ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”
  • ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช

ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื• ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-PDF ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
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23 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื™"ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”: ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ืจื”, ืžื—ื“, ื•ืขืฆื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช, ืžืื™ื“ืš. ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ืœื™ื•ืช: ื. ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™. ื‘. ืขืฆื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช.
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื ืกื›ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•ืืช ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”. ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ [ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื‘, ื™ื˜]:

ืขึดืงึผึธืจ ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึตืžื•ึผืช ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืง ืœึทืขึฒื‘ื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžึดื™ืžื•ึผืช ื’ึผึธืžื•ึผืจ, ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืฉืื•ึผื ื—ึธื›ึฐืžื•ึนืช ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ. ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืžึฐื—ึทืงึผึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืขึดืงึผึธืจ ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืง ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื, ื›ึผึฐื’ื•ึนืŸ ืœึตื™ื“ึทืข ื”ึทื›ึผื•ึนื›ึธื‘ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื, ืœึตื™ื“ึทืข ืžึทื”ื•ึผืชื•ึน, ื•ึผืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืžึธื” ืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึธืงื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื. ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ื•ึผืžึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึธืœ ื•ึฐืฉืึตื›ึถืœ ื“ึผึฐื”ึทื™ึฐื ื•ึผ ื”ึทื›ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึตื›ึถืœ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื•ึฐื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทืžึผึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึธืœ, ื•ึฐื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืึถืฆึฐืœึธื, ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึตื”ึทืžึผึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึธืœ ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึตื›ึถืœ. ื•ึฐื”ึตื ืžึฐื‘ึทืœึผึดื™ื ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื”ึถื ืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืœึทื—ึฒืงืจ ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื™ื’ ื”ึทืžึผึปืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึธืœื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื–ึผึถื”ื•ึผ ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ืึถืฆึฐืœึธื ื•ึฐื–ึถื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืœึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึธื, ืจึทืง ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืฉืึถืžึผึฐืœึปื‘ึผึธืฉืึดื™ืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื’ื•ึผืฃ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึถื ืชึผึทืขึฒื ื•ึผื’ ื›ึผึธืœ ื›ึผึธืš ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื—ึฒืงึดื™ืจื•ึนืช ื•ึผื‘ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึฐืคึผึทืฉึผืึฐื˜ื•ึผ ืžึตื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื™ึดืชึฐืขึทื ึผึฐื’ื•ึผ ืžึฐืื“ ืžึดื–ึผึถื”. ื•ึผืœึฐื“ึทืขึฐืชึผึธื ื”ึธืจึธืขึธื” ืขึดืงึผึธืจ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื’ึทืช ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื”ื•ึผื ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื—ึฒืงึดื™ืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžื•ึนืช ื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืœึผึธื”ึถื ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึถืช, ืึถืฆึฐืœึตื ื•ึผ ืขึดืงึผึธืจ ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื’ึทืช ื”ึทืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช ื”ื•ึผื ืจึทืง ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื” ื•ึผืžึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืœึทืขึฒื‘ื“ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžึดื™ืžื•ึผืช ื•ึผื‘ึดืคึฐืฉืึดื™ื˜ื•ึผืช ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื–ื•ึนื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถื–ึผื•ึนื›ึดื™ืŸ, 'ืขึทื™ึดืŸ ืœื ืจึธืึธืชึธื” ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื–ื•ืœืชืš' [ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืกื“, ื’].

ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจืกืœื‘ ืžืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•'ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืžืช'. ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ืกืคืจ 'ื›ืชืจ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘', ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจ' ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ืก ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœ-ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜). ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜:

"ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ 'ื”ืœื•ืื™ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื• ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื•' [ืื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”, ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื‘]... ื›ื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื ื“ืข. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ื‘' ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื“ืข: ื' ืžื™ื“, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ืžืื—ืจ ื“ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข. ื‘' ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข. ื•ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”? ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื' ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืžืจ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืœืš, ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืœื ื ื“ืข ืžื™ื“. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ, 'ืื•ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื•' ืžืœื™ื“ืข, ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ. ืžื›ืœ-ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื•ืื™ 'ืื•ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื•' ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจ ืฉ'ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื•'".

ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš. ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• (ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื‘ืฉื›ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”'), ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจืฉื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ: "ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืื—ืจ ืฉืชื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื•". ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉืœ. ื”ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืœืš "ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžืื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืœืš", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื. ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื•(!) ืฉืœ ื”', ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”' ื•ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš, ื•ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฉืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขืฉ"ื˜. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ('ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื–ื‘ื•') ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืจื•". ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžื—ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.




ื›' ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–

ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.
ืจ' ืœื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื‘ืจื“ื™ื˜ืฉื‘, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ืกื ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืœื•ื™ [ืคืงื•ื“ื™]:

ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ ื›ื•' ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”' ืืช ืžืฉื” [ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื—, ื›ื‘]. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™ ื›ื™ ืžืฉื” ืฆื•ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืขืฉื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื. ื•ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ืฉืงื ืžืžื˜ืชื• ืื–ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื—ื•ืฅ ืชื™ื›ืฃ (ืขื™' ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืก, ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื•', ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืืจ ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉืžื•.

ื•ื ืžืฆื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื“ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืื“ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืื–ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ื›ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.

ื•ืขืชื” ื ื‘ืืจ ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ื ืžื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืขืœื” (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’, ื˜ื•) ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืฉื ื“, ื’), ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื ืžื ื• ืจืง ืžื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื (ืฉื ื, ื’). ื›ื™ ื”ื™"ื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืช (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื, ื˜ื–), ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ื” ืœื• ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื ื–ื“ื›ืš. ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืจื•ืžื– ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื ื• ืฉื‘ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืžื ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘' ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจื ื• ืฉืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฆื•ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช. ืืš ืžืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื', ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื•, ื•ืฆื•ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื - ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ - ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื "ืœ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื".

ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ืœื•ื™-ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”' ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื โ€“ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ืชืชืขืžืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื”. ืืš ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืš โ€“ ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื: ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ื›ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ('ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื'), ื•ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ืจื›ืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ืžื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืืœื• ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืชื’ื™ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.




ื›"ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–

(ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืก "ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช")
ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื• ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช? ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืช?
ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืžืชืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช:

"ื•ืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืœื ื ืชื’ืœื• ื˜ืขืžื™ ืชื•ืจื”? ืฉื”ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื ืชื’ืœื• ื˜ืขืžืŸ, ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืชื™ื‘: (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–-ื™ื–) "ืœื ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื" ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘: (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื™ื-ื“) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœืขืช ื–ืงื ืช ืฉืœืžื”, ื ืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื• ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•". ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–-ื˜ื–) "ืœื ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื• ืกื•ืกื™ื" ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื™-ื›ื˜) ื•ืชืฆื ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืฉ ื•ื’ื•':"
(ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›"ื ืข"ื‘)

ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื, ืืชื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™:

"ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš... (ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื ืžืง ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื, ืฉืœื ืชืจืื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืืช ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื”) ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•" ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœืคื™ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช: "ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช".
(ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœ"ื’ ืข"ื‘)

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ื ื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ืื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื (ื“ืฃ ืงื˜ื• ืข"ื(:
"ืœืžื™ืžืจื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื"

ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืงืชื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช.
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช - ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช - "ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”"
ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘"ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”", ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉืœื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืคืจืง ืœ"ื ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ื˜ืขื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื• ืืœื™ื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ืชื” ืจืง ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื.
ืžื—ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ 'ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”' ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.



ื›"ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื ืจืื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉืœื ื ืžื ืข ืžื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืš ื’ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืžื ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื–ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื“ืขืช. ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืœื” (ืคืจืง ื—' ื”ืœื›ื” ื—'):

"ืจืื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื™ื“ืข ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ื ื ื›ืคื™ ื›ื—ื•. ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ืžืฆื ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื™ืœื”, ืืœ ื™ื”ื™ ืงืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื”ืจื•ืก ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”' ืคืŸ ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื•. ื•ืœื ืชื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื• ื›ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื™ืœื”. ื•ืžื” ืื ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขืคืจ ื•ืืคืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื ืื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืขืœ ื‘ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืคืจื”, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื—ืงืง ืœื ื• ื”ืงื‘''ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ื˜ืขืžืŸ. ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืคื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื”ืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” "ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื ืื•ืชื". ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืชื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื"

ืžื” ืฉืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื "ืœ:

ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืŸ. ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“. ืฉื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื. ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืฉืžืจืชื ืืช ื—ืงื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื”ื"

ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘"ืžื•ืจื”" ืฉืœื• ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ืื•ืชื ืขืฆืžื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื! ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื ื™ืžืง ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื - ื›ืฉืžื - ื ืชื™ื ืช ื˜ืขื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืจืง ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื›ืœ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืืœื”.
ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื›ื•ืœื• ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ื›750 ืฉื ื”, ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื” "ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”" ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื ืคืฉื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื•:

"ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืชื•ืœืขืช ื•ืœื ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื™ื, ืืžื ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื—ืกืจืชื™ ื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืืช ืžืฉื ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื, ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื™ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ืกื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื (ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœืงื•ื— ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ื‘ื”)"

ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•, ืฉื ืชื ื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื•:

"ืืœื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื—ืฉืงื™ ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืขืจืช ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื ื™ ืœื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืฉื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืคื—ืžื™ืŸ." (ืื•, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืœ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ืคืจืคืจื–ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื˜ืขื ืžื™ืขืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘. ื•ื–ืืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื)

ืžื—ืจ ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืคืจืง ื•' ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื”ืจ"ืœ (ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ), ืฉืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.





ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจืง: ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช
ืชืžื™ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื: ื. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืžืงื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืžื” ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—?
ื™ึตืฉื ืžึดื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื™ ื—ึดืงึฐืจึตื™ ืœึตื‘, ื”ึทื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื“ึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผึดื™ืœื•ึนืกื•ึนืคึดื™ื, ื—ื•ึนืงึฐืจึดื™ื ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธื ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึธื ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื*. ืชึผึธืžื•ึผื”ึผึท ื‘ึผึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืžึฐืึนื“, ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื–ึฐื›ึผึถื” ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทืฆึฐืœึธื—ึธื”โ€ข ื ึดืฆึฐื—ึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึฐื“ึผึธืœ1 , ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ื’ึผึทืฉืึฐืžึดื™ืช. ื•ึฐืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ, ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึทื” ื™ึผื•ึนืขึดื™ืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื”ึทื’ึผึทืฉืึฐืžึดื™ ืึถืœ ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื, ืœึดืงึฐื ื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถืชึผึดื—ึฐื™ึถื” ื ึถืฆึทื— ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื ึผึดื‘ึฐื“ึผึธืœ, ื‘ึผึฐืžึธืงื•ึนื ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื’ึผึทืฉืึฐืžึดื™.
ื‘. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืงื ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืงื ื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืžื”, ืžื” ื’ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื”?
ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดื–ึผึถื” ื”ึตื ืžึทืชึฐืžึดื™ื”ึดื™ื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืชึผึฐื›ื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืฆึฐื“ึธืงึธื”, ื•ึผืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืœึนื ืชึดืฉื‚ึฐื ึธื ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึถืšึธ(ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื–) , ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึทื ืจึตืขึถืšึธ(ืฉื ื˜ื–) , ื•ึฐื›ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึตื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึผึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถื”ึตื ืชึผึฐื›ื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื”, ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ื“ึผึฐืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื™ึดืงึฐื ึถื” ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ื”ึถืŸ ืชึผึฐื›ื•ึผื ื•ึนืช ื˜ื•ึนื‘ื•ึนืช, ื•ึผืžึดืชึฐืจึทื—ึตืง ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืจึทืข. ื•ึฐื ึนืืžึทืจ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ื ื•ึนืชึตืŸ ืฉื‚ึธื›ึธืจ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึฐืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘, ื•ึผืžึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืจึทืข ืœึฐืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึตื” ื”ึธืจึทืข. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืฉืึทืขึทื˜ึฐื ึตื– (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื™ื˜) ื•ึฐื›ึดืœึฐืึตื™ ื–ึฐืจึธืขึดื™ื(ืฉื) , ื•ึผืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ืฉืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึทื•ึผึธืืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึนืจึถืฃ, ื•ึผื‘ึทืžึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ืžึฐืœึดื™ืงึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึนืจึถืฃ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึทื•ึผึธืืจ(ืฉื ื”, ื—) , ืึดื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึนืจึถืฃ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืจึทืข2 , ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื ึถืึฑืกึทืจ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื—ึดื™ื˜ึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึทื•ึผึธืืจ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื? ื•ึฐืึดื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึทื•ึผึธืืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื˜ื•ึนื‘, ืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดืงึฐื“ึผึธืฉื ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื”ึถืคึฐื›ึผื•ึน?
ืžืฆื“ ื”ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœืชื
ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื”, ื”ึตื ื—ึธืชึฐืจื•ึผ3 ื“ึผึฐืจึธื›ึดื™ื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ืœึธืชึตืช ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ื•ึฐื˜ึทืขึทื ื›ึผึฐืคึดื™ ื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธื, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืจึธื—ื•ึนืง ืžึดื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึผึดืœึฐื‘ึทื“ ื ึดื’ึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึทืฆึฐืคึผื•ึผื ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช. ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืœึฐื”ึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืขึทืœ ืฉืึฐืึตืœึธืชึธื ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื”, ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืจื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ืœึธืชึตืช ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืžึฐื—ึทื™ึผึถื‘ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื, ืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ื ื•ึผ ืจื•ึนืึดื™ื ืฉืึถื ึผึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทืคึผึฐื—ื•ึผืชึดื™ื ืžึฐืึนื“4 , ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึปื˜ึผึธืœ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึธืชึตืช ืœึตื‘ ืขึทืœ ืฉืึฐืึตืœึธืชึธื. ื•ึฐืขึดื ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึถื‘ึฐื“ึผึตืœ ื™ึตืฉื ื›ึผึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึนื”ึผึท ืฉืึธืžึทื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ึฐื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืœึนื ืชึผึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ืึทืฃ ื‘ึผึทืฉึผืึธืžึทื™ึดื, ื›ึผึดื™ ืึดื ืžึตืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึธืขึถืœึฐื™ื•ึนืŸ, ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืžึปื˜ึผึธืœ ืขึธืœึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืœึธืชึตืช ืœึตื‘ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืึตืœึธื”. ืึทืšึฐ ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึธืšึฐ. ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื”ึทื‘ึผึทืขึฒืœึตื™ ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืžึธื—ึดื™ื, ืึตื™ืŸ ื ื•ึนืชึฐื ึดื™ื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ื•ึฐื˜ึทืขึทื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืึตื™ืšึฐ ื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึทืขึทืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึดืชึผึฐื ื•ึผ ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืžึทืกึฐืคึผึถืงึถืช ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื—ึทื™, ืžึดืกึฐืคึผึทืจ ื’ึผึดื™ื“ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึตื‘ึธืจึธื™ื• ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืชึธืึณืจื•ึน ื”ึทืžึฐื™ึปื—ึธื“, ื•ึฐื›ึตืŸ ืœึทืฆึผึฐืžึธื—ึดื™ื. ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึทืฉืึฐื’ึผึดื™ื—ึท ื‘ึผึธืจื•ึนืคึฐืึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึทื›ึฐืžึตื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผึถื‘ึทืข, ืฉืึถืึดื ื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ ืกึดื‘ึผึธื”, ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึดื ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึถืฃ. ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึธืชึฐื ื•ึผ, ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึธืจื•ึผืจ, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื™ึผึธื“ื•ึผืขึท ืœึฐืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึฐืขึทื™ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื”ึถื. ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ื›ึผึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึตื ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืœึดืคึฐืขึนืœ, ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึธื” ื–ึนืืช ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผึธื” ืึทื—ึถืจึถืช. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตื ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึตื“ึทืข ื’ึผื•ึผืคื•ึน ื•ึฐืชึธืึณืจื•ึน5 , ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืงึดื™ึผื•ึผืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืœึนื ื ึตื“ึทืข ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐืœึตืžื•ึผืช. ื•ึฐืึดื ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื ึดื‘ึฐืจึธื ืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ื”ึทืชึผึนืึทืจ, ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœื•ึน ื—ึทื™ึผื•ึผืชื•ึน ื•ึผืฉืึฐืœึตืžื•ึผืชื•ึน ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืžึฐืงึปื™ึผึธื. ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ืคึผึฐืขึปืœึผื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช6 , ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืึถืœ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึผึดืฆึฐื—ึดื™ึผึดื™ื, ืึทืฃ ืึดื ืœึนื ื ึตื“ึทืข ื‘ึผึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” ืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื•ึฐืœึธืžึธื” ื”ึตื ื‘ึผึธืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืคึผึถืœึถื. ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึผึตื” ืœึนื ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ื–ึนืืช ืฉืึฐืึตืœึทืช ื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืฉืึถืžึผึฐื—ึปื™ึผึธื‘ึดื™ื ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธืชึธื”ึผ, ืึดื ืœึนื ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื ื•ึนืชึฐื ึดื™ื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืกึดื‘ึผื•ึนืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื ื•ึผื‘ึทืฆึผึฐืžึธื—ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื“ึฐืขึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึทืฆึฐืคึผื•ึผื ึถื™ื”ึธ ืœึนื ื ึทืขึฒืœึดื™ื, ื•ึผื‘ึธื–ึถื” ืชึผึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึทืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”.

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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ืชืžื”ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื›ื” ืื“ื 1 ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช. ื˜ืขื ืชื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืฉืžื™ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™?
ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืชืžื”ื™ื. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื”, ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืฉื ื ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข, ืžืฉืœื ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื˜ื ื– ื•ื›ืœืื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื›ืžื•: ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื•ืœื ืžื”ืขื•ืจืฃ, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืœื™ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ืœื ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกืชื™ืจื”, 2 ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ืœืžื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืœื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืจืฃ? ื•ืื ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ?
ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื 3 ื”ืชืืžืฆื• ืœืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืขืชื, ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืชื’ืœื• ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื 4 ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืชื•ืช ืžื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ื ื”, ืืœื ืžืงื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฆืžื— ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื‘ื ื”ื•, ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื. ื•ืืœ ืชืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉืื ื ืชื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืœืฃ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืชืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ, ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื. 5 ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™. ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœ 6 ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื”ื”. ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืขืœื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืžื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”.

[ื”ึทืฆึฐืœึธื—ึธื” - ืฉื›ืจ.]


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ืคืจืง ื•' ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืจืง, ืžื ื˜ืจืœ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืื“ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื’ืฉืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ืจืž"ื [ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื] ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช 'ืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช': "ืฉืžืคืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•, ื•ืงื•ืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ืฉืžื™". ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืคืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืคื•ืก. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืฉืžื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืื“ื ืงื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
ืืžื ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขืžืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื•ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ื. ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ; ื’ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ืืš ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื˜ื ื– ื•ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืจื™.
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื–"ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”' ื‘ืจื ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœึฐืžึธื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืจืš. ืœืžื” ื—ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ื‘ืจืื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”
ื—ื•ึนืงึฐืจึดื™ื ืžึดื“ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธื ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึธื ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื. ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”': "ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช... ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืœื‘ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืื”ื‘ืชืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ" [ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื, ืชืœื]. ืืžื ื, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” "ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืžืงื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื–ืืช ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ื•ืœืกืžื•ืš "ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืฉื’ (ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ) ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฆืœื ื•" [ ืืœืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื‘, ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•"ื“, ืงืคื].

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช. ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื. ืœืื™ืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื ื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก, ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื’?




ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”: ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš?
ืชึผึฐื ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืคึถืจึถืง ืึตื™ืŸ ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ(ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื’, ื‘) : ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ*, ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื™ึดื–ึผึธื›ึตืจ ืฉืึฐืžึถืšึธ, ืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ื ืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ื, ืžึฐืฉืึทืชึผึฐืงึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน, ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึธืืŸ. ื•ึฐืงึธืึธืžึทืจโ€ข ื‘ึผึทื’ึผึฐืžึธืจึธื: ื‘ึผึดืฉืึฐืœึธืžึธื1 ืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ื ืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ื ืžึถื—ึฐื–ึตื™2 ื›ึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืจึธืฉืึปื™ึผื•ึนืช. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื™ึดื–ึผึธื›ึตืจ ืฉืึฐืžึถืšึธ ื ึทืžึดื™โ€ข3 , ื“ึผึฐืžึทืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐืœึนื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึธืขึธื”, ื•ึผืชึฐื ึธืŸ(ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“, ื) : ื—ึทื™ึผึธื‘ ืœึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึธืขึธื” ื›ึผึฐืฉืึตื ืฉืึถืžึผึฐื‘ึธืจึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื˜ึผื•ึนื‘ึธื”. ืึถืœึผึธื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ืžึทืื™ ื˜ึทืขึฒืžึธื ืœึนื4 ? ืคึผึฐืœึดื™ื’ึตื™ ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืชึผึฐืจึตื™ ืึฒืžื•ึนืจึธืึตื™ ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืจึธื‘ึธื: ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืกึตื™ ื‘ึผึทืจ ืึธื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ื•ึนืกึตื™ ื‘ึผึทืจ ื–ึฐื‘ึตื™ื“ึธื. ื—ึทื“ ืึธืžึทืจ: ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืžึผึตื˜ึดื™ืœ ืงึดื ึฐืึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช. ื•ึฐื—ึทื“ ืึธืžึทืจ: ืžึดืคึผึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึธืืŸ.
ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช
ื•ึผื‘ึตืื•ึผืจ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื”, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ื“ึผึฐืžึทืฉืึฐืžึทืข, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทืžึผึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึผึนืืช ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื•ึผื‘ึธื–ึถื” ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื—ึดืœึผื•ึผืง ื•ึผืคึตืจื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึดืžึฐืฆึธืึดื™ื5 , ืขึทื“ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืึถื—ึธื“6 . ื›ึผึดื™ ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื™ึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ืžึดื™ื ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื? ื“ึผึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™, ืึดื ื”ึตื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ื›ึผึธืšึฐ, ืึตื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืงึทืฉืึฐื™ึธื, ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ืขึดื ึฐื™ึทืŸ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื”, ืฉืึถื’ึผึธื–ึทืจ ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื” ื“ึผึทื•ึฐืงึธื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื‘ึผึฐืึทื—ึตืจ, ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ึทืžึผึดื™ื ึดื™ื ืžึฐื—ึปืœึผึธืงึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžึธื7 , ืฉืึถื–ึผึถื” ืžึดื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืžึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึตืจ, ื›ึผึธืšึฐ ื™ึตืฉื ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ื ื•ึนื”ึตื’ ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ื–ึถื”, ื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ื ื•ึนื”ึตื’ ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ืึทื—ึตืจ. ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึธื™ื• ืจึฐืื•ึผื™ึดื™ื ืœึฐืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ืึถื—ึธื“, ื•ึฐืึดื ื›ึผึตืŸ ืœึธืžึผึธื” ืจึดื—ึตื ืขึทืœ ื–ึถื” ื“ึผึทื•ึฐืงึธื? ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื–ึถื” ืคึผึตืจื•ึผื“ ื•ึฐื—ึดืœึผื•ึผืง ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื™ื ึดื™ื. ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื–ึถื” ืึตืฆึถืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ, ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึฐืžึดื™ื ึดื™ื ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื.
ื’ื ืœื“ืขื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช
ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทืืŸ ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจโ€ข ืฉืึถืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ื ึธื ืึถืœึผึธื ื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจื•ึนืช. ืคึผึตืจื•ึผืฉื, ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ, ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžึดื™ื“ื•ึผืช, ืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึดื’ึฐื–ึตืจึธื”. ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื–ึตืจึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื—ึธื›ึฐืžึธืชื•ึน ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ, ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึฐืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืžื•ึนืœึตืšึฐ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ, ืœึฐื”ึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึถืช ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ึนืฉืึถืจ, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ื”ึธืจึทื—ึฐืžึธื ื•ึผืช, ืึตื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ืึฑืžึถืช, ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึฐืจึทื—ึตื ืึทืฃ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืจึธืื•ึผื™. ื•ึฐืขึดื ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื‘ึผึฐื•ึทื“ึผึทืื™ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื ืขึดื ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืจึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ืขึดืงึผึทืจ ื”ึทืžึผึดื“ึผึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžึดื™ื“ื•ึผืช ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ, ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืึถืช ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึน. ื•ึผืœึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ืชึผึดืžึฐืฆึธื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช ืฉืึตื ืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืจึธืื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ ื•ึผืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ืŸ. ืจึทืง ืจึธืึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืฉืึถืึดื™ ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึทืขึฒืžึนื“ ื‘ึผึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ, ืฉืึดืชึผึตืฃ ืขึดื ื”ึทื“ึผึดื™ืŸ ืžึดื“ึผึทืช ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื. ื•ึผืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื, ื”ึทื ึฐื”ึธื’ึธื” ื”ึทืชึผึฐืžึดื™ื“ึดื™ืช ื”ึดื™ื ื“ึผึดื™ืŸ, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึนืฉืึถืจ, ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ืจึธืื•ึผื™. ื•ึฐื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ, ื”ื•ึผื ืขื•ึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืžึดื“ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื•, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ื‘ึผึธื”ึถืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึน, ืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื ึฐื”ึดื™ื’ ืขื•ึนืœึธืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึดืชึฐืžึดื™ื“ื•ึผืช ื‘ึผึฐืจึทื—ึฒืžึดื™ื. ื•ึฐื“ึธื‘ึธืจ ื–ึถื” ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึฐืฆึดื™ืึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึผึนืฉืึถืจ, ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืจึธืื•ึผื™.

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ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ: ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš, ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืš, ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื ื”ื’ืžืจื: 1 ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ 2 ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžืชืคืœืœ ืœืฉืชื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช [ืœืฉื ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื•ืช]. 3 ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืš ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจืข, ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื” ื›ืฉื ืฉืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš 4 ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•? ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ื–ื‘ื™ื“ื. ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช.
ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืš: ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ: ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, 5 ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืจื—ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ื”' ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, 6 ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“. ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”' ื™ืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ืื•ืœื ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆื•ื•ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื–ื™ืจื”. 7 ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื–ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืจื—ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”: ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื•ืคื™ืจื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”.
ื•ืœื“ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืฉืžื‘ืืจืช ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช. ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื: ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ืžืฉืžืขืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืข"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ื’ื ืขื ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืจื—ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืืžืช. ืืžื ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ืฉื ืืœื•ืงื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืจืง ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืชืฃ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ.

[ื•ึฐืงึธืึธืžึทืจ โ€“ ื•ื ืืžืจ. ื ึทืžึดื™ โ€“ ื’ื. ื•ึผืœึฐืžึทืืŸ ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจ โ€“ ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจ.]


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ืืชืžื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื›ืขืช ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื“ืจื›ื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ.
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืงืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื—ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื“ื’ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืจื—ืžื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื‘ืจืื•ืชื” ืืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ื”. ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”'. ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืืžื™ืชื•, ืฉืคื™ื˜ืชื• ื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืืžืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ื ืฉืคืฉืข ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืืš ืื ื™ืฉ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ืช, ืชื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ืืจื›ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžื’ืžื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœืขื“ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืืš ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”'. ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืืจื™ืš ืืฃ ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืืš ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื•ืช, ืืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื™ืชื ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉ'ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืื” ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช' ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืฉืื ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืจื—ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืœื ืื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”' ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืžืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉื ืกืชืจืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืฉืืœื”, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื ื ืฉืืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ื”ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื?
ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” - ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื [ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืชื ื]. ื›ืœืื™ื™ื - ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” "ืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฒืจึนืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืื•ึนืจ ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจ ื™ึทื—ึฐื“ึผึธื•" [ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื™] ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื’ืจื ืฆืขืจ ืœื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ [ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืฉื].
ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืžืœ ืœืจื—ืžื ื•ืช? ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืžื—ื ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ "ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื”, [ื•]ืขื ืจื’ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื—ืžืœืชื” ืขืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื”" [ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื™ื“] (ืžืืžืจ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืคื ื™ื. ื”ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืคืกืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ ืจื•ืขื™).
ืžืงืจื™ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืฉืืœื” โ€“ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง: "ืœื ื ื˜ืขื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื... ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืจื›ื" [ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ืจืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขืฉื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”]. ื›ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืขืจืš ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื”, ื—ืฉืง ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืžืฉืžื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจืง ื•').

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืฉื”' ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ืขื™ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•?
ืœืžื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช? ื”ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืืžืช ื•ืœื™ื•ืฉืจ?



ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ
ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึทืžึฐื‘ึผึธ"ื ื–ึดื›ึฐืจื•ึนื ื•ึน ืœึดื‘ึฐืจึธื›ึธื” ื›ึผึธืชึทื‘ ื‘ึผึฐืกึตืคึถืจ ืžื•ึนืจึตื” ื ึฐื‘ื•ึนื›ึดื™ื (ื—"ื’ ืคืž"ื—) ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ึทืขึทื ืฉืึดืœึผื•ึผื—ึท ื”ึทืงึผึตืŸ, ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึตื™ืฆึดื™ื ืฉืึถืฉึผืื•ึนื›ึถื‘ึถืช ืึดืžึผึธื ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื, ื•ึฐื”ึธืึถืคึฐืจื•ึนื—ึดื™ื ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึดืžึผึธื, ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึนื‘ ืึตื™ื ึธื ืจึฐืื•ึผื™ึดื™ื ืœึทืึฒื›ึดื™ืœึธื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึนื‘ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืกึดื‘ึผึธื” ืœึฐื”ึธื ึดื™ื—ึท ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœโ€ข. ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืœึผื•ึนืงึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึฐืจึนื‘ ื”ึทืคึผึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื, ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืœึทืึฒื›ึดื™ืœึธื”. ื•ึฐืึดื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืฆึผึฐืขึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึผึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื—ึธืกึธื” ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐื”ึตืžื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืขื•ึนืคื•ึนืช, ื›ึผึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื. ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึผึทืงึฐืฉืึถื” ืขึทืœ ืึธืžึฐืจึธื(ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื” ืž"ื’) : ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืขึทืœ ืงึทืŸ ืฆึดืคึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ืขื•ึผ ืจึทื—ึฒืžึถื™ืšึธ ื•ื›ื•'1 , ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืชโ€ข ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐื ื•ึผ. ืจึธืฆึธื” ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ, ื“ึผึทืขึทืช ืžึดื™ ืฉืึถื—ื•ึนืฉืึตื‘ ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ื˜ึทืขึทื ืœึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ืึถืœึผึธื ืจึฐืฆื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจึตื ื™ึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึทืšึฐ. ื•ึทืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื ึดืžึฐืฉืึทื›ึฐื ื•ึผ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื”ึทื“ึผึตืขึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื ึดื™ึผึธื”2 ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึธืืŸ.
ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื
ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช, ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืœึฐื”ึทืคึฐืœึดื™ื ื”ึทืคึฐืœึตื ื•ึธืคึถืœึถื ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ*, ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืขึทืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐื ึธื” ืฉืึฐื ื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืžึทื—ึฒืœึนืงึถืช, ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื”ึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื ื•ึผื™ึธื” ื‘ึผึดืœึฐืฉืื•ึนื ึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืžึทืกึผึถื›ึถืช ืžึฐื’ึดืœึผึธื”(ื›ื”, ื) , ื•ึฐื”ึธืึฒืžื•ึนืจึธืึดื™ื ืคึผึตืจึฐืฉืื•ึผื”ึธ ื‘ึผึฐื˜ึทืขึฒืžึธื. ื•ึฐืœึนื ืจึธืึดื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืฉืึธืžึทืขึฐื ื•ึผ ืคึผื•ึนืฆึถื” ืคึผึถื” ื•ึผืžึฐืฆึทืคึฐืฆึตืฃ ื ึถื’ึฐื“ึผึธื”ึผ, ื•ึฐืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ืฉืึถืึตื™ื ื•ึน ื”ึฒืœึธื›ึธื”?! ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ืœึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื”3 .

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ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืžื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืื“ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื•ืชื” ืœืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืกื” ืขืœ ืฆืขืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืื ืขืœ ืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืกื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืฆืขืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื•ืก. ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ื•ืื ืชืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ ืžื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื—ืžื™ืš, 1 ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”', ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ 2 ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื–ื• ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœืœื• ืชืžื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื”, ืฉืฉื ื•ื™ื” ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืง, ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืžื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืคืกื•ืงื”? 3 ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

[ื•ึฐืขึทืœ ื”ึธืจึนื‘ ื•ื›ื•' โ€“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ืงื—ื. ืžึดืฉึผืึฐืชึผึตื™ ื“ึผึตืขื•ึนืช โ€“ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ืขื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช.]


ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืืœื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ืœื™.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื• ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื’ื–ึตืจืช ืžืœืš ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื–ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ืขื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืœืง ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื ืฉื ืชื” ืœืœื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื“ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื” ืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื‘"ื” ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”' ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื. ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื˜ืขื ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’, ืคืจืงื™ื ื›ื•, ืœื).
ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื›ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืœื”. ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช . ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื• ืื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืึทืžึทืช ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ืขื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื
ื”ึธืึฑืžึถืช, ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึตืฉื ืœึฐื”ึทืคึฐืœึดื™ื ื”ึทืคึฐืœึตื ื•ึธืคึถืœึถื ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืึตืœึผื•ึผ. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื?! ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื”ืช ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘"ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”" ืคืกืง ื›ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ืชื‘: "ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื™ืงื— ื”ืื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื... ื™ืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” - ืžืฉืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืฉืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ืขื™ืงืจ..." [ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื˜, ื–].
ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื”ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืกืจืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื. ืื“ื ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืชื• "ืžื™ ืฉืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื—ื ืขืœื™ื ื•", ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ืจื—ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”' ืžืจื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ืจื—ื ื’ื ืขืœื™ื•. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกื‘ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. [ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”, ื’]. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง: "ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืคื•ืกืœืช ื›ืœืœ... ืืช ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื•... ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”'" [ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื™].
'ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš' ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื”ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” "ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื" [ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ืฉื].

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืŸ?
'ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึถื›ึผึตืŸ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื’ึผึดื™ืขึท ืœึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึธื”' ืœืžื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื”?
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ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

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    ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื

    ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื-ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

    ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš ืคืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื— ืชืฉืค"ื‘

    ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ 423

    ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื‘
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    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช

    ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ - ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื• - ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื™"ื ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื–

    ื™"ื ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื–
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    ืžื™ื“ื•ืช

    ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ - ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขืจื›ื• - ื—ืœืง ื”'

    ื™"ื“ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื–

    ื™"ื“ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉืข"ื–
ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื˜ืขืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืื•
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืœืœ ื’ืคืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il