ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช

ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื• ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-PDF ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
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19 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ืคืจืฉืช ืฉืžื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ืž - ื' ื•ืขื“ ืช' ืขืœ ืค ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉ ื‘ื•ืข ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื•ืžื ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื“'
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื-ื‘
ื‘ืคืจืฉื” 124 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื = ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึผ ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘
ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜
ืœึนื ื™ึฐื‘ึทืงึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœึธืจึทืข ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐืžึดื™ืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึดื ื”ึธ ืžึตืจ ื™ึฐ ืžึดื™ืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื” ื•ึผื ื•ึผืชึฐืžื•ึผืจึธืชื•ึน ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึนื ื™ึดื’ึผึธืึตืœ .(ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื– ืœื’) ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื: ื”.ื™.ื•.ื”.
ืžื•ืœื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” 8, 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ื• 4 ื—ืœืงื™ื
ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” (ื ื–) : ื‘ึฐึผื™ื•ึนื ืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึธื” ืœึฐืขึทืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ื•ึผื ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ืฉึฐืื‘ึธื˜ ื‘ึดึผืฉึฐืื ึทืช ืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ืœึฐื“ึธืจึฐื™ึธื•ึถืฉื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื“ึฐื‘ึทืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืœ ื–ึฐื›ึทืจึฐื™ึธื” ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื‘ึถึผืจึถื›ึฐื™ึธื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ืขึดื“ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื ึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ืœึตืืžึนืจ. ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉ ื ืชื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืžื–ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืœ ื“ืœื™, ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ ื–) : ื™ึดื–ึทึผืœ ืžึทื™ึดื ืžึดื“ึธึผืœึฐื™ึธื• , ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืžื– ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช. ื‘ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ (ื•ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™ ื‘ื' ื‘ื•), ื—ืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืื™ืœืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืœืขืฉืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื• ืžืขืฉืจ ืขื ื™ ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื ื˜ื•. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืื ืชืจื ืื™ื ื” ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื•ึทืชึดึผืคึฐืชึทึผื— ื•ึทืชึดึผืจึฐืึตื”ื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึถึผืœึถื“ (ื‘ ื•) ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื™ ืžื–ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜. ืจืืชื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืจ"ื— ืฉื‘ื˜ . ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘
ื‘ึฐึผืขึทืฉึฐืืชึตึผื™ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ืจ ื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ึฐึผืึถื—ึธื“ ืœึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื . ื”ื•ึนืึดื™ืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื‘ึตึผืึตืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืจึธื” ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื’-ื”) (ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ื™ืง)

ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื” ืึตืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึธึผืื•ึผ . (ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื) ืจ"ืช ื• ืื“ื ื ืฉืจ ืœ ื•ืžื“ ื” ืกื“ืจ ืฉ ื ื™ื ืž ืงืจื ื• ืื—ื“ ืช ืจื’ื•ื ื‘ ืงื•ืœ ื  ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ ื—ื™ื” ืฉ ื ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจื•ื›ื™ื ืœ ืขื•ืœื . (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื—:) (ื‘ืขื”"ื˜) ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื ื“ื ืœ ืงืจื•ืช ื” ืคืจืฉื” ืฉ ื ื™ื ืž ืงืจื ื• ืื—ื“ ืช ืจื’ื•ื , ื‘ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื  ื™ื’ื•ื ื” ื™ ืงืจืื ื” , ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉ ืžื—ื” ืจ ื‘ื” ื ื ืœ ืžื“ื” , ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื ื™ื ื• ื™ ืจื ืž ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ , ืž ื›ืœ ืฆ ืจื•ืช ืจ ื‘ื•ืช ื™ ื•ืฆืœื• ืž ืฉื ื™ื ื™ ื” ืชื•ืจื” , ื"ื  ืž ืœืžื“ื™ ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ืœ ืช ืœืžื“ื• ื™ ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื• ืง ื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื›ื , ื ื– ื™ ืชืงื™ื™ื ืฉ ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื , ื• ื”ืœืžื“ ื‘ ืœื™ืœื” ื™ ืชืขื ื’ ืช ืžื™ื“ ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš , ื‘ ื—ืกื“ ื -ืœื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• . (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ื•ื”ื•ื ืข"ืค ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื— .) ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ึธื ื‘ึผึทืจ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึทืžึผึตื™: ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ื ืึธื“ึธื ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ืžึดืงึฐืจึธื ื•ึฐืึถื—ึธื“ ืชึผึทืจึฐื’ึผื•ึผื, ื•ึทืึฒืคึดื™ืœึผื•ึผ ืดืขึฒื˜ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸืด. ืฉืึถื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทืžึผึทืฉืึฐืœึดื™ื ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึดื™ึผื•ึนืชึธื™ื• ืขึดื ื”ึทืฆึผึดื‘ึผื•ึผืจ ืžึตืึฒืจึดื™ื›ึดื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื™ึธืžึธื™ื• ื•ึผืฉืึฐื ื•ึนืชึธื™ื•. ืคื™ืจืฉ"ื™ - ืืคื™ืœื• ืขึฒื˜ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐื“ึดื™ื‘ึนืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™. ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ - ื•ืœื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืื“ื ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืข"ื–, ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœืชืจื’ื ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืข"ื–, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืจืคื” ื-ื“) ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืคืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• "ืขื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืŸ". ืื ืœืžื“ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ - ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื•ื. ื•ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืงืจื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ื’ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™. ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ืื ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืื›ื™ืœื” - ื™ืฉืœื™ื ืื—ืจ ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื—ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืขื“ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ (ืฉื ืกืง"ื˜) ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืืœ ืชืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ืžืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื•ืž"ืž ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ื‘ ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื” ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจืค"ื— ื“ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื ืœื ืงืจื ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงืจื ื•ืื—ื“ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื‘ืข"ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœืงืจื ื”ืฉืžื•"ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืœื‘ื”ื›"ื  [ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›"ืž ื‘ืชืจ"ื™ ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืข"ืฉ].
ื—ื–"ืœ ืจืžื–ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช: ืฉ ื‘ืช, ืž ื™ืœื” ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืงืจืื• ' ืื•ืช ' - ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื›ึดึผื™ ืื•ึนืช ื”ึดื•ื ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื (ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื’) . ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ื ึตื™ื›ึถื . (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื– ื™ื) ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึฐืšึธ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’ ื˜)

ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื โ€“ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืื•ืœืชื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” . ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืฉืฉ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืช : ืฉ ืžื•ืช, ื• ืืจื, ื‘ ื, ื‘ ืฉืœื—, ื™ ืชืจื•, ืž ืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœืงืจืืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืืจื›ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ื•ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื ืช"ืช ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช : ืช ืจื•ืžื”, ืช ืฆื•ื”. ื•ื™"ื ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช . ืข"ืค ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช , ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ : ืฉืžื•ืช โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืงืจื ื’ื 'ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื' : ื•ืืจื โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื” ; ื‘ื โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื” ; ื‘ืฉืœื— โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ; ื™ืชืจื• โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ; ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื. ื™ืฉื ื• ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื. ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืชืขื ื™ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืฆื“ืงื”. ืืช ื”ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช 'ืขื ื ื•' ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ"ืฉ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช - ืค"ื“ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื (ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืฉืœ"ื“ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›"ื–): 'ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื—ื™ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื” ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื˜ืืช ื™"ื— ืคืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืงื”. ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืงื”'. ื›ืชื‘ ื”'ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื”' (ืงืžื ืื•"ื— ืกื™' ืฉืœ"ื“, ืขืž' ืงืค"ื) ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ื 12.8 ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื ืงื™. ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™"ื— ืคืฉื™ื˜ื™ื (ืกืœืข) ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื ื‘ืกื™' ืฉืœ"ื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ื•ื 19.2 ื’ืจื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉื“ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 0.54 ื’ืจื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืขื” ื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืกืœืข. ื™ืฉื ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช, ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ, ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืกืœื•ื ื™ื (ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื) ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื 5 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช 3 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
ื•ึฐ ืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐื ืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผ ื ึตื™ ื™ึด ืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืจ"ืช ื•ึฐ ืึทืœ ื™ึด ืฉึฐืืขื•ึผ ื‘ึฐึผ ื“ึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ ืฉึธื ืงึถืจ , ืจืžื– ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™"ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื , ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฉืงืจ, ื“ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ื”ื™ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืื•ื•ืชืŸ, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื˜:),ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื ืจืžื– ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ. (ื“ืžืฉืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ). ื”ึทืžึทึผื‘ึฐื“ึดึผื™ืœ ื‘ึตึผื™ืŸ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ืœึฐื—ื•ืœ โ€“ ืงึนื“ึถืฉื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 404 . ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 44 . ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื 360 ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื . (360=44 - 404 ) , ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืœ ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื ื• ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื . (ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ืจื™ืฆืงื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื)

ืฉืืœื•ืช

ื. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœึธืจึธืฉึธืืข ืœึธืžึธึผื” ืชึทื›ึถึผื” ืจึตืขึถืšึธ . (ื‘ ื™ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“["ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื™ืช" ืœื ื ืืžืจ ืืœื "ืœืžื” ืชื›ื”"] ืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึดึผื™ ืฉึถืืœึนึผื ื”ึดื›ึธึผื”ื•ึผ ื ึดืงึฐืจึธื ืจึธืฉึธืืข ื‘ึทึผื”ึฒืจึธืžึทืช ื™ึธื“. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื— :)
ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื›ื”ื• ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื• , ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื ืงืจื ืจืฉืข ืืœื ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืœืงื•ืช .
ื‘. ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื™ื•ืžื ืคื”:) ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœึฐืคึดืงึผื•ึผื—ึท ื ึถืคึถืฉื ืฉืึถื“ึผื•ึนื—ึถื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช? ื•ึผืžึธื” ืžึดื™ืœึธื” ืฉืึถื”ึดื™ื ืึถื—ึธื“ ืžึดืžึผึธืืชึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžื•ึนื ึธื” ืึตื™ื‘ึธืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึธืึธื“ึธื ื“ึผื•ึนื—ึธื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช ืงึทืœ
ื•ึธื—ื•ึนืžึถืจ ืœึฐื›ื‡ืœ ื’ึผื•ึผืคื•ึน ืฉืึถื“ึผื•ึนื—ึถื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืึทื‘ึผึธืช. ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ - ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืžืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืฆื™ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื”. ืžืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื' ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึทื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผืœื•ึนืŸ
ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึฐื’ึฐึผืฉึตืื”ื•ึผ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึทืงึตึผืฉื ื”ึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน .(ื“ ื›ื“) ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึทืงึตึผืฉื ื”ึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชืขืฆืœื” ืืžื• ื•ืœื ืžืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืœื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืงืจืืชื• ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื . ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื•
ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื” ืฉื ื' ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึถืฃ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ . ืคื™' ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึถืฃ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืช ืžืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ืฉื” ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื” , ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื˜.)
ื›ึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดื•ึผึธื” ืึนืชื•ึน ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื ื“) โ€“ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืœึนื ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ.
ื’. ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช .
ื“. ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ ื•ึทืชึดึผื›ึฐืจึนืช ืึถืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึธื”ึผ ื•ึทืชึทึผื’ึทึผืข ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื™ื• (ื“ ื›ื”) ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืก"ื“ ื‘) ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืœื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืจืช,
ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื, 'ื•ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ'. ื•ืžื” ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžื•ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ.
ื”. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”ึฒืœึนื ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ (ื“ ื™ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ึธื” ืขึธืชึดื™ื“ ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช [ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ] ืœึตื•ึดื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ, ื•ึฐื”ึทื›ึฐึผื”ึปื ึธึผื” ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึดื™ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœึธืฆึตืืช ืžึดืžึฐึผืšึธ. ืžึตืขึทืชึธึผื” ืœึนื ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื›ึตึผืŸ, ืึถืœึธึผื ื”ื•ึผื
ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื›ึนึผื”ึตืŸ ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™, ืฉึถืื ึถึผืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึผืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึธืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื™ึดืงึธึผืจึฐืื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืฉึตืื‘ึถื˜ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ) ื“ื”"ื ื›ื’,ื™ื“) (ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืง"ื‘ ืข"ื). ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
ืœืžืฉื” , ื”ืœื ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื” .
ื•. ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• ืœืฉื›ืจื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ ื—ืกื“ื™ื .
ื–. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืคืกื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ , ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื , ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉืชื ื• .
ื–. ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึถืšึฐ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึธืื‘ ืึถืœ ื™ึถืชึถืจ ื—ึนืชึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœื•ึน ืึตืœึฐื›ึธื” ื ึธึผื ื•ึฐืึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ืึถืœ ืึทื—ึทื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐืึถืจึฐืึถื” ื”ึทืขื•ึนื“ึธื ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึดืชึฐืจื•ึน ืœึฐืžึนืฉึถืื” ืœึตืšึฐ ืœึฐืฉึธืืœื•ึนื. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื”
ืึถืœ ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึดื“ึฐื™ึธืŸ ืœึตืšึฐ ืฉึปืื‘ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึตืชื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึทืงึฐืฉึดืื™ื ืึถืช ื ึทืคึฐืฉึถืืšึธ. (ื“ ื™ื—-ื™ื˜) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึตืชื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืึฒื ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื”ึทืžึฐื‘ึทืงึฐืฉึดืื™ื ืึถืช
ื ึทืคึฐืฉึถืืšึธ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื , ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” .
ื—. ื•ึทืชึทึผื”ึทืจ ื”ึธืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื•ึทืชึตึผืœึถื“ ื‘ึตึผืŸ ื•ึทืชึตึผืจึถื ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทืชึดึผืฆึฐืคึฐึผื ึตื”ื•ึผ ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึธืื” ื™ึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ื. (ื‘ ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึผ ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื”
ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื›ึดึผื™ ืœึฐืขื•ึนืœึธื ื—ึทืกึฐื“ึผื•ึน . (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื— ื).
ื˜. ื•ึทืชึทึผื”ึทืจ ื”ึธืึดืฉึธึผืื” ื•ึทืชึตึผืœึถื“ ื‘ึตึผืŸ ื•ึทืชึตึผืจึถื ืึนืชื•ึน ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทืชึดึผืฆึฐืคึฐึผื ึตื”ื•ึผ ืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึธืื” ื™ึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ื .(ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ ื‘) . ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘.) ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ .
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืžืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ . ืื™ืš ื ืงืจื ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื”ื•ืœ [ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืจืœ] .
ื™. ืœึนื ืชึนืืกึดืคื•ึผืŸ ืœึธืชึตืช ืชึถึผื‘ึถืŸ ืœึธืขึธื ืœึดืœึฐื‘ึนึผืŸ ื”ึทืœึฐึผื‘ึตื ึดื™ื ื›ึดึผืชึฐืžื•ึนืœ ืฉึดืืœึฐืฉึนืื ื”ึตื ื™ึตืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืงึนืฉึฐืืฉืื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึถื ืชึถึผื‘ึถืŸ . (ื” ื–) ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื›ืชื‘ ืชึนืืกึดืคื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืื•ืช ื ' , ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช .
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื–ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ืชื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื›. ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒื‘ึดื“ื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผืคึธืจึถืšึฐ )ื ื™ื’) ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืœื˜.) ืœึธืžึผึธื” ื ึดืžึฐืฉืึฐืœื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึดื™ึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐืžึธืจื•ึนืจ? ืœื•ึนืžึทืจ ืœึธืšึฐ: ืžึธื” ืžึธืจื•ึนืจ ื–ึถื” ืฉืึถืชึผึฐื—ึดื™ืœึผึธืชื•ึน ืจึทืšึฐ ื•ึฐืกื•ึนืคื•ึน ืงึธืฉืึถื” ,
ืึทืฃ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึดื™ึผึดื™ื ืชึผึฐื—ึดื™ืœึผึธืชึธืŸ ืจึทื›ึผึธื” ื•ึฐืกื•ึนืคึธืŸ ืงึธืฉืึธื”. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืจืš , ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
ืœ. ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ ื•ึทืชึดึผื›ึฐืจึนืช ืึถืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึธื”ึผ ื•ึทืชึทึผื’ึทึผืข ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื™ื• (ื“ ื›ื”) ืฆึนืจ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ , ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืฉึถืืžึถืŸ ืžึตื—ึทืœึฐืžึดื™ืฉื ืฆื•ึผืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ ื™ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“ ืชึธึผืงึฐืคึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื—ึธื–ึฐืงื•ึน ืฉึถืืœ ืกึถืœึทืข .
ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึฐื”ึดื›ึดึผื™ืชึธ ื‘ึทืฆึผื•ึผืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื– ื•). ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืงื—ื” ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืกื›ื™ืŸ , ื•ื”ืจื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ .
ืœ. ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื : ื–ึดื›ึผึธืจื•ืŸ ืœึฐืžึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึตื” ื‘ึฐืจึตืืฉืึดื™ืช, ืชึผึฐื—ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐืžึดืงึฐืจึธืึตื™ ืงื“ึถืฉื, ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึดื™ืฆึดื™ืึทืช ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื - ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื , ื•ื”ืจื™
ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช .
ืž. ื•ึทื™ึดึผื—ึทืจ ืึทืฃ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื”ึฒืœึนื ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ื™ึธื“ึทืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ื›ึดึผื™ ื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื™ึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื”ื•ึผื ื™ึนืฆึตื ืœึดืงึฐืจึธืืชึถืšึธ ื•ึฐืจึธืึฒืšึธ ื•ึฐืฉึธื‚ืžึทื— ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน . (ื“ ื™ื“) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืœื”
ื”ึทืœึตึผื•ึดื™ ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช . ืื ื”ื•ื ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœึตึผื•ึดื™ .
ื . ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึถืŸ ื›ึนึผื” ื•ึธื›ึนื” ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื›ึดึผื™ ืึตื™ืŸ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ ื•ึทื™ึดึผื˜ึฐืžึฐื ึตื”ื•ึผ ื‘ึทึผื—ื•ึนืœ . (ื‘ ื™ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฉื”ื˜ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ , ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ .
ืก. ื•ึทืชึตึผืชึทืฆึทึผื‘ ืึฒื—ึนืชื•ึน ืžึตืจึธื—ึนืง ืœึฐื“ึตืขึธื” ืžึทื” ื™ึตึผืขึธืฉึถื‚ื” ืœื•ึน . (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ ื“) ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜ :) ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื ื”ึดืžึฐืชึผึดื™ื ึธื” ืœึฐืžึนืฉืึถื” ืฉืึธืขึธื” ืึทื—ึทืช, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึทืชึผึตืชึทืฆึผึทื‘ ืึฒื—ื•ึนืชื•ึน ืžึตืจึธื—ื•ึนืง โ€” ืœึฐืคึดื™ื›ึธืšึฐ
ื ึดืชึฐืขึทื›ึผึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืœึธื”ึผ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึดื“ึฐื‘ึผึธืจ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ: ื•ึฐื”ึธืขึธื ืœึนื ื ึธืกึทืข ืขึทื“ ื”ึตืึธืกึตืฃ ืžึดืจึฐื™ึธื . ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ - ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืขื” ืืœื ืœื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืขื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื
ื™ืฉ ืžืื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉื ื—ืœืงืŸ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘. (ื› 20 ื“ืงื•ืช) (ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื”"ืช). ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื ื” ืœืžืฉื”
ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืื—ื™ื” .
ืก. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื• 'ืกื ื“ืง'.
ืข. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืœื•ึน ืขื•ึนื“ ื”ึธื‘ึตื ื ึธื ื™ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึตื™ืงึถืšึธ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึตื ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื—ึตื™ืงื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฆึดืึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึตึผื” ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืžึฐืฆึนืจึทืขึทืช ื›ึทึผืฉึธึผืืœึถื’. (ื“ ื•) ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ืžืฉืžืข ื™ื“ ืื—ืช . ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉื™ื“
ืฉืžืืœ ืœืงืชื” ื‘ืฆืจืขืช ื•ืœื ื™ืžื™ืŸ .
ืค. ื•ึผืจึฐืึดื™ืชึถืŸ ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื‘ึฐื ึธื™ึดื ืึดื ื‘ึตึผืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทื”ึฒืžึดืชึถึผืŸ ืึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืึดื ื‘ึทึผืช ื”ึดื•ื ื•ึธื—ึธื™ึธื”. (ื ื˜ื–) ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžืกืจ ืœื”ื ืคืจืขื” ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืืžื• ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช .
ืค. ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœึดื™ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึถืฃ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืึธื– ืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช. (ื“ ื›ื•) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื , ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื™ืœื”.
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืึทืชึธึผื” ืœึดื™ . (ื“ ื›ื”)
ืฆ. ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื”ึทื‘ึธึผืึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึฐืžึธื” ืึตืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึธึผืื•ึผ. (ืฉืžื•ืช ื ื ) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืคืชื— ืืช ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื•' ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” .
ืง. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืžึนืฉึถืื” ืึถืช ืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื›ึดึผื‘ึตื ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื—ึฒืžึนืจ (ื“ ื›) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื•ืืฆืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืงึธื ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึธึผื‚ื ืึถืช ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึถืช
ื ึธืฉึธืื™ื• ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื’ึฐึผืžึทืœึดึผื™ื (ืœื ื™ื–) ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืชื™ื• .
ืจ. ื•ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืขึธืงื•ึผ ื•ึทืชึทึผืขึทืœ ืฉึทืื•ึฐืขึธืชึธื ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื”. (ื‘ ื›ื’) ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ - ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืขืฉืจื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ืฉื•ืขื”, ืฆืขืงื”, ื ืืงื”, ืจื ื”,
ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืงืจื™ืื”, ื ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืœ, ื•ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื. (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ื‘, ื(. ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื” ืœืฆืขืงื” . ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืขึทื“ ืึธื ึธื” ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืฉึดืื•ึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชึดืฉึฐืืžึธืข ืึถื–ึฐืขึทืง
ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื—ึธืžึธืก ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชื•ึนืฉึดืื™ืขึท .(ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื ื‘) .
ืฉ. ื•ึทืชึตึผืจึถื“ ื‘ึทึผืช ืคึทึผืจึฐืขึนื” ืœึดืจึฐื—ึนืฅ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทื™ึฐืึนืจ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืจึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ ื”ึนืœึฐื›ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึทื“ ื”ึทื™ึฐืึนืจ ื•ึทืชึตึผืจึถื ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึทืกึผื•ึผืฃ ื•ึทืชึดึผืฉึฐืืœึทื— ืึถืช ืึฒืžึธืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึธึผื—ึถื”ึธ (ื‘ ื”). ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ
ืฉื ืฉืชืจื‘ื‘ื” ืืžืชื” ืก' ืืžื” .
ืช. ื”ึทืœึฐื”ึธืจึฐื’ึตื ึดื™ ืึทืชึธึผื” ืึนืžึตืจ ื›ึทึผืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึธืจึทื’ึฐืชึธึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ (ื‘ ื™ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืžึดื›ึธึผืืŸ ืึธื ื•ึผ ืœึฐืžึตื“ึดื™ื ืฉึถืื”ึฒืจึธื’ื•ึน ื‘ึทึผืฉึตึผืื ื”ึทืžึฐึผืคึนืจึธืฉื (ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื ื›ื˜) ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช

ื. ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืื• ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืชื•ึนื ื•ึผ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ืขึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื” ื™ื–) ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืฆื ื”ืจืžืช ื”ื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ืคื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืงืจื
ืจืฉืข. (ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘) ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ - ื•ืžืฉื” ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื•ืคื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืฉืขื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื ืขืœื‘ื™ื
ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืœื‘ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืžื—ืจืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื•ืงืจืื• ืจึตืขึถืšึธ - ืจืฉืข ื›ืžื•ืชืš ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ืกืœ ื•ืžื›ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื ืš, ื•ื“ืื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื ื ืžืฆื
ื’ื ื‘ืš, ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ืžื•ืžื• ืคื•ืกืœ. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœึธืžึธึผื” ืชึทื›ึถึผื” ืจึตืขึถืšึธ , ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืขืš ื‘ืžื•ื ื–ื”.*
ื‘. ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื‘ ื›ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ . ืžื” ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ , ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘
ื›ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื . ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืžื•ืœื• . (ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ)
ื’. ืกืคืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ืœื” โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื "ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ ื’ืื•ืœืชื . (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ)
ื“. ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื ื—ืœ ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื—ืช , ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• , ื"ืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ ืชืจื›ืš ืขืฆืžืš ืฉืชื›ื ืก ื‘ืš ื”ืื‘ืŸ , ื•ืืขืฉื” ืœืš ื—ืœืง
ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” , ื–ื• ืื–ืžืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” , ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ืจืš ื‘ืงืฉื” . (ื™ืœืงื•"ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจืžื– ื˜ื•) *
ื”. ื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืžื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ืคืง"ืž ืื ื™ื”ื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืฉื” ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช .(ืืžืจื™ ื ื•ืขื) ื"ื  ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืงื•ื“ื
ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” .* ื"ื  ืคืจืฉ"ื™ (ื‘ ื) ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ื”ึดื™ื ื ึถื”ึถืคึฐื›ึธื” ืœึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึนืช ื ึทืขึฒืจึธื”, ื•ึผื‘ึทืช ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึดืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื”. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ืขื•ืจื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื”.
ื•. ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึฐืจึธื ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ืžึนืฉึถืื” ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉึดืื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ . (ื‘ ื™) ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืืŸ ืืชื” ืœืžื“ ืฉื›ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ ื—ืกื“ื™ื , ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœืžืฉื”
[ื•ืืœื• ื”ื: ื™ืจื“, ื—ื‘ืจ, ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ, ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ, ืื‘ื™ ืกื•ื›ื•, ืื‘ื™ ื–ื ื•ื—, ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื”, ืฉืžืขื™ื”, ืœื•ื™, ืžืฉื” (ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื’.)] ืœื ื ืงื‘ืข ืœื• ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจืืชื•
ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื” , ื•ืืฃ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ืื—ืจ . (ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื ื›ื•)
ื–. ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืจืขื” ืฉื•ื—ื˜ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืข .(ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœ' ืคืกื—ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืจื ื•) ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึธืช ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึตึผืึธื ึฐื—ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึดึผื–ึฐืขึธืงื•ึผ (ื‘ ื›ื’)
ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ึฐืึดืชึฐื›ึฐึผืชึทืฉื ืžึทืœึฐื›ึธึผื ื“ึฐืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ื•ึผืคึทืงึตื™ื“ ืœึฐืงึทื˜ึธืœึธื ื‘ึผื•ึผื›ึฐืจึทื™ึธื™ื ื“ึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ืœึฐืžึดืกึฐื—ึตื™ ื‘ึฐึผืึทื“ึฐืžึตื™ื”ื•ึนืŸ . ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึธืช ืžึถืœึถืšึฐ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื . ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“ ื ึดืฆึฐื˜ึธืจึทืข, ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืฉืื•ึนื—ึตื˜
ืชึดึผื™ื ื•ึนืงื•ึนืช ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐืจื•ึนื—ึตืฅ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึธืžึธื . (ืฉืžื•"ืจ ื ืœื“). ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืึทืœ ืชึผึตืจึถื ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืึทื“ึผึธื, ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึทื›ึผื•ึนืก ืขึตื™ื ื•ึน . (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื’ ืœื) *
ื–. ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืืข"ืค ืฉื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื ืžืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื• ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• , ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ื
ืœืœื›ืช ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื” ืœื™ืจื ืžื”ื . (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ื—. ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืžื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. (ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ืœืš ืœืš) ื•ืืžื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืœื”
ื•ื ืชืจืคืื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจ"ืช ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ื— ื‘ื•ืฉ , ื™ ื , ื™ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื , ืž ื“ื‘ืจ .ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื.
ื"ื  ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื”ื ื (ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ) ื"ื  ืœืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ , ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ืขื
ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึผ ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” (ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™). *
ื˜. ื˜ื‘ืœ ื ืงืจื ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืžื”ื•ืœ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืขืจืœื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœ . ื˜ื‘ืœ ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื˜ื‘-ืœื' ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ . ืœืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืœ
ื ืงืจื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ . ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ึทืชึผึตืจึถื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ืืœื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ . (ืžื“ืจืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืขื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืคืจื™ื)
ื™. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœื ืœืชืช ืชื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ืžื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืชึนืืกึดืคื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื•ืช ื ' . (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื ื ืืœ)
ื›. ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืžื• ื ื”ืคืš ืคืชืื•ื ืœืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื™ืฆืจ ืœื• , ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื• ืชืžื™ื“ . ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ื™
ื™ืขืงื‘ , ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื•ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืจืš , ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืื‘ ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืขืžื”ื . ืœื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืจื•ืจ ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืจืš ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”
ื ืขืฉื” ืกื•ืคื• ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืขื ื” . (ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื”"ืช)
ืœ. ืœึนื ืชึธื ึดื™ืฃ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื”ึถื ื‘ึทึผืจึฐื–ึถืœ . (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื– ื”) ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— , ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ืœึฐืšึธ ื—ึทืจึฐื‘ื•ึนืช ืฆึปืจึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืžึนืœ ืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ืฉึตืื ึดื™ืช . ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ
(ื‘"ืจ ืœื ื—) ืคื™' ื’ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื˜ื™ื ืจื, ื•ืคื™' ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“, ื›ื”). ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœื–ื” ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” , ืฉืืฃ
ื‘ืขืงื™ื“ื” ื ืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึทึผืึฒื›ึถืœึถืช (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ ื™) ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืชืš ื•ืื•ื›ืœ .(ื”ืฉ"ืš ืขื”"ืช) ื•ื”ืžืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— . *
ืœ. ืœ"ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื . ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒื‘ึดื“ื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ืึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึฐึผืคึธืจึถืšึฐ )ื ื™ื’) ืคืจืš ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื"ืช ื‘"ืฉ ืœ"ื˜ (ื•ื’"ืœ ื‘ื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื 39).
ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื ืขืœ ืœ"ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” . (ืจ"ื— ืคืœื˜ื™ืืœ) *
ืž. ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื.), ื"ื› ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื–ื” . (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ื . ื ' ืืžื” โ€“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘"ื‘ ื‘ ื˜ ) ืžึทืจึฐื—ึดื™ืงึดื™ืŸ ืึถืช ื”ึทื ึฐึผื‘ึตืœื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทืงึฐึผื‘ึธืจื•ึนืช ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึปึผืจึฐืกึฐืงึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึธืขึดื™ืจ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ืึทืžึธึผื”. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ืจื™ื— ืจืข . ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึถืŸ ื›ึนึผื” ื•ึธื›ึนื” -
ื›ึนึผ"ื” ื•ึธ-ื›"ึนื” ื‘ื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื  ' ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื ' ืืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ , ืžืฉืžื™ืขื ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ืขื›ื•"ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœึนื ืชึธืœึดื™ืŸ ื ึดื‘ึฐืœึธืชื•ึน ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื— ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืงื•ื‘ืจืŸ . (ืคืจื“ืก ืฉืžืื™)
ืก. ืกื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืจื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืคืจืขื” ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืœืžื™ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืึดื ื‘ึตึผืŸ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึทื”ึฒืžึดืชึถึผืŸ ืึนืชื•ึน (ื ื˜ื–) ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขื” ื”ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื ื”
ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื ืžืฉื” , ื•ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชืคืจืกื ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืกื›ื ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืคืจืขื” , ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” . (ืคืจื“ืก ืฉืžืื™)
ืก. ืก ื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื  ืขืฉื” ื“ ื™ืŸ ืง ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจ ืจ"ืช ืกื ื“ืง โ€“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ืคืจ' ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ืจื "ื” ืข"ื‘) ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื“ืืชื’ื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ื›ื•' ื”ื”ื™ื ืขืจืœื” ื“ื’ื–ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื
ื”ื”ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื ืื—ืจื ื•ื—ืžื ื“ื”ืื™ ืื™ื”ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื” ืžืงืจื‘ื ื ื“ื, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืืชื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื˜ืื” ื•ืœืงื˜ืจื’ื ืขื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ืกืœื™ืง ื•ืืชืขื‘ื™ื“ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืžื™ื”
ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื. (ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื”ืจืฆ"ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื‘) .
ืข. ืขืชื™ื“ื” ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” , ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœืงืชื” ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ . ื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื›ึทึผืฉึธึผืืœึถื’ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืืœ .(373) (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืค. ืคื ื™ื• ืœืžื˜ื” โ€“ ื–ื›ืจ , ืคื ื™ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื ืงื‘ื” . (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื :) ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธื‘ึฐื ึธื™ึดื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ . (208) (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ืค. ืคืจื™ืขื” ื•ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช , ื"ื  ืื—ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืคื™"ื˜ ื”"ื‘) *
ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืจ"ืช ื“ ื ืž ื™ืœื” ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืž ืฉื” .(ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื) *
ืฆ. ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• โ€“ ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืœึฐืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ืฉึดืืœึตึผืฉึดืื™ื ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช , ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ , ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื
ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื ,[ืืฃ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืืจึฐืฆื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ] ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืก ื›ื) ื•ึฐืขึทืžึตึผืšึฐ ื›ึปึผืœึธึผื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืงึดื™ื . (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื) ื"ื  ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ ืœึฐืึถืคึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™
ืฉึดืืœึตึผืฉึดืื™ื , ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ืจื“ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื•. (ื"ืข) .
ืง. ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• - ื’ืจืฉื•ื (ื‘ืŸ ื’' ืฉื ื™ื) ื•ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืขืชื”, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื. (ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืงื ื™ื) ื"ื  ื—ืฉืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘
ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื• , ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื™ืœืงื•"ืฉ ืงื›ื”) ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืงื˜ื ื”, ื•ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ
ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื ืฉื•ืชื™ื•.
ืจ. ืจืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื›ื‘ืจ , ืฉืžืชืคืœืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืฉืข ืžืžื ื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ืขืงื” . ืชืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื” ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื•ื , ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื” . (ื”ื’ืจ"ื) *
ืฉ. ืฉืงื•ืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ . (ืฉื”"ืฉ ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื' ืคืก' ื˜"ื•, ื’). ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืžืจื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึฐืฉึดืื™ืชึดื”ื•ึผ .ื”ืจื™ ื ' ื”' ื”' ื™ืชืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื .
(ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื) ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืžื™ื ืžืฉื™ืชื• .
ืช. ืช'-ื›'-ื”' โ€“ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื“ืข ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืฆืจืฃ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึถืจ ืœึธืจึธืฉึธืืข ืœึธืžึธึผื” 'ืชึทื›ึถึผื”' ืจึตืขึถืšึธ . (ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ ืฉืขืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ืจื–"ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื—, ื‘)
ืฉื ื–ื” ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช 'ื•ืœืš ื ื ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช' ื•ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช 'ื› ืœ ื” ื ืฉืžื” ืช ื”ืœืœ' (ืžืืžืจื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืคืจ' ื‘ืฉืœื—) *

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช / ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ *
ื. ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉืœื— - ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื›ืžื” ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ื™ืจื•ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื›ืื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉื, ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชืœื” ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื— ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ื. ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื—ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืœื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” 'ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื ืืช ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืื•ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึตืืชึธ ืžึตืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื•ื’ื•. ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ืคืกื™ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืจืžื™ื–ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืื” ืœืœื‘ื‘. ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœื ื• ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกืจ.
ื‘. ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐืœึนื ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ - ื•ื"ืช ืœืž"ืœ ืงืจื ืชื™ืคื•ืง ืœื™ื” ื“ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœืœื™ื“ืชื• ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื™"ืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืœืื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื”ืคืกืง ืœืื• ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื”ื•ื ื•ื"ืช ืื›ืชื™ ืž"ืข ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื”ื•ื ื“ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืขืจืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ื“ืฃ ืขื‘.) ื•ื™"ืœ ื“ืืชื™ื ื›ืž"ื“ ื”ืชื ื“ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื˜.)
ื“. ืฉื•"ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืกื•ืคืจ (ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืงื›"ื) . ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืชื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืช (ืกื™' ืฉื›"ื— ืก"ื–) ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื“ืžื›ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึนืจึทื’ึฐื ื•ึผ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื. (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžื“ ื›ื’)
ื”. ื"ื  ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื” . ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื, ื™ื’; ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื“, ื. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช, ืคืจืง ื˜"ื•, ืคืกื•ืง ื› 'ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ
ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”'. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื.
ื–. ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึธื” ืœึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ืึธื“ึนื ืึดื ืึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืœึผึธื‘ึธืŸ ืžึฐืฉืึปื‘ึผึธื— ืžึดืžึผึถื ึผื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ ืึทืœ ืชึผึตืจึถื ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืชึฐืึทื“ึผึธื, ืžึทืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืฉืึถื—ึฒืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึผืชื•ึน ืฉืึถืœ ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืึธื“ึนื ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืขึทืœ ืคึผึดื™ ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐืงึดื“ึผื•ึผืฉื ืฉืึถืœ ืฉืึฐืึธืจ ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึฐืฉืึทื‘ึผึธืชื•ึนืช ื ื•ึนื”ึฒื’ึดื™ืŸ ื›ึผึฐื”ึธืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉืึถืึตื™ืŸ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื™ึทื™ึดืŸ ืึธื“ึนื ืึดื ืึตื™ื ื•ึน ืžึฐืฉืึปื‘ึผึธื— ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืœึผึธื‘ึธืŸ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ืฉืึถื ึผึดืชึฐื‘ึผึธืึตืจ ื‘ึผึฐืกึดื™ืžึธืŸ ืขืจ"ื‘, ืžึดื›ึผึธืœ ืžึธืงื•ึนื ื‘ึผึฐื“' ื›ึผื•ึนืกื•ึนืช ื™ึตืฉื ืœึดื ึฐื”ึนื’ ื›ึผึฐื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืฉืึถืฆึผึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืœึทื—ึฒื–ึนืจ ืึทื—ึฒืจึธื™ื•, ืœึฐืคึดื™ ืฉืึถื™ึผึตืฉื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื–ึตื›ึถืจ ืœึทื“ึผึธื, ืฉืึถื”ึธื™ึธื” ืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื” ืฉืื•ึนื—ึตื˜ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ . (ืฉื•"ืข ื”ืจื‘, ืื•"ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืชืขื‘ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื›ื• , ื˜"ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืฉื)
ื—. ื•ึทืชึผึตืจึถื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผื . ืชึผึทื ึฐื™ึธื, ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืžึตืึดื™ืจ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: ืดื˜ื•ึนื‘ืด ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื™ึฐื”ื•ึผื“ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: ืดื˜ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ึผึธื”ืด ืฉืึฐืžื•ึน. ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ื ึฐื—ึถืžึฐื™ึธื” ืื•ึนืžึตืจ: ื”ึธื’ื•ึผืŸ ืœึดื ึฐื‘ึดื™ืื•ึผืช. ืึฒื—ึตืจึดื™ื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื: ื ื•ึนืœึทื“
ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ืžึธื”ื•ึผืœ . ื•ึทื—ึฒื›ึธืžึดื™ื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื: ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึธืขึธื” ืฉืึถื ึผื•ึนืœึทื“ ืžึนืฉืึถื”, ื ึดืชึฐืžึทืœึผึตื ื”ึทื‘ึผึทื™ึดืช ื›ึผื•ึผืœึผื•ึน ืื•ึนืจ. ื›ึผึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื”ึธื›ึธื: ืดื•ึทืชึผึตืจึถื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผืืด, ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘ ื”ึธืชึธื: ืดื•ึทื™ึผึทืจึฐื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืื•ึนืจ
ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืด. (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื‘ .) ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื”ื•ึผื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ื•ืœ (471) ื•ืœื›ืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ึนื“ื•ึผ ืœึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” . (ืคืขื ื— ืจื–ื)
ืœ. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื”ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ , ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืกื›ื™ืŸ .
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื” ื‘) - ื•ืจ"ืœ ื“ืื—ืจ ืฉืื– ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’"ื› ืœื˜ื”ืจื ืžื˜ื•ืžืืช ืžืช ื›ืž"ืฉ ื—ื–"ืœ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื ื‘), ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืœืœ ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื (ืค"ื” ืžื”' ื˜"ืž), ืœื›ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™.
ืœ. ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืฆืืชืš ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืœื›ืš ืงื‘ืขื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื”ืจ"ืž ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคืจืš ื•ืคืจ"ืš ื‘ื"ืช ื‘"ืฉ ื•ื’"ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื—ืกืจ ืื—ืช ื•ื›ืฉื ื’ืืœื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช' ืœ"ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช. (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื– :)
ืค. ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื™ื˜ ื• - ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื˜ืจื”. ื•ืื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื•ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ืžืชืงื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืžืจืื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ
ืžืœ ื•ืœื ืคืจืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื›ืืœื• ืœื ืžืœ. ื•ื™"ืœ ื“ืžืชื—ืœื” ื—ืชื›ื” ืฆืคื•ืจื” ืขืจืœืช ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืจืฃ ืงืฆืช ืžืžืฉื” ื•ืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืข"ื› ืขืฉืชื” ืื—"ื› ื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ืจืฃ ื”ืžืœืืš ืžืžื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื– ืืžืจื” ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช , ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืŸ . (ืคืจื“ืก ืฉืžืื™)
ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื™ื’, ื ืคืจืง ื’ ื”ืœื›ื” ื˜ ) ื”ื”"ื“ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื“) ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื‘ึทื“ึถึผืจึถืšึฐ ื‘ึทึผืžึธึผืœื•ึนืŸ . ื•ืืžืจ ืจืฉื‘"ื’ ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืžืœืืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืœืžืฉื” ืืœื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื‘ื•ื ื•ืจืื” ืžื™ ืงืจื•ื™ ื—ืชืŸ ืžืฉื” ืื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืื™ืช ืชื ื™ื™ ืชื ื™ ืžืฉื” ืงืจื•ื™ ื—ืชืŸ. ืื™ืช ืชื ื™ื™ ืชื ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืงืจื•ื™ ื—ืชืŸ. ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืงืจื•ื™ ื—ืชืŸ. ื—ืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžื™ื“ืš. ื•ืžืืŸ ื“ืžืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืจื•ื™ ื—ืชืŸ. ื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื™. (ืฉื) ื•ึทืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืฆึดืคึนึผืจึธื” ืฆึนืจ ื•ึทืชึดึผื›ึฐืจึนืช ืึถืช ืขึธืจึฐืœึทืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึธื”ึผ ื•ึทืชึทึผื’ึทึผืข ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœึธื™ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืŸ. ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ื—ืจื ื” ืืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืืš. ื•ื—ืจื ื” ืืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง . ืžืŸ ื“ืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ืœืš ื’ื–ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืš. ืžืŸ ื“ืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืืš ื”ื™ืœืš ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื—ืชืš. ืžืŸ ื“ืžืจ ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง . (ืฉื) ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึถืฃ ืžึดืžึถึผื ึผื•ึผ ืึธื– ืึธืžึฐืจึธื” ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช . ืžื™ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืช ืœืคืจื™ืขื” ืื—ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืช ืœืฆื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ืœืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง , ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื—ืชื›ื” ื’ื ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” .ืžื” ืฉื—ืชื›ื” ื”ืขืจืœื” ื–ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืชืš ื’ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื–ื” ื“ื ื ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื›ื“ื ืขื•ืœื” . ื•ื–ื”ื• ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื ืœึทืžึผื•ึผืœึนืช ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชืจื™ ื“ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื” . (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™.) ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ: ืดืžึดื–ึฐื‘ึผึตื—ึทืด โ€”ืžึต ื–ึดื™ื—ึท, ื•ึผืžึต ื–ึดื™ืŸ, ืžึฐ ื—ึทื‘ึผึตื‘, ืžึฐ ื›ึทืคึผึตืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื“ ' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืช ืž ' . ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจื” ื›ึดึผื™ ื—ึฒืชึทืŸ ื“ึธึผืžึดื™ื . ื“ ' โ€“ ืžื™"ื ืืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืข"ื™ ื“ ' ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืž ' , ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืžื™ืชื” . ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžื›ืคืจืช ื›ืžื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ . (ืžืœืืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช)
ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืก"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืจื—"ื• [ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ] ื–"ืœ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื“ืฆื—"ื [ื”ื“ื•ืžื, ืฆื•ืžื—, ื—ื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจ] ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืกืœืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ื”ืžืœื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“' ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื ืงื™ื˜ ื”ื›ื ื“' ืชื•ืืจื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžึตื–ึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืžึตื–ึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตื‘ ื•ึผืžึฐื›ึทืคึผึตืจ. ืžึดื–ึฐื‘ึผึตื—ึท ืžึตื–ึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืžึตื–ึดื™ืŸ, ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตื‘ ื•ึผืžึฐื›ึทืคึผึตืจ. - ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืก"ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืจื—"ื• [ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ] ื–"ืœ ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื“ืฆื—"ื [ื”ื“ื•ืžื, ืฆื•ืžื—, ื—ื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจ] ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืกืœืชื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ื”ืžืœื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื“' ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื ืงื™ื˜ ื”ื›ื ื“' ืชืืจื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžึต ื–ึดื™ื—ึท ื•ึผืžึต ื–ึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐ ื—ึทื‘ึผึตื‘ ื•ึผืžึฐ ื›ึทืคึผึตืจ. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืžื– ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืžืฉืœื™ ืœ, ืœื’) ื•ึผืžึดื™ืฅ ืึทืฃ ื™ื•ึนืฆึดื™ื ื“ึธื , ื“ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžึตื–ึดื™ื—ึท ืžึตื–ึดื™ืŸ ืžึฐื—ึทื‘ึผึตื‘ ืžึฐื›ึทืคึผึตืจ ื“ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื“ ' ืคืขืžื™ื ืž ' ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ึธื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ ' ืคืขืžื™ื ืž ึพื ื•ึฐื”ึธืึทืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืจื•ื’ื– ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“' ืคืขืžื™ื ืžึพื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืžื—ื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ.(ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข ืฉื)
ืฆ. ื"ื  ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึธืช ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื  ื›ื•) ื•ึฐืึตืœึถึผื” ืฉึฐืืžื•ึนืช ืฉืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื , ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืืข"ืค ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืฆึธืคึฐื ึทืช ืคึทึผืขึฐื ึตื—ึท (ืฉื ืžื ืžื”) ืืชื ืืœ ืชืฉื ื• ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื›ื . (ื‘ืขื”"ื˜) ื"ื  ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืžื™ืชืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื” ื‘ืื™ื , ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืข"ืค ืฉื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืช ื”ื ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ืžืช ืœื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ืึตืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื , ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื™ืฉื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืคื™ ื–ื™ืžื” ื•ื ืฉืื• ื ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ื•ืื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื , ื–ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึธึผืื•ึผ. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ)
ืจ. ืžื›ืชื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• โ€“ ื›ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื• ืจืขื” ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื”ืจืขื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœื• ืจืขื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขืง ื‘ืฉืขืช ื›ืื‘ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื™ืข ืœื• ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื–ืขืงื”.(ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง ื ื‘)
ืช. ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ - ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฉืคืชื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื• ืจื–"ืœ ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืจืื™ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ึทืœึฐื”ึธืจึฐื’ึตื ึดื™ ืึทืชึธึผื” ืึนืžึตืจ ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืž"ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืข"ื” (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืžื“) ื‘ึฐึผืšึธ ืฆึธืจึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื ึฐื ึทื’ึตึผื—ึท ื‘ึฐึผืฉึดืืžึฐืšึธ ื ึธื‘ื•ึผืก ืงึธืžึตื™ื ื•ึผ . ื•ืืžืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืž"ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืžื—) ื›ึดึผื™ ื ึดืฉึฐื‚ื’ึธึผื‘ ืฉึฐืืžื•ึน ืœึฐื‘ึทื“ึผื•ึน , ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึฐื”ึดื™ ื•ื–ื”ื• (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื•) ืชึนึผืœึถื” ืึถืจึถืฅ ืขึทืœ ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื™ ืžึธื” ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืขืœื” ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœื” ืฉื•ืจ , ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืืœื™ืฉืข ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงืœืกื• ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ื‘) ืขึฒืœึตื” ืงึตืจึตื—ึท ืขึฒืœึตื” ืงึตืจึตื—ึท ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืคึถืŸ ืึทื—ึฒืจึธื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึดึผืจึฐืึตื ื•ึทื™ึฐืงึทืœึฐืœึตื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึตืื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืž"ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ (ืฉื) ื•ึทืชึตึผืฆึถืื ึธื” ืฉึฐืืชึทึผื™ึดื ื“ึปึผื‘ึดึผื™ื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผืขึทืจ ื•ึทืชึฐึผื‘ึทืงึทึผืขึฐื ึธื” ืžึตื”ึถื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึธึผืขึดื™ื ื•ึผืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ื™ึฐืœึธื“ึดื™ื , ื•ื‘ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึดึผืฆึฐืจึดื™ ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ื™ื˜) ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึตื ืžึทืœึฐืึทืšึฐ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึทึผืšึฐ ื‘ึฐึผืžึทื—ึฒื ึตื” ืึทืฉึผืื•ึผืจ , ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืืช ื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืื ื”ื›ืืช ื›ื—.
ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ - ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ: ื›ื”"ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื ืข"ื‘ ืฉื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืจ"ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข: ื› 'ืœ ื” 'ื ืฉืžื” ืช 'ื”ืœืœโ€ฆื™-ื” ื”ืœืœื•ื™ื”"
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื•ืจื, ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื-ื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉ-ื“-ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ืช-ื”-ื›. ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช
ื™-ื”-ื•- ื” ื-ืœื”ื™ืš , ืกื•ืคื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”"ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจ"ืช :"ืช ื—ืช ื› ื ืคื™ ื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื”". ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืงื˜ืจื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื• ืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ืฉืคืข.
ืฉื ื–ื” ื’ื ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื™-ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ื‘ืจื•ืš.. ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืš ื•ืœืš ื ืื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ". ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช ื•ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื: ื›ืช ืจ ื” ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื " ื›-ื”-ืช " ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 26 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื™-ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” , ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืžืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ื–ืฆื•ืง"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืืœื™ื”
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il