ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืืžื•ื ืช ืขื™ืชืš
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
6 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉืืœื” | ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ืืžืฆื ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ืจ โ€“ ืืฉืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื ื• ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืขืชื•. ื”ืื ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืืกื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื•?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” | ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•''ืข (ื—ื•''ืž ืกื™' ืฉื˜ื– ืกืขื™' ื‘) ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื›ืจื• ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•. ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืชืคื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืฉื•ื›ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื''ืฉ (ื›ืœืœ ื ืกื™' ื‘). 1 ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืš ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืžืžืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”. ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืชื‘ื•ื ืขืœื™ืš ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช.

31. ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช
ืฉืืœื” | ืฉื›ืจื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื’ื ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ืœืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื“ืœืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื—ืช ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช. ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” | ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื“ืžื™ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ื "ืœ ืื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ืจื™ื. ืื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืž''ืจ ืื• ืœืคื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ืื–ื™ ื’ื ืžืžืš ื™ื™ื’ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืฉืืœืชืš ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื 'ื“ื™ืจื”', ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ื“ืžื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉ'ื“ื™ืจื”' ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ืืช ืžืกื™ ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืชืื. (ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช). ืืš ืื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืกื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. (ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”).

32. ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื— ื˜ืขื•ืช
ืฉืืœื” | ืื“ื ืงื ื” ืžืื” ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ืชืžืจ ืžืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื ืžืฆื“ ื’'. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืชืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื” ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื’' ื’ื ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ืœ, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืฉืชื™ืœ ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืื“ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•. ืขื ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” | ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•. ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืฉืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืคืฆื•ืช. ืืฃ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืกืž''ืข (ืกื™' ืจืœื‘ ืก"ืง ืžื•): 'ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื˜ืจื— ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ืขืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืœื•ืงื—'. ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
33. ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
ืฉืืœื” | ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ื•ืœืžื•ื›ืจืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™? ื‘ืืœื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ? ืื ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” (ืฉื ืžื›ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช), ืื• ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• - ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืžื•ื” ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” | ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช:
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื: ื. ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื. ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืืœืชืš ื”ืŸ:
ื. ื”ืื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืžืขืชื™ืง ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื•?
ื‘. ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•?
ื’. ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ 'ื ื”ื ื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•', ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืกืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•?
ื. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืขืชื™ืง ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื•, ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. 2
ื‘. ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•?
ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืกืจื• ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ื“ืื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื™ืงื ื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. 3 ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืžื•ืง ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•. ื–ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื ื” ืžื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ืข ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉ'ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื–ื™ืงื'.
ื’. ื”ืื ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ 'ื ื”ื ื” ืžื ื›ืกื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•', ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืกืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•?
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืžื•ื›ืจื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื˜ืจื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•. ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืจื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ื”ืžืฆืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ืžื”, ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”'ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”' (ืžื”ื“ื•''ืช, ื—ื•''ืž ืกื™' ื›ื“), ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ (ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื•, ืขืž' 185), ืฉื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืจื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”; ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ื–ืืช. ืืžื ื ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืชืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื•ืื– ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ. 4
34. ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
ืฉืืœื” | ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืื‘ื—ื ืช ืืช ืžื—ืœืชื•, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืชื• ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื”. ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”. ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขื”, ื•ืžื—ืžืชื• ื ื’ืจื ื ื–ืง:
ื. ื”ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง?
ื‘. ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉื”ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš?
ื’. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžื”ื?
ื“. ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” โ€“ ืจื•ืคื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืขื” (ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ)?
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” | ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš (ืกื™' ืฉื• ืกืขื™' ื•) ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื“ื™ื ืจ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™: ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืจืข, ืื ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ืจืื”ื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืœืžื“. ืื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืจืื”ื•, ืคื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืœืžื“. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™: ืขืœื™ืš ืื ื™ ืกื•ืžืš, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื™ ืœืื•ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ . ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืจืง ืื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื.
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื•ืคื ื™ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช (ืฉื•"ืข, ื™ื•''ื“ ืกื™' ืฉืœื• ืกืขื™' ื):
ื ืชื ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืจืคืื•ืช. ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื. ื•ืื ืžื•ื ืข ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืคืื ื•, ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจืคืื•ืช. ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ืœื ื™ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืื''ื› ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื™, ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื•, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ื. ื•ืื ืจื™ืคื ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื™. ื•ืื ืจื™ืคื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘''ื“, ื•ื˜ืขื” ื•ื”ื–ื™ืง, ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื. ื•ืื ื”ืžื™ืช, ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉืฉื’ื’, ื’ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•.
ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืจื•ืคื ืฉืจื™ืคื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ - ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืขื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืš 'ืฉื™ื”ื ืจื•ืคื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืจืคืื•ืช'. 5 ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืจืฉื‘''ืฅ (ืฉื•"ืช ื—"ื’ ืกื™' ืคื‘) ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืจืื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื’ื’, ื‘ืœื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื, ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืจื•ืคื ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžื™ื. ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”, ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืชื” ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืจื•ืคื ืฉืฉื•ืœื— ืืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื›ืจืื•ื™. ื’ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืชืคืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ืชื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”. 6




^ 1.. ืจืื” ื’ื ืคืชื—ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืกื™' ื“ ืกืขื™' ืœื—.
^ 2.. ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืžืง ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื—"ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, (ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืœืžืŸ) ื—"ื ืขืž' ืจืž; ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื—ื•''ืž ืกื™' ื›ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 3.. ืจืื” ืฉื•''ืช ื”ืจืž''ื, ืกื™' ื™; ืฉื•''ืช ื—ืชื ืกื•ืคืจ, ื—ื•''ืž ืกื™' ืขื˜.
^ 4.. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื•''ืช ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•''ืž ืกื™' ืฉืขื• ืื•ืช ื‘; ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—"ื“, ืกื™' ื™ื“, ืื•ืช ืงืœื‘, ืขื™''ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
^ 5.. ืžื ื—ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื, ื’ื˜ื™ืŸ ืค"ื’ ื”"ื’.
^ 6.. ืขื™' ื’ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, 'ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช', ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื˜, ืขืž' 317.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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