ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจ
  • ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”
  • ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืžื‘ื•ื

ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืข"ื, ืคื•ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืœืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ืžืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”'ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”', ื•ืžื ืกื— ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ. ืืœื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ (ืžืชื•ืš ืื’ืจืช ืฉืข"ื—, ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘).

ื. " ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืขื•ืฆื ื”ืฉืœื•ื” , ื•ืฉืžื—ืช-ืขื– , ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืœื‘ืฉืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื•" - ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื: ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ, ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื›ืจืกื ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื•.
ื‘. "ื•ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืขื ื–ื” ืœื‘ืืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉืžื—ืช-ืืžืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื ื•ืขื ื–ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืคืจ ื™ืจืื” , ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื’ืจืข ื›ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจืื” ืชืชืื”. ืื“ืจื‘ื , ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื— ื”ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžืชื™ืช" - ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื. ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืคืจื™ืงืช ืขื•ืœ, ื•ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™. ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื–ืืช - ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืœืืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžืืฉืจ ื ืคืฉ ื—ืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”' ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืจืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ.
ื’. "ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฆื”ืœื” ื•ื–ื™ื•-ืขื“ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืจื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื–ื›ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช , ืœื›ืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืง"ื• ื”ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžืชื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืš ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืš " - ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื• - ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื˜ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื˜ื, ื•ืžื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื ืื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื“ื™. ื’ื ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ืฉืกื—ืคื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื—ืฉืคื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•. ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ื”ืื“ื ื›ืขืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืืžื™ืฆื” ื•ืื™ืชื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื“. " ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ - ืข"ื™ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ื“' - ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืกื‘ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•" - ื”ื—ื˜ื ืคื•ื’ืข ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžืกื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืžื›ื” ื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืฉื’ืจื ื”ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืขืชื”, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ื”. "ื•ืื ื™ื‘ื ืื“ื ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจืช ืงืฅ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื”ื–ืจื•ื—ื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืืžืชืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืืžืช. ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ... ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื ืคืฉ, ืคื—ื“ื ื•ืช, ืจืคื™ื•ืŸ-ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื•ื’ืช-ืœื‘ื‘, ื›ืœื™ืœ ื™ื—ืœื•ืฃ . ื•ืจื•ื— ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ืžืžืœื ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืข ื•ืขื ื’ ื“', ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ ื•ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื–, ื™ืงื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• " - ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื–ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”', ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ. ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืจืื”, ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžื“ื›ืืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื›ื•ื—ื”.
ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืงื ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ื—ืคืฅ ืœื‘, ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

ื–ึถื” ื›ึทืžึผึธื” ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดืœึฐื—ึธื ืžึดืœึฐื—ึธืžึธื” ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื•ึฐืจื•ึผื—ึท ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธื” ื“ึผื•ึนื—ึถืคึถืช ืื•ึนืชึดื™ ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืจึทืขึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึนืชึทื™ ืจึทืง ื‘ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ึตื ืžึฐืจึปื›ึผึธื–ึดื™ื. ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืชึผื•ึนืคึถืกึถืช ืึถืช ื”ึทื—ึตืœึถืง ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ื’ึผึธื“ื•ึนืœ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ ื‘ึผึฐื ื•ึผื™ื•ึนืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืชึผึดืงึฐื•ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ึผื•ึนืช, ื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึทืช ื“' ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืงึทืœึผึธื”, ืฉืึถื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดืจึฐื”ื•ึผืจ ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืจ ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”, ื•ึผืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ืึถื—ึธื“ ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึดื™ื ืงึธืฉืึธื”, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืึถืœ ื”ึทืคึผึนืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึดืžึฐืœื•ึนืึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึผื‘ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื.
ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ืžื•ึนืฆึตื ืึถืช ืขึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ ื ื•ึนื˜ึถื” ืœึทื—ึฐืฉืึนื‘ ื•ึผืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ ืจึทืง ืขึทืœ ืื•ึนื“ื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ. ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘ ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื‘ึผึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึฐื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืื•ึนื“ื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ, ื•ึผืœึฐื“ื•ึนืจึตื ื•ึผ ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืกึฐืชื•ึผืžึดื™ื ื•ึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ื ื‘ึผึตืจื•ึผืจ. ื”ึทืกึผึดืคึฐืจื•ึผืช, ื”ึทืžึฐืฉืื•ึนื˜ึถื˜ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึธื•ึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ืฉืึธื ืฉืึดื™ืจึธื” ื•ึฐื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ืœึนื ื—ึธื“ึฐืจึธื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืœึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืื•ึนืฆึทืจ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทื ึผึดืคึฐืœึธื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื”, ืื•ึนืฆึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”. ื‘ึผึถืึฑืžึถืช, ืœึนื ื”ึดืชึฐื—ึดื™ืœึธื” ื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืขึทื ึฐื™ึตืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน, ืœึธื“ึทืขึทืช ืึถืช ืชึผึฐื›ื•ึผื ึธืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืขึถืจึฐื›ึผื•ึน, ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึผึดื“ึผื•ึน ื”ึทืคึผึดื™ึผื•ึผื˜ึดื™, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐืœึทื‘ึผึตื‘ ืœึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื—ึตืงึถืจ, ื•ึฐืงึทืœ ื•ึธื—ึนืžึถืจ ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื ึธืงึฐืคึธื” ืึถืฆึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ืฆึดื“ึผื•ึน ื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™, ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดื—ื•ึผื“ ื‘ึผึทืžึผึถื” ืฉืึถื ึผื•ึนื’ึตืขึท ืœึฐืžึทืฆึผึฐื‘ึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื”ึทื—ึฒื“ึธืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ.
ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ื ึดื“ึฐื—ึธืฃ ืžึตืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึผืชึดื™ ื”ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”. ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึฐื ึดื™ ื ึดืกึฐืœึธื“ ื‘ึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืžึดื™ ืžึดืžึผึทื—ึฒืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™, ื”ึฒืจึธืื•ึผื™ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”? ื›ึผึธืชึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึตื™ ื”ึทื“ึผื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ืฉืึถืขึธื‘ึฐืจื•ึผ, ื”ึทื ึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ื˜ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ื, ื”ึทื—ึฒืกึดื™ื“ึดื™ื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนืชึตืจ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึดื™ื, ื•ึฐืึตื™ืšึฐ ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐื™ึทืฆึผึตื‘ ื‘ึผึดืงึฐื”ึธืœึธื? ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ืชึผื•ึผื›ึทืœ ื›ึผึธืœ ื—ึปืœึฐืฉืึธื” ื‘ึผึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ืœึฐืคึธื˜ึฐืจึตื ึดื™ ืžึดืชึผึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึธืชึดื™ ื”ึทืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช, ืžึปื›ึฐืจึธื— ืึฒื ึดื™ ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ ืขึทืœ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื”, ื•ึฐื“ึทื•ึฐืงึธื ื‘ึผึฐืฆึดื“ึผึธื”ึผ ื”ึทืกึผึดืคึฐืจื•ึผืชึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึดื™, ืœึทื”ึฒื‘ึธื ึทืช ื”ึทืชึผึนื›ึถืŸ ืฉืึถืœึผึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืจึตื ื•ึผ, ื•ึผืœึฐื”ึทื’ึฐืฉืึธืžึธืชึธื”ึผ ื‘ึผึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื—ึทื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœ.

ืคึผึถืจึถืง ื
ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช, ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช, ืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ืชโ€ข
ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืึธื ื•ึผ ืžื•ึนืฆึฐืึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืœึนืฉื ืžึทืขึฒืจึธื›ื•ึนืช: ื) ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช, ื‘) ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช, ื’) ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช. ื‘ึผึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื™ึตืฉื ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ ื—ึฒืœึธืงึดื™ื: ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ืชโ€ข* ื•ึผืชึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ืช.
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช
ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ืช ืกื•ึนื‘ึถื‘ึถืช ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึตืจื•ึนืช ื ึถื’ึถื“ ื—ึปืงึผึตื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผึถื‘ึทืข, ื”ึทืžึผื•ึผืกึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ื”ึทืžึฐืงึปืฉึผืึธืจึดื™ืโ€ข ืขึดื ื—ึปืงึผึตื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผึถื‘ึทืข, ืฉืึถืกึผื•ึนืฃ ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื ึฐื”ึธื’ึธื” ืจึธืขึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึทื—ึฒืœื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึทื›ึฐืื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื, ื•ึฐื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ืกื•ึนื‘ึตืœ ืžึดื–ึผึถื” ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœึดื™โ€ข. ื•ึฐืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึทื‘ึผึตืจื•ึผืจ ืฉืึถืžึผึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืจึตืจ ืึถืฆึฐืœื•ึน ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ, ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึฐึผืขึทืฆึฐืžื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐื”ึทื ึฐื”ึธื’ึธืชื•ึน ื”ึธืจึธืขึธื” ืึธืฉืึตื ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื“ึดึผืœึฐื“ึผื•ึผืœ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธื ืœื•ึน, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ื•ึผื ืฉื‚ึธื ืœึตื‘ ืœึฐืชึทืงึผึตืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึทืฆึผึธื‘. ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืœึฐื—ึปืงึผึตื™ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื, ืœึดืฉืึฐืžึนืจ ืึถืช ื—ึปืงึตึผื™ ื”ึทื˜ึผึถื‘ึทืข, ื”ึทืžึผื•ึผืกึธืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื”, ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื•ึฐื™ึดื—ึฐื™ึถื” ื•ึฐื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึผ ืึตืœึธื™ื• ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ืจึทืขึฒื ึทื ึผื•ึผืชึธื. ื”ึทืžึผึถื“ึดื™ืฆึดื™ื ึธื”โ€ข ืขื•ึนืกึถืงึถืช ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื”* ืึธืžึฐื ึธื ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื”, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืœึนื ื ึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทื›ึฐืœึฐืœึธื” ื›ึผึฐืคึดื™ ื”ึทื ึผึดืจึฐืึถื” ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืœึฐื’ึทืžึฐืจึตื™ ืขึฒื‘ื•ึนื“ึธื” ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึธื” ื–ื•ึน, ื•ึฐืœึนื ื ึดืžึฐืฆึธื ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึดืชึฐืจื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื ึผึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธืœ ืฉืึฐืึตืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ืช. ืขึทื“ ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื‘ื•ึผืœื•ึนืช ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฒื–ึดื™ืจ ืœึธืึธื“ึธื ืึถืช ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึธื‘ื•ึผื“ ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึผึทื“ ื”ึทื—ึฒื˜ึธืึดื™ื ืžึฐื”ึธืจึฐืกึตื™ ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ื•ึฐื›ึนื—ื•ึนืชึธื™ื•. ื•ึผื›ึฐืคึดื™ ื”ึทื ึผึดืจึฐืึถื” ืžึดืงึฐืฆื•ึนืขึท ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ื”ื•ึผื, ื‘ึผึฐืงึถืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธื–ึธืง, ื‘ึผึฐื™ึถืชึถืจ ื—ึถืœึฐืงึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™ืชโ€ข - ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช, ื”ึธืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช.
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช
ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ืช ื”ึดื™ื ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึทื˜ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื”ึทื ึผึทืคึฐืฉืึดื™ืช ื•ึฐื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™ืช. ื”ื•ึผื ืžึทื” ืฉึผืึถืงึผื•ึนืจึฐืึดื™ื "ืžื•ึผืกึทืจ ื›ึผึฐืœึธื™ื•ึนืช"โ€ข. ื˜ึถื‘ึทืข ื”ึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ื”ึธืึฑื ื•ึนืฉืึดื™ืช ื”ื•ึผื ืœึธืœึถื›ึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื“ึถืจึถืšึฐ ื™ึฐืฉืึธืจึธื”, ื•ึผื›ึฐืฉืึถืกึผึธืจ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืจึถืšึฐ, ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื ึผึธืคึทืœ ื‘ึผึฐื—ึตื˜ึฐื, ืึดื ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ืขึฒื“ึทื™ึดืŸ ืœึนื ื ึดืฉืึฐื—ึฒืชึธื” ืœึฐื’ึทืžึฐืจึตื™, ื”ึฒืจึตื™ ื”ึทื—ื•ึผืฉื ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทื™ึผึทืฉืึฐืจื•ึผืช ืžึทื“ึฐืึดื™ื‘โ€ข ืึถืช ืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ื•ึน ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืชึฐืžื•ึนื’ึตื’ ืžึดื›ึผึฐืึตื‘โ€ข, ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืžึดื–ึฐื“ึผึธืจึตื– ืœึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืœึฐืชึทืงึผึตืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึฐืขึปื•ึผึธืช, ืขึทื“ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึทืจึฐื’ึผึดื™ืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ื ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ื—ึถื˜ึฐืื•ึน. ื—ึตืœึถืง ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ืžึฐืกึปื‘ึผึธืšึฐ ื”ึทืจึฐื‘ึผึตื” ืžึฐืึนื“, ืชึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึดืชึฐื ึธืึดื™ื ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ื, ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึดื™ึผึดื™ืโ€ข, ื•ึฐื™ึตืฉื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื›ึผึทืžึผึธื” ื“ึทึผืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึฒื˜ึธืขึธื”โ€ข, ืฉืึถื—ื•ึนื‘ึธื” ื”ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืฉึผืึธืžึตืจ ืžึตื”ึถื, ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื”ื•ึผื ืึทื—ึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึฐืกื•ึนื“ื•ึนืช, ืฉืึถืชึผึนื›ึถืŸ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื ึดืฉืึฐืขึธืŸ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื.
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ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช, ืึฑืžื•ึผื ึดื™ืช, ืฉื‚ึดื›ึฐืœึดื™ืช - ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•), ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ืืžื•ื ืชื•, ืื• ืฉื›ืœื•. ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ืช - ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื—ื•ืœื™, ื›ืื‘, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช) ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืžึฐืงึปืฉึผืึธืจึดื™ื - ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื. ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื˜ึดื™ ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึผึฐืœึธืœึดื™ - ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ึทืžึผึถื“ึดื™ืฆึดื™ื ึธื” - ื”ืจืคื•ืื”. ืžึดืงึฐืฆื•ึนืขึท ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึธืœื•ึผื™ ื”ื•ึผื... ื‘ึผึฐื™ึถืชึถืจ ื—ึถืœึฐืงึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื”ึธืจื•ึผื—ึธื ึดื™ืช - ื”ื‘ืจืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—. ืžื•ึผืกึทืจ ื›ึผึฐืœึธื™ื•ึนืช - ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืžึทื“ึฐืึดื™ื‘ - ืžืฆืขึตืจ. ืžึดื›ึผึฐืึตื‘ - ืžืฆืขืจ (ืจื•ื—ื ื™). ืคึผึฐื ึดื™ืžึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื•ึฐื—ึดื™ืฆื•ึนื ึดื™ึผึดื™ื - ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื“ึทึผืจึฐื›ึตื™ ื”ึฒื˜ึธืขึธื” - ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช.



ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื™ื
'ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช', ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉ'ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ', ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื•. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื: ื. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช: ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืชืช ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื›ืื‘ ื—ื“ ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื‘. ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื• ืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืฆื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืœื‘. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
ื) 'ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช': ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืœืื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืœ, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ืฉืžื™. ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืœื ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืคื•ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื—ื˜ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ 'ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื', ืฉืžืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื‘ ืื• ืกื‘ืœ ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
ื‘) 'ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช': ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”' ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืœื ื• ื ืคืฉ ื›ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืฆืคืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™. ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืงืคืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืขื•ืœื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืกื˜ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš. ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื: ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืขืžื•ืžื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืžืชื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”. ื›ืื‘ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื; ื•ืื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช
* ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื˜ึดื‘ึฐืขึดื™ืช ื’ึผื•ึผืคึธื ึดื™ืช. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ โ€“ "ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื, ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื• ื™ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืœื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืžื™ืืด [ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ื“, ื]. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืœ, ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”'.
* ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”'
ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช โ€“ "ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื™ืขืชื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืชืขืกืงื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื–ื ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" [ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ืœื’]. ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื•ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” [ืฉื ืœื“].
* ื”ื—ื˜ื ืžืžื™ืช
ื”ึทืžึผึถื“ึดื™ืฆึดื™ื ึธื” ืขื•ึนืกึถืงึถืช ื‘ึผึธื–ึถื”. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื•ืคื, ืืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ึตืจื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื˜ืื•. ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืจืคื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื [ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•, ื™ื]. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœ ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืชืžื™ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ื•ืœื™ [ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื‘, ื‘]. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืžื™ื (ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•) ื•ื‘ืื“ื ืฆื“ื™ืง [ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื–ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืฆื’]. ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจื•ืคื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘"ื” [ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘].

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื. ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช?
ื‘. ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื”ืจืขื” ืืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืœื•. ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืš?
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il