชืฉืข"ื’) ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื’ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื 6.5 ื’ืจื ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ 92% ืžื ื—ื•ืฉืช, 6% ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ึพ2% ืžื ื™ืงืœ; ื•ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืฉืงืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื 4 ื’ืจื. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช 75%, ื•ื ื™ืงืœ 25%.
^ 32.. ื•ืืžื ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื 'ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื›ืกืฃ', ืจ' ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื˜ ืข"ื‘; ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœ' ืฉืงืœื™ื ืค"ื ื”"ื; ืฉื•"ืช ื™ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™, ื—"ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ืกื™' ื™ื˜ ืื•ืช ื˜ื–, ื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื; ื•ืจ' ืฉื•"ืช ืื’ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ื—"ื ืกื™' ืงืฆ; ืฉื“ืŸ ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืื• ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ืืš ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื, ื’ื ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ. ื“ื”ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” 'ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื›ืกืฃ' ื ืืžืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื•ื–ืœื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ื—ื–ื•"ื, (ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื™' ื˜ื– ืก"ืง ื˜ื–), ืฉืืฃ ืฉื–ื”ื‘ ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ืคื™ืจื' ื•ืœื 'ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื', ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื–ื”ื‘, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ (ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืงืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื‘ ื”ืœื›ื” ื“). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืืฃ ืื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื ืœื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื™ืชื. ื•ืจ' ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืขืž' 312, ื”ืขืจื” ื™, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉืงืœ - ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืœืœ.

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