ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
  • ืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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12 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ืฉืžื—ื”

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืชื•ืจื ื™-ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉื—ืกื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง: ืืœึปืžื” โ€“ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืคืขืœ ื–ื” ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ื•ืืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื•; ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•-ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื•-ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ ื“ืจื›ื•, ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•.
ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ืคืช "ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ". ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื•, 1 ืื•ืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื™ ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ; ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื•ื–ืืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”; ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืœื–ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ืจืื™"ื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” โ€“ ื’ื ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” 2 โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชืชื ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ืงื. ื™ื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื, ื ืžื ืขื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืขื”, ืžื›ืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ โ€“ ื™ืจืื” ื”ืงื•ืจื ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉืคื•ื˜.
ืชื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื–ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืง"ืฉ ืฉืฉื™ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”"ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื". ืขืœื™ื• ื ืื” ืœื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืกืจ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืœืฉื•ืžืจื™ื" (ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืž ืข"ื‘), "ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘, ื˜).
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. (ืœื”ืœืŸ).

ืืœึปืžื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื”, ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ื”ื™ื•ื–ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ, 3 ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื• ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ. 4 ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™, 5 ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืœืจ, ื”ืจื‘ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ืจื™ื’ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“, ืื•ืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืจื“"ืจื™ื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืืœื ืฉื’ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื ื ื•ืขืฆื• ื‘ืจื‘, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื–ื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืฉืขื” ื•ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื›ืš, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•: ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. 6
ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื–ืžื” ืงืจืžื” ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื”, ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื‘ ืขื•ืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช: "ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ". ื”ืจื‘, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคืจื•ื’ืจืžื”, ืืœื ื’ื ื“ื™ื™ืง ื•ื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ืคืกืงื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ) ื›ื™ "ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืจืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ื™"ืง ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืงืจื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฅ ื™ืจื— ื–ื™ื• ืชืจืฆ"ื”". ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ื’' ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ืชืจืฆ"ื”. ืžืฉืžืข, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื "ืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืฉืžื ื–ื• ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ื• ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจื‘, ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืจื›ืช ืžืืœื™ื” ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขืœื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืกื•ืชืจืช ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืขื™ื–ื™ื.
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื”: ืชื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ื—, ืขืž' 121โ€“122) ืžืชืืจ ื›ืš ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœึปืžื”:
ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืงืขืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื˜ืื•ืช, ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ โ€“ ื ืžืฆืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืืœื•ืžื”" (ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื”).
ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”:
ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”, ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืฆ"ื” โ€“ ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘. ืž. ืœื•ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขืœ "ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื"), ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ื—. ืงืœืจ, ื–"ืœ โ€“ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื™ ื”', ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื• (ื‘ืชืจืฆ"ื”) ื”ืœืš ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ื•ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”, ื•ืœื ื ื˜ื” ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™) ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืงื•ืช, ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืืจืช ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืื™ื ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ", ืžืœื‘ื“ "ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”" ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ืก ื•ืคื•ืกืงื™ื.
ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืกื™ื: ืชื "ืš, ืžืฉื ื”, ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช: ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ื•'.
ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืชืžื“ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ืจื“ื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™-ื ืžื•ืกื™ ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื ืคืฉื™-ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื. ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื–ื”: ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' โ€“ ื›ืš, ืฉื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื”.
ืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ื”ืจื‘ ื“"ืจ ื‘. ืž. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื–"ืœ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื“, ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' ื–. ืจื™ื’ืจ ื”ื™"ื•, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืกื“, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื•, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืืœื” ืฉื—ืฉืงื” ื ืคืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืงื— ื ืžื ื™ื: ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ื™ื•"ืจ) ื•ื“"ืจ ืž. ื–ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื”ื™"ื•, ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืขื“ ื’ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื”, ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืืœื•ืžื”" ืœืืจืฆื™ืช.
ืืžื•ืจ ืžืขืชื”: ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื "ืœื’ื“ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจืื™ ื”', ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื". ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืœืฆื“ "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ" (ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืชื "ืš ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื’ื "ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื”, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืจืฅ" ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ"), ื’ื "ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ: ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžืชื™ืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื›ื•' ".

ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืืœึปืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจ (ืืœึปืžื” ื) ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื• 7 ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื• 8 ื”ื ื”ืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”. ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ื•ืกื— ืžื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ื‘ืœื ื—ืกืจ ื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืš ื›ื ื—ืชื ื‘ื™"ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืชืจืฆ"ื•, ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืชืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื”.
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ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื™ื ืœื“ืขื”, ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœื, ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช (ืจ"ืช: ืืœึปืžื”) ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื”: ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื: ืž ื• ืก ื“ ืž ื“ ืข ื™ ืฉื™ืชืœื›ื“ื• ื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ืžื•ืกื“ ืฉื™ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืืช ืงื ื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื–ื” ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”" ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”" ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื: ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืืกืคื™ื-ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืœื—ื–ืง ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื“ืจ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ืฉื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื” ืข ืง ืจ ื™ ื ื”ืืœื•:
ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืชื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืœืžืฉื ืชื ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื™ื, ื•ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ื ื’ื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื” ืžื•ืคืจื–ืช. ืกืคืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ืžื•ืขื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืกื‘ืช ื”ืงืžื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืžืืจื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืขืฅ ืœื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ืขื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื’ ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.
ื‘. ื›ืคื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื โ€“ ื›ืŸ ืคื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืœื• ืขืชื™ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืžื. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื• ื ืชืคื–ืจ ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื’ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“, ืืœื ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืžืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื ืกื’ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื™ืกืช ืจื’ืœ ืœื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืฉื ื”ืขืชืงื•ืช ืื• ืฆืœื•ืžื™ื. ืœืฉื ื”ืฆืœืช ื ื›ืกื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืก: ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื•ืคื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื ื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืฉืจ ืชืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉืขืชื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ืจื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.
ื’. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื’ืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื™ื–ืžืชื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™, ื•ืฉื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืืฆืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ืชื ื• "ืืœึปืžื”" ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ืžื™ื, ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืงืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื”ื ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ื›ืžืขืœืช ืขืจื›ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช.
ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื—ื“ ืฉื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืกื‘ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื”-ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืกืคื’ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ืŸ ืคืชื— ื•ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืœืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ืื•ืžืชื ื• ื•ืชื•ืจืชื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื• ืืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”. ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช-ื”ื™ื—ืก ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืชื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื‘ื•ืช. ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื•ื™ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœื•ืชื™, ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืกืคื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ืจื™ื. ืจืง ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ืขื™ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจืชื” ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื• ื” ืฆ ื‘ ื™ ื• ืŸ ื” ื ืž ืช ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” "ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืœื›ืœ ืขื ืคื™ื” ื•ืฉืจืฉื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื‘ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืžื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื”.
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืชื’ืฉืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
ื. ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
ืชื "ืš, ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ืจืฆื” ื ืฉื™ื ืื’ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื“"ืจ ื—. ืงืœืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“. ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื’ื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
ื‘. ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื–"ืœ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืกืคืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืœื ื• ืชื—ืœื” ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ืช, ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืžืกืจ ืœื ื• ืžืจ ืื•ืคื ืจ ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื ื“ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื’. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ "ืืœึปืžื”" ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืงื”ืœ. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืกืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื•ืื ื• ืชืงื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื•. ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ืื• ื’ื ืžืืžืจื™ ื‘ืงืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื‘ืื•.
ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืž"ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ ืก ื• ื“ ื ืง ื“ ืž ื™ ื”
ืœ ืž ื“ ืข ื™ ื” ื™ ื” ื“ ื• ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืœื”ืชืœื›ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืข"ื”.
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื ื•ืขื ื”' ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืกืœื”!

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™"ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ, ืชืจืฆ"ื•.

ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ื”ืžื˜ืจื”:
ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช.

ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื:
ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื: ื) ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื“ืข. ื‘) ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื.
ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื' ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ ื‘' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืื’ื•ื“ื”, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.
ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืฉืื™ ืœืกืจื‘ ืžืœืงื‘ืœื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืžืง ืืช ืกืจื•ื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื ืžืก ื—ื“ืฉื™ ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืข"ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.

ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”:
ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ืžื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ื“ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ ื“ืœื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™.
ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืค"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ.

ื”ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™:
ืขื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืชื ื”ืœื• ืข"ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืคื•ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื™.

ื”ื›ืชื‘ืช:
ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืฃ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช:
ื“"ืจ ื‘. ืž. ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืช ืžืฉื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช.
ืื—ืช ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชืŸ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื ื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืขื–ื‘ื ืืช ื›ืชืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืคืฉื ืžืœืื” ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื“ืฉ"ืก ื•ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ืขื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื, ืขื•ืœื ืžืกืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืœื”ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืžืงืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื "ืš ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืงื ื• ืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืจืง ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืชื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื“ื.
ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืชื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืข ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื–ื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืืฃ ืฉืคืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืชื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ืข"ืค ื”ืœืš ื ืคืฉื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื”ื.
ืชืงื•ืคืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ืชื—ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืกื™ืกืžืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”. ืืžื ื ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื ืœืชื•ืจื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื.
[ 9 ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืืžื ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืฉืื‘ื• ืžืžืขื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืœื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื ื—ืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื“ืขื”].
ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื—ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืžื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืงื• ืžืฉื“ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืกืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื.
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืคืชื—ื” ื”"ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืจืฆื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืกื™ืจื• ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ืช ืกื“ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ.
ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืื™ืคืช ืžื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื–ืงื ื” ืืžื ื• ื•ืฉืขื•ื“ ืชืชื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื ืฉืจ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืชื—ื™ืชื ื•.
ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ืืœื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืžืจ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ื’ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื "ืกืžื™ื›ื”" ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื’ื ืชืืจ ืžื“ืขื™.

ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
ื. ืชื "ืš
ื) ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ื‘) ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื"ื™
ื‘. ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื’. ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช
ื“. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
ื) ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘) ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื”. ืกืคืจื•ืช
ื) ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
ื‘) ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
ื•. ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื”
ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” โ€“ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
ื–. ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ื“ืงื“ื•ืง (ื‘ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืืจืžื™ืช, ืกื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช) ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ
*
ื”ืขืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจืชืงืช. ื”ืจื‘, ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช "ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื” ื“ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”" (ืžืฉื ื”, ืื‘ื•ืช ื”, ื›ื‘), ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื ืช ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื "ืืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ื‘ืจื ืขืœืžื" (ื–ื”ืจ, ื‘, ืงืกื ืข"ื‘) ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ-ื‘ื›ืœ-ื›ืœ ืžืฉื•ืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืฉืืœื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”: ืœืฉื ืžื” ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” "ื“ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”"? ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘, ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ โ€“ "ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”", ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืžื“ืข โ€“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš. ืจื•ื‘-ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื•. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” "ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”" ื›ืืœื”, ื•ืœื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืœึปืžื”, ืืš "ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื ื—ืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื“ืขื”". ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘-ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื›ืืœื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืืœึปืžื”, ื•ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืจื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘, ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ืืœึปืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ("ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื ื•ืš ืžื™ืชื•ื“ื™"). ืจืื•ื™ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื™ืจื›ืฉื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™. 10
ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืžื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื ืงื• ืžืฉื“ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ).
ืืžื•ืจ ืžืขืชื”: ืืœึปืžื” ืงืžื” "ืขืœ ื˜ื”ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” "ืืช ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”"; ืืœึปืžื” ืงืžื” "ืœืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช" ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ "ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื"; ืืœึปืžื” ืชืงื ื” ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื” ื”ืžืชืขื“ืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื”. ื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืืœึปืžื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื”, "ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”' ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”' ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช".
ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“, ืืœึปืžื” ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืืœึปืžื” ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื›ืื—ืช, ื’ื ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื. ืืœึปืžื” ืคืชื—ื” ืืคื•ื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื›ืœ ืžืืŸ ื“ื‘ืขื™. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ืืœึปืžื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื’ื ืจืฃ ืžื—ืงืจื™: ืžืชืŸ ืชึดืขื“ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืœืžืคืขืœื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืœื” ืฉื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืคื—ื•ืชื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื“ืจ ื•ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืืœึปืžื” ื’ืจืกื” ื›ื™ ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืžืช "ืžืจื›ื– ืžื“ืขื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื’ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” [...] ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช".
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืืกืฃ, ืœืจื›ื– ื•ืœื›ื ืก ืž"ืืจื‘ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื", ืืช ื›ืœ "ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ [...] ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ืืฉืจ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ "ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช", ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ: "ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช".
ืืœึปืžื” ื’ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ืืœึปืžื” ืจื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฅ ืžืชื‘ืŸ, ืœืกืœืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืงื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืœึปืžื” ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” โ€“ ืขืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•"ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื™ืžื”". ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืืคื•ื, ืืœึปืžื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช: "ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื”". ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ: "ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช".


[ืžืชื•ืš: ืื•ืจืฉืช, ื” (ืชืฉืข"ื“), ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืœืœืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ]





^ 1. ืืœึปืžื” โ€“ ืžืืกืฃ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, "ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ื‘. ืž. ืœื•ื™ืŸ", ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจืฆ"ื•.
^ 2. ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื• ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ื—ืฉืคื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืฉืช (ืชืฉืข"ื’), ืขืž' 1โ€“6 โ€“ ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื“; ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืฉืช (ืชืฉ"ืข), ืขืž' 1โ€“7 โ€“ ืœื”ืœืŸ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื– ื•ืขื•ื“.
^ 3. ืขืœื™ื•, ืจืื• ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, ืžื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ"ืก, ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.
^ 4. ืขืœื™ื•, ืจืื• ืฉื, ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.
^ 5. ืขืœื™ื•, ืจืื• ืฉื, ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.
^ 6. ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื, ืื™ื’ืจืช ืงื—, ืขืž' ืงืœื‘.
^ 7. ืืœึปืžื”, ืฉื, ืขืž' Vโ€“VIII.
^ 8. ืืœึปืžื”, ืฉื, ืขืž' 159โ€“160.
^ 9. ื”ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืžืจืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ื™"ืง ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืงืจื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื™ืจื— ื–ื™ื• ืชืจืฆ"ื”.
^ 10. ืจืื• ื ' ื’ื•ื˜ืœ, "ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื™ื: ืขืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ", ืฆื”ืจ ืœื” (ืชืฉืก"ื˜), ืขืž' 81โ€“90.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il