ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืชื "ืš
  • ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช
  • ื ื—

ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืื• ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”-PDF ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
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23 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš

ืจ"ื— ืžืจ ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืค"ื”
ืžืคื˜ื™ืจ ื›ึนึผื” ืึธืžึทืจ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืกื•)
ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— โ€“ ืฉื‘ืช ืจ"ื—
ืขืœื•ืŸ ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืž ื' ื•ืขื“ ืช' ืขืœ ืค ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉ ื‘ื•ืข ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื•ืžื ืžืžืคืจืฉื™ ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื—ื–"ืœ
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื-ื‘
ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— 153 ืคืกื•ืงื™ื = ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื•"ืข (ืื•"ื— ืชื™ื˜) ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ืช ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฉื "ื‘ - ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“ื”ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืฉื—ืœ ืจ"ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจ"ื— ื•ื›ืฉื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจ"ื—.

ืึตืœึถึผื” ืชึผื•ึนืœึฐื“ึนืช ื ึนื—ึท ื ึนื—ึท ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื‘ึฐึผื“ึนืจึนืชึธื™ื• ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึถึผืšึฐ ื ึนื—ึท .(ื• ื˜) ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘. ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ: ื ื—, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ืื™ื•ื‘. ื ื— ืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืื—"ื› ืจืื”ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื”ื• ืื—"ื› ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืจืื”ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืจืื”ื• ืื—"ื› ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืจืื”ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ, ืื™ื•ื‘ ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื•ืื—"ื› ืจืื”ื• ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืจืื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืžื‘ ื™ื‘) ื•ึทื™-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ึตึผืจึทืšึฐ ืึถืช ืึทื—ึฒืจึดื™ืช ืึดื™ึผื•ึนื‘ ืžึตืจึตืืฉึดืืชื•ึน . (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืื–ื•ื‘ื™) ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื’' ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื ื•ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึถึผืšึฐ ื ึนื—ึท ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื ื— ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืชื. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ืกืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื ื™ื“) ืžึทืชึธึผืŸ ื‘ึทึผืกึตึผืชึถืจ ื™ึดื›ึฐืคึถึผื” ืึธืฃ ื•ึฐืฉึนืื—ึทื“ ื‘ึทึผื—ึตืง ื—ึตืžึธื” ืขึทื–ึธึผื” . ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขึทื–ึธึผื” (83 ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ). ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ึธื™ึธื” . ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจ . (515) ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืชืคืœื” . ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื— ืžืชืคืœืœ ื•ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื–ื›ื” ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืžื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. ืึดื™ืฉื ืจ"ืช ื ื“ื ื™ ืฉืจ ืฉ ืœื (ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื”ืื–ื•ื‘ื™) ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ. ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื ื”ึธื™ึธื” ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจ . (510)
ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืœึถื“ ื ึนื—ึท ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึธื” ื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืฉืึตื ืึถืช ื—ึธื ื•ึฐืึถืช ื™ึธืคึถืช .(ื• ื™) ื‘ึธ ื ึดื™ื ืึถ ืช ืฉืึต ื ืจ"ืช ื‘ืืฉ . ืจืžื– ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื’' ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ืข"ื™ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืจืฉืข ื•ื”ื ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื”. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)

ื ึนื—ึท ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช: 'ืื™ืชื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ื ื— ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, (ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ื—ื”) ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ื•ึน ืฉึธืื‘ึทืช , ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ืจืžื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื—:) ื‘ืŸ ื ื— ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ )ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—-ื›ื‘) ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉืึฐื‘ึผึนืชื•ึผ ื•ื›ื•', ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฆืœืช ื ื— ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ'. (ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ"ื—)
ื•ึฐื ึนื—ึท ืžึธืฆึธื ื—ึตืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” .(ื• ื—) ืžึธืฆึธื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ื•ื” (131).(ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื) ื•ืื™ืชื ื ึนื—ึท ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื , ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื•, ืฆื“ื™ืง ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•. ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“ ืขื ื™ื• ื•ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”'. (ืข"ื– ื•.)
ื ื— ืจื•ืžื– ืœืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืึดื™ืฉื ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ืชึธึผืžึดื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (1005), ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืฉึธืื‘ึทืช ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืชึธึผืฉึตืื‘ [ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืชึธึผืฉึตืื‘ ืึฑื ื•ึนืฉื ืขึทื“ ื“ึทึผื›ึธึผื ื•ึทืชึนึผืืžึถืจ ืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ืึธื“ึธื .(ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆ ื’)]. ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึถึผืšึฐ ื ึนื—ึท ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœืงื™ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืฉืžื•. ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื”ึดืชึฐื”ึทืœึถึผืšึฐ ื ึนื—ึท ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžึธืฉึฐืื›ึตื ึดื™ ืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ืšึธ ื ึธึผืจื•ึผืฆึธื” (1010) (ืฉื”"ืฉ ื ื“). (ืืžืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื)
ืฆึนื”ึทืจ ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” (ื• ื˜ื–) ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ' ืฆึนื”ึทืจ' (295) ืœึท'ืชึตึผื‘ึธื”' (407) ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื 'ืฉื‘ืช ' (702). ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆึนื”ึทืจ ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” , ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. (ืื‘ื ื™ ืื–ืœ)

ืึถืช ืงึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึถึผืขึธื ึธืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ื‘ึตึผื™ื ึดื™ ื•ึผื‘ึตื™ืŸ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ .(ื˜ ื™ื’) ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืกืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืžื–ืœ ืงืฉืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื•.(ืก ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช)
ืื™ืชื (ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืข"ื– ื‘) ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื” ืฉื›ื™ื‘ [ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ] ืืžืจื• ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช: ื–ื™ืœ, ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืจืขื•ืชื™ื” [ืœืš, ืขืฉื” ืœื• ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•] ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•, ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ื— ืœื•. ืื–ืœ ืื™ืชื—ื–ื™ ืœื™ื” [ื”ืœืš ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื•]. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช: ืื—ื•ื™ [ื”ืจืื”] ืœื™ ื“ื•ื›ืชืื™ [ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื™] ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•]: ืœื—ื™ื™ [ื‘ืกื“ืจ]. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืœืžืœืืš: ื”ื‘ (ืชืŸ) ืœื™ ืืช ืกื›ื™ื ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื”ื•ืจื’, ื“ืœืžื ืžื‘ืขืชืช ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื [ืฉืžื ืชืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš]. ื™ื”ื‘ื” ื ื”ืœื™ื” [ื ืชื ื” ืœื•]. ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื ืœื”ืชื ื“ืœื™ื™ื” [ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข] ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืงื ืžื—ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” [ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื•]. ืฉื•ื•ืจ ื ืคืœ ืœื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืกื [ืงืคืฅ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื ืคืœ ืœืื•ืชื• ืฆื“] ืœืชื•ืš ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ. ื ืงื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื ื ื“ื’ืœื™ืžื™ื” [ืชืคืก ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื•]. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™: ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื ื“ืœื ืืชื™ื ื [ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข, ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื ืืœื™ืš]. ืืžืจ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื (ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื): ืื™ ืื™ืชืฉื™ืœ ืืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื [ืื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ื•ื”ืคืจ ืื•ืชื”] โ€” ื ื™ื”ื“ืจ [ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ] ืœืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฉืืฃ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•. ืื™ [ืื] ืœื ื ืฉืืœ โ€” ืฉืœื ื ื™ื”ื“ืจ [ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ]. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื•, ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช: ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ [ืชืŸ] ืœื™ ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ [ืืช ืกื›ื™ื ื™] ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืงื ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื” [ืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื•], ืฉืืžืจ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื. ื ืคืงื ื‘ืช ืงืœื [ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ] ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: ื”ื‘ ื ื™ื”ืœื™ื”, ื“ืžื™ืชื‘ืขื ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื [ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื•ืชื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื•ืช], ืฉื”ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืžื™ื” [ืœืคื ื™ื•]: ืคื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ืื™ [ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™]! ืคื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ืื™ [ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™]! ืื–ืœ ืืฉื›ื—ื™ื” [ื”ืœืš ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžืฆืื•] ืืช ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืœืช ืขืฉืจ ืชื›ื˜ืงื™ ืคื™ื–ื [ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘]. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•] ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื—ืื™: ืืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ืื™ [ืืชื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™]? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•]: ื”ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ: ื”ืื ื ืจืืชื” ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ืš? ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” [ืœื•]: ื”ืŸ. ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ: ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ [ืื™ืŸ] ืืชื” ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื•ืื™ [ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™], ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืžื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืฉื”ืœื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ื•. ื•ื‘ืืžืช: ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื, ื“ืœื ื”ื•ืื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ [ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืœ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•], ืืœื ืกื‘ืจ [ื—ืฉื‘] ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™: ืœื ืื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืœื ืคืฉืื™ [ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื™].

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจ ื—"ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ? ืืœื ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื– ื›ืŸ ื ืจืืชื” ื”ืงืฉืช. ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจ ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื ืžืคื™ื• ื“ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืฉืืœื• ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื. (ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข) ื"ื  ื”ื ื“ืงืืžืจ ื ืจืืชื” ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืืœื ืจ"ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆื“ ืžืขืฉื™ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ืš ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื"ืฉ ื“ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืŸ. ืจ"ืœ ืžืฆื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ืจืื” ื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•. (ื”ืคืœืื”) ื•ื”ื˜"ื– ืคื™ืจืฉ - ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ 'ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื' ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืชื›ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื•. (ื˜"ื– ืขืœ ืื•"ื— ืชืงืกื” ื•) ื"ื  ื“ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ืงืฉืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื• ืืžื ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื•ื"ื› ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ืืžืจ ืืžืช ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง. ื•ื”ืืžืช ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.(ืคืชื— ืขื™ื ื™ื) ื"ื  ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงืฉืช โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืชื›ืœืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. 'ืชื›ืœืช' ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ื›ืœื™ื”' ื•ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืชื›ืœื™ืช'. ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ื”ืื ื ืจืืชื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ืš ืขื ื” ืœื• ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ืฉื”ืงืฉืช ื ืจืืชื” - ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืชื›ืœืช ืœื ื ืจืืชื”. (ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืฉ) ื"ื  ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื ืจืื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืช ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉืช ื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืชื• ืข"ื› ืœื ื ืจืื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืจืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืขืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืกืจ ืฆืœื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืชืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืื ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื• ื”ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉื•ืื•ืช ืืœ ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื•ืจื™ื‘"ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื—ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื–ื›ื•ืชื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื ืข"ื› ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ืงืฉืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืช ื”' ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ)
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืขื ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ? ืืœื ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื‘"ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ื—ื™ ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ (ืื—ื“ ืžืชืฉืขื” ื•ืืœื• ื”ื: ื—ื ื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื“, ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืžืฉื™ื—, ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื—ื™ืจื ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืจ, ืขื‘ื“ ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™, ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื• (ื™"ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื•) ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืช ืคืจืขื”, ืกืจื— ื‘ืช ืืฉืจ, ื•ื™"ื ื”ื•ืฆื ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ืก ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืช ืจื™ื‘"ืœ. ืžืก' ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ื–ื•ื˜ื) ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืฆืœื• ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.

ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” โ€“ ืื™ืชื (ื‘ื‘"ื‘ ืฆื.) ื•ึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ ื—ึธื ึธืŸ ื‘ึผึทืจ ืจึธื‘ึธื ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘: ืึดืžึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื โ€“ ืึฒืžึผึทืชึฐืœึทืื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ื›ึผึทืจึฐื ึฐื‘ื•ึน. ืึดืžึผึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึผึฐื”ึธืžึธืŸ โ€“ ืึฒืžึผึทืชึฐืœึทืื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ืขื•ึนืจึถื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™. ื•ึฐืกึดื™ืžึธื ึธื™ืšึฐ: ื˜ึธืžึตื โ€“ ื˜ึธืžึตื, ื˜ึธื”ื•ึนืจ โ€“ ื˜ึธื”ื•ึนืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืงื™"ืœ (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื” ื‘) ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžื โ€“ ื˜ืžื, ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ โ€“ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ. ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื โ€“ ื›ึผึทืจึฐื ึฐื‘ื•ึน ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ึธึผืจึดื™ื ืžึดืฆึนึผืืŸ (ืขืžื•ืก ื• ื“) ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจ . ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื“"ื - ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืื• ืฉืจ ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ, ื™ืืžืจ ื˜ื•"ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื ืึฒืžึผึทืชึฐืœึทืื™ ื‘ึผึทืช ื›ึผึทืจึฐื ึฐื‘ื•ึน ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ื•. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืืžืจ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื™ื— ื™) ืžึดื’ึฐื“ึทึผืœ ืขึนื– ืฉึตืื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ึธืจื•ึผืฅ ืฆึทื“ึดึผื™ืง ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึฐื‚ื’ึธึผื‘ . ื™ื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึน ื™ึธืจื•ึผืฅ ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื“"ื™ . (314) ืจ"ืช ืฉ ื•ืžืจ ื“ ืจืš ื” ' . (ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืฃ ืื—ืช ื˜').
ืฉืืœื•ืช

ื. ื•ึผืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธื—ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืชึธึผื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” ืœึฐื”ึทื—ึฒื™ึนืช ืึดืชึธึผืšึฐ ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ.(ื• ื™ื˜) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืึฒืคึดืœึผื•ึผ ืฉึตืื“ึดื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึผืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธื—ึทื™ ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ
ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™' ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึผืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธื—ึทื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื“ื™ื ื• ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื‘ึธึผืฉึธื‚ืจ ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•. (ืจืข"ื‘) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ืžื”
ื”ื•ืฆืจื›ื• ืฉื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ืชื (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื— .) ื’ื‘ื™ ืืฉืžื“ืื™ ืžืœืš ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื ืกืœื™ืง [ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื
ืขื•ืœื”] ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื’ืžืจ ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ื“ืจืงื™ืขื [ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”], ื•ื ื—ื™ืช ืœืืจืขื ื•ื’ืžืจ ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ื“ืืจืขื [ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืืจืฅ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ],
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื–.) ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ื“ ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ื•ืฉื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœ.
ื‘. ื•ึฐืึทืชึธึผื” ืงึทื— ืœึฐืšึธ ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ืžึทืึฒื›ึธืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ื•ึฐืึธืกึทืคึฐืชึธึผ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐืึธื›ึฐืœึธื” . (ื• ื›ื) ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื ื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืœืขืฆืžื•
ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื•.
ื’. ื•ึฐื—ึธื ื”ื•ึผื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ ื›ึฐื ึธืขึทืŸ . (ื˜ ื™ื—) ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื•ึทื™ึทึผืจึฐื ื—ึธื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ ื›ึฐื ึทืขึทืŸ (ื˜ ื›ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื‘ ื˜ืคืœ ืœื‘ื ื•. ื“ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ื•ื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื.
ื“. ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื”ืจื•ืื” ืคื™ืœ ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืงืคื•ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื• ืืœื• ืžืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
ื”. ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึธืช ื”ึธืจึธืŸ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืชึถึผืจึทื— ืึธื‘ึดื™ื• ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ืžื•ึนืœึทื“ึฐืชึผื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผืื•ึผืจ ื›ึทึผืฉึฐื‚ื“ึดึผื™ื . (ื™ื ื›ื—) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื‘ึฐึผื—ึทื™ึตึผื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื•. ื•ึผืžึดื“ึฐืจึทืฉื ืึทื’ึธึผื“ึธื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื—,ื™ื’): ื™ึตืฉื ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื ืฉึถืืขึทืœ ื™ึฐื“ึตื™ ืึธื‘ึดื™ื•
ืžึตืช, ืฉึถืืงึธึผื‘ึทืœ ืชึถึผืจึทื— ืขึทืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ื ึดืžึฐืจื•ึนื“ ืขึทืœ ืฉึถืื›ึดึผืชึตึผืช ืึถืช ืฆึฐืœึธืžึธื™ื•, ื•ึฐื”ึดืฉึฐืืœึดื™ื›ื•ึน ืœึฐื›ึดื‘ึฐืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึธืึตืฉื. ื•ึฐื”ึธืจึธืŸ ื™ื•ึนืฉึตืื‘ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืžึตืจ ื‘ึฐึผืœึดื‘ึผื•ึน: ืึดื ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ื ื•ึนืฆึตื—ึท ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึดืฉึถึผืืœึผื•ึน, ื•ึฐืึดื
ื ึดืžึฐืจื•ึนื“ ื ื•ึนืฆึตื—ึท ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึดืฉึถึผืืœึผื•ึน. ื•ึผื›ึฐืฉึถืื ึดึผืฆึทึผืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ืึธืžึฐืจื•ึผ ืœื•ึน ืœึฐื”ึธืจึธืŸ: ืžึดืฉึถึผืืœ ืžึดื™ ืึทืชึธึผื”? ืึธืžึทืจ ืœึธื”ึถื ื”ึธืจึธืŸ: ืžึดืฉึถึผืืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื ืึฒื ึดื™! ื”ึดืฉึฐืืœึดื™ื›ื•ึผื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐื›ึดื‘ึฐืฉึทืืŸ ื”ึธืึตืฉื ื•ึฐื ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึทืฃ, ื•ึฐื–ึถื”ื•ึผ "ืื•ึผืจ
ื›ึทึผืฉึฐื‚ื“ึดื™ื". ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ (ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื“"ื ื™ื•"ื“ ืกื™' ืจืžื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื™ืฆื ืงืกื“) ืฉืจื—ืœ ื ืขื ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ืชื” ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื“ืืข"ื’ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช
ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืž"ืž ื ืขื ืฉื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื”. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื—ื˜ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื™ืชืช ืืช ืฆืœืžื™ ืื‘ื™ื•,
ื•ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ืžืจื—ืœ ืื™ืžื ื•.
ื•. ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”.
ื–. ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึนืจึตื‘ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฆึตื ื™ึธืฆื•ึนื ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนื‘ ืขึทื“ ื™ึฐื‘ึนืฉึถืืช ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ. ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ึธื” ืžึตืึดืชึผื•ึน ืœึดืจึฐืื•ึนืช ื”ึฒืงึทืœึผื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื”. (ื— ื–-ื—) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘
ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึนืจึตื‘, ืึถืช ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ึธื”, ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ื”ึธืขึนืจึตื‘, ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ึธื”.
ื—. ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื‘ึธึผื ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื•ึฐื—ึธื ื•ึธื™ึถืคึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืึตืฉึถืืช ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืึดืชึธึผื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื”. (ื– ื™ื’) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘: ื‘ึธึผื ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื•ึฐื—ึธื ื•ึธื™ึถืคึถืช
ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืืฉืชื• ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื•.
ื˜. ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ื”ึทื˜ึฐึผื”ื•ึนืจึธื” ืชึดึผืงึทึผื— ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ื˜ึฐื”ึนืจึธื” ื”ึดื•ื ืฉึฐืื ึทื™ึดื ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน . (ื– ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ืึดื™ืฉื
ื•ึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฃ ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” .
ื™. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—. (ื•ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”).
ื›. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— ืชึผึตื‘ึธื” (ื‘ื›ืœืœื - ืชึผึตื‘ึทืช, ื”ึทืชึผึตื‘ึธื”, ืœึทืชึผึตื‘ึธื”, ื‘ึผึทืชึผึตื‘ึธื”) ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื.
ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื ื— ื•ืขื“ ืฉืขืžื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ื•ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื›. ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืฉึตืื ื•ึธื™ึถืคึถืช ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึดึผื‚ืžึฐืœึธื” ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึดื‚ื™ืžื•ึผ ืขึทืœ ืฉึฐืื›ึถื ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื™ึตึผืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืึฒื—ึนืจึทื ึดึผื™ืช (ื˜ ื›ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืึตื™ืŸ ื›ึฐึผืชึดื™ื‘ "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึฐื—ื•ึผ" ืึถืœึธึผื "ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื—": ืœึดืžึตึผื“ ืขึทืœ ืฉึตืื ืฉึถืื ึดึผืชึฐืึทืžึตึผืฅ ื‘ึทึผืžึดึผืฆึฐื•ึธื”
ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดื™ึถึผืคึถืช, ืœึฐื›ึธืšึฐ ื–ึธื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืœึฐื˜ึทืœึดึผื™ืช ืฉึถืืœ ืฆึดื™ืฆึดื™ืช. ื•ึฐื™ึถืคึถืช ื–ึธื›ึธื” ืœึดืงึฐื‘ื•ึผืจึธื” ืœึฐื‘ึธื ึธื™ื•. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื– .) ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื›ึทืจ ืฉืึถืึธืžึทืจ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึผ (ื™ื“ ื›ื’)
ืึดื ืžึดื—ื•ึผื˜ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืšึฐ ื ึทืขึทืœ , ื–ึธื›ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ื• ืœึดืฉืึฐืชึผึตื™ ืžึดืฆึฐื•ึนืช: ื—ื•ึผื˜ ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึฐื›ึตืœึถืช ื•ึผืจึฐืฆื•ึผืขึธื” ืฉืึถืœ ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึดื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืชื›ืœืช ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื
ืื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื.
ืœ. ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”' ืœื ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ืž. ื›ึดึผื™ ื™ึตืฆึถืจ ืœึตื‘ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ืจึทืข ืžึดื ึฐึผืขึปืจึธื™ื• . (ื— ื›ื) ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ืืžืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื•ื›ื” ื ื‘ ื‘) 'ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืš ืžื ื•ื•ืœ ื–ื” (ื™ืฆื”"ืจ) ืžืฉื›ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช
ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžื•ื— ืื ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ'. ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื”ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ 'ืžืฉื›ื”ื•' ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืื“ื? ื•ืขื•ื“, ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช
ื”ื™ืฆื”"ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ' ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉื™ื ื™ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
ื . ื•ึทื™ึดึผื™ืงึถืฅ ื ึนื—ึท ืžึดื™ึตึผื™ื ื•ึน ื•ึทื™ึตึผื“ึทืข ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืœื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึธึผื˜ึธืŸ . (ื˜ ื›ื“) ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื“ืข ื ื— ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื›ื ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื˜ ื›ื) ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืืชึฐึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืจ .
ื . ื•ึทื™ึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื›ึธึผืœ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ืชึฐึผืฉึทืืข ืžึตืื•ึนืช ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึทื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื” ื•ึทื™ึธึผืžึนืช . (ื˜ ื›ื˜) ืขึฒืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” ื“ึผื•ึนืจื•ึนืช ืžึดื ึนึผื—ึท ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื (ืื‘ื•ืช ื” ื‘) ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ื›ืืฉืจ
ืžืช ื ื—.
ืก. ื•ึทื™ึธึผืฉึปืื‘ื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึตืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนื‘ ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฐืกึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืžึดืงึฐืฆึตื” ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐืึทืช ื™ื•ึนื . (ื— ื’) ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึฐื—ึธืกื•ึนืจ ืขึทื“ ื”ึทื—ึนื“ึถืฉื ื”ึธืขึฒืฉึดื‚ื™ืจึดื™ (ื— ื”)
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืงื˜ ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนื‘ ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึฐื—ึธืกื•ึนืจ . ืžืชื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื” ืœ-ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึฐื—ึธืกื•ึนืจ .
ืข. ื•ึทืชึฐึผื”ึดื™ ืฉึธื‚ืจึทื™ ืขึฒืงึธืจึธื” ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ ื•ึธืœึธื“ . (ื™ื ืœ) ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ ื•ึธืœึธื“ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืขืงืจื” ืžืžื™ืœื ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ ื•ึธืœึธื“ .
ืค. ื›ึนึผึกืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืืžึทืช ืจื•ึผื—ึท ื—ึทื™ึดึผื™ื ื‘ึฐึผืึทืคึธึผื™ื• ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึถึผื—ึธืจึธื‘ึธื” ืžึตืชื•ึผ . (ื– ื›ื‘) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ึนึผึกืœ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ืคื–ืจ (ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื ืคื–ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ). ื•ืœื
ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื ื›ื•ืœื• ื˜ืขื ืคื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœืช ื›ึนึผืœ ืจืง ื›ืืŸ.
ืฆ. ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน ื•ึผื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืึดืชึผื•ึน ืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ืžึตื™ ื”ึทืžึทึผื‘ึผื•ึผืœ . (ื– ื–) ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคืช ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื™ื‘ื”.
ืง. ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึถืœึฐืขึธื–ึธืจ, ืึธืžึทืจ ืจึทื‘ึผึดื™ ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื ึธื: ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืด ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ืด ื‘ึผึฐื›ึธืœ ื™ื•ึนื ืฉืึธืœึนืฉื ืคึผึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื - ืžื•ึผื‘ึฐื˜ึธื— ืœื•ึน ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผื ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืœึธื ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื.(ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ ื‘) ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช
ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืœ.
ืง. ืขึฒืฉึตื‚ื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืชึตึผื‘ึทืช ืขึฒืฆึตื™ ื’ึนืคึถืจ ืงึดื ึดึผื™ื ืชึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” ื•ึฐื›ึธืคึทืจึฐืชึธึผ ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ืžึดื‘ึทึผื™ึดืช ื•ึผืžึดื—ื•ึผืฅ ื‘ึทึผื›ึนึผืคึถืจ . (ื• ื™ื“) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื•ึฐืœึธืžึธื” ื”ึดื˜ึฐืจึดื™ื—ื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื‘ึดื ึฐื™ึธืŸ ื–ึถื”? ื›ึฐึผื“ึตื™ ืฉึถืื™ึดึผืจึฐืื•ึผื”ื•ึผ ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึผื•ึนืจ
ื”ึทืžึทึผื‘ึผื•ึผืœ ืขื•ึนืกึตืง ื‘ึธึผื”ึผ ืžึตืึธื” ื•ึฐืขึถืฉึฐื‚ืจึดื™ื ืฉึธืื ึธื”, ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนืึฒืœึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน: ืžึทื” ื–ึนึผืืช ืœึฐืšึธ? ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืื•ึนืžึตืจ ืœึธื”ึถื: ืขึธืชึดื™ื“ ื”ึทืงึธึผื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ืœึฐื”ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึทื‘ึผื•ึผืœ ืœึธืขื•ึนืœึธื! ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ื•ึผ. ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ื ื–ื™ืจ ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื) ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื• ื™ื) ื•ึฐื›ึดืคึถึผืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืคืจื”, ื™ืฆืื• ืขื›ื•"ื
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื” . ื•ื›"ื› ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ (ืžืืžืจื™ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื”) 'ื•ื”ื ื” ืืžืจื• ืจื–"ืœ (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื, ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืคืจืฉื” ื“) ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•, ื›ื•) ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืคึธึผื ึธื™ื• ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ,
ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™, ื™ื–) ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ืคึธื ึดื™ื . ืขืฉื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื™ึดืฉึธึผื‚ื ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืคึธึผื ึธื™ื• . ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ . ืืœื™ืš ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื'. ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขืœืช ืจืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ืื‘ (ืžืืžืจ ื” ื ื—ืžื” ื“) 'ื•ื™ืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™
ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื, ื•ืคืกืงื•ื”ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืž"ืข ื•ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜, (ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืืœืงื™ื) ื“ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืจืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื'.
ืจ. ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื‘ึธึผื ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืฉึตืื ื•ึฐื—ึธื ื•ึธื™ึถืคึถืช ื‘ึฐึผื ึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืึตืฉึถืืช ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึผืฉึฐืืœึนืฉึถืืช ื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืึดืชึธึผื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืชึตึผื‘ึธื” .(ื– ื™ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืœึดืžึถึผื“ึฐืšึธ ื”ึทื›ึธึผืชื•ึผื‘ ืฉึถืื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ ื“ื•ึนืจื•ึน ืื•ึนืžึฐืจึดื™ื:
ืึดืœึผื•ึผ ืึธื ื•ึผ ืจื•ึนืึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื ึดื›ึฐื ึธืก ืœึทืชึตึผื™ื‘ึธื”, ืึธื ื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึนื‘ึฐืจึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึฐื’ึดื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืชื•ึน! ืึธืžึทืจ ื”ึทืงึธึผื“ื•ึนืฉื ื‘ึธึผืจื•ึผืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื: ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึทื›ึฐื ึดื™ืกื•ึน ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื›ึปืœึธึผื, ื•ึฐื ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื“ึฐึผื‘ึทืจ ืžึดื™ ื™ึธืงื•ึผื. ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ
ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื™"ื– ื‘ื—ืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ืจ. ื•ึทื™ึนึผืืžึฐืจื•ึผ ื”ึธื‘ึธื” ื ึดื‘ึฐื ึถื” ืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึฐื“ึธึผืœ ื•ึฐืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ื‘ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื” ืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ืฉึตืื ืคึถึผืŸ ื ึธืคื•ึผืฅ ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ .(ื™ื ื“) ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืžืจื• ื ืงื— ืงืจื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ืงื™ืข
ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ื‘ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืฉืจืช
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช) ื•ืื™ืชื (ื™ืœืงื•"ืฉ) ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืฉืœื™ืฉื• ืฉืงืข ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื• ืงื˜ืฃ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื• ืงื™ื™ื. ื•ืื ืชืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื• ืจื•ืื” ื“ืงืœื™ื
ืฉืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืืœื™ืŸ ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื. ืœืื™ื–ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.
ืฉ. ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืืชึฐึผ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืฉึฐืื›ึธึผืจ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึฐื’ึทึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืึธื”ึณืœึนื” . (ื˜ ื›ื) ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ื•ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึฐืืชึฐึผ ื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ?
ืช. ื’ึทึผื ืžึตืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืช ื–ึถืจึทืข ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ . (ื– ื’) ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ื‘ึดึผื˜ึฐื”ื•ึนืจึดื™ื ื”ึทื›ึธึผืชื•ึผื‘ ืžึฐื“ึทื‘ึตึผืจ, ื•ึฐืœึธืžึทื“ ืกึธืชื•ึผื ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืžึฐึผืคื•ึนืจึธืฉื. ืžื”
ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ื— ื›) ืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึทื‘ึฐึผื”ึตืžึธื” ื”ึทื˜ึฐึผื”ึนืจึธื” ื•ึผืžึดื›ึนึผืœ ื”ึธืขื•ึนืฃ ื”ึทื˜ึธึผื”ื•ึนืจ . ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืฉื‘ืขื”
ืฉื‘ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื ื˜ืžืื™ื.

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
ื. ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื (ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ื˜ื–.) ืฉืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉืœืฉื” ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ืฉืœืฉื” ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื ืคื™ื ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื•ื˜ืกื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื• ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืก"ื“? ืืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ืŸ
ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ื“ ื›ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืจื™ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื”
ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื”. (ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืงืจื)
ื‘. ื‘ื™ืฆืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ืฉืขื•ืจ ืœืกืขื•ื“ืช ืื“ื. ื“ึผึฐืึธืžึทืจ ืงึฐืจึธื (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื ืœื“): ืžึดื›ึผื‡ืœ ื”ึธืื•ึนื›ึถืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ , ืื•ึนื›ึถืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผึธื ืžึตื—ึฒืžึทืช ืื•ึนื›ึถืœ, ื•ึฐืึตื™ื–ึถื” โ€“
ื–ึถื” ื‘ึผึตื™ืฆึทืช ืชึผึทืจึฐื ึฐื’ื•ึนืœึถืช. (ื™ื•ืžื ืค.) ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ื›ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืœืขื• ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื”. ื•ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืœื— ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื ื”, ืฉืชืฉื‘ื™ืข ื•ืชื–ื•ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื›ืœื• ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ื“ืฉื ื”, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึธื”ึถื ืœึฐืึธื›ึฐืœึธื” . ื›ืคื•ืœ ื™"ื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื”ื ื ื”ื•ื
ื™"ื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. (ื”ื’ืจ"ื)
ื’. ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืจืข ื•ื‘ืขื–ื•ืช ืžึตื—ึธื, ื•ื”ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืœื‘ื ื•. (ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”) ื"ื  ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ ืœื›ื ืขืŸ
ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื”ื“ืžื•ืชื•. (ืกืคื•ืจื ื•) ื"ื  ืœืœืžื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืจืขื™ื, ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืœืœื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ื›ื“ ืœื–) ืœึนื ืชึดืงึทึผื— ืึดืฉึธึผืื” ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึดื™ ืžึดื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึนืช ื”ึทื›ึฐึผื ึทืขึฒื ึดื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืจื‘ืงื” (ื›ื– ืžื•) ืงึทืฆึฐืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐื—ึทื™ึทึผื™ ืžึดืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึนืช ื—ึตืช . (ืจืื‘"ืข)
ื“. ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื - ื“ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื ืคืจืข ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ืŸ ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืงื•ืฃ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื“ื ื•ืคื™ืœ ื ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™
ืื“ื. (ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืœืžื”) ื•ื›"ื› 'ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช' (ืืœืฃ ืชืชืงืข"ื’) ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืขื ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”' ื•ื—ืœืงื ื”ืคืš ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื™ืœื™ื). ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจ (ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—). ื•ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. *
ื”. ื”ืคืงื™ืจ ืชืจื— ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื• โ€“ ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืกืจ ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืžืจื•ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื•ืืœืžืœื ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืจืฃ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•
ื›ืœืœ ืฆื“ ื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘, ื•ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื, ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• (ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœ ื‘) ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื‘ ื‘ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•. ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืฆืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื˜ืขื ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืืฆืœ ืจื—ืœ. (ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืœืฃ ืื•ืช ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ )
ื•. ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึนึผืชื•ึผ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—, ื›ื‘) ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื‘ืช ืžืžืœืื›ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึนึผืชื•ึผ ื•ืืžืจ ืžืจ
ืื–ื”ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืชืชืŸ. (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ื— ื‘) ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืžืœื›ื™ื ืค"ื™ ื”"ื˜) ืขื›ื•"ื ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื”.
ื–. ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืœื—ื โ€“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“, ื•ืื ื™ืฉืœื— ืื—"ื› ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื” ืฉืžื ื™ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขืจื‘. (ื”ืจื•ืงื—) *
ื—. ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื“ื ืœืื•ื”ื‘ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื•. ื•ืขืœื™ื• ื ืืžืจ ื•ึฐื ึนื—ึท ืžึธืฆึธื ื—ึตืŸ ื‘ึฐึผืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” (ื• ื—)
(ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ื˜. ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ื•ึฐืึดืฉึฐืืชึผื•ึน . ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืœื›ืš ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืฆืœื
ื–ึธื›ึธืจ ื•ึผื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” . ื"ื  ื—ืœืง ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™)
ื™. ื™ืดื“ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ึฐ-ื”ึนื•ึธื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—, ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืดื“ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืณืณื“ ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘-ื•ึทื™ึผื•ึนืฉึทืืข ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” .
ื™ืดื– ืคืขืžื™ื ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืงืจื ืึถืช ื”ึธืื•ึนืจ ื›ึดึผื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื ื“). ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžึดื™ ื”ึตืขึดื™ืจ ืžึดืžึดึผื–ึฐืจึธื— ืฆึถื“ึถืง ื™ึดืงึฐืจึธืึตื”ื•ึผ ืœึฐืจึทื’ึฐืœื•ึน (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืžื ื‘),
[ืคืจืฉ"ื™ โ€“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืฆื“ืง ื™ืงืจืื”ื• ืœืจื’ืœื• ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžืืจื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืฆื“ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงืจืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœืš]
ืฉืฉืžืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ืžื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืดื‘, (ื”ื™ื™ื ื• - ื™ืดื– ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื ื— ืขื“ ืžืฉื”) ื™ืดื– ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ืงืจื ืชึผื•ึนืจึทืช ืžึนืฉึถืื” , ื•ื™ืดื– ืึฑืœึนื”ึตื™ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื , ื•ื™ืดื– ืืœึนื”ึตื™
ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ , ื•ื™ืดื– ืฉึฐืื ึตื™ ืœึปื—ึนืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฉ. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื)
ื›. ื›"ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื— ืชึผึตื‘ึธื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›"ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื ื™ืฆืœ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืžื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื›"ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืขืžื“ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืข"ื” ื•ื‘ื ื” ืืช
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืฉืึตื ืขืžื“ ืช"ื™ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืฆื ืž ื™ืคืช ืขืžื“ ืช"ื› ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืชืช"ืœ ื›ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืึตื
ื•- ื™ืคืช . (830) ื•ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืฉืึตื ืœื™ืคืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ. ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืง"ืค , ื›ืš ืขืžื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืง"ืค ืฉื ื™ื . (ื”ืจื•ืงื—)
ื›. ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื›ื™ืกื” ืฉื ืืช ื ื— ืื‘ื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืžื ื’) ืžึดื™ ื”ึดืงึฐื“ึดึผื™ืžึทื ึดื™ ื•ึทืึฒืฉึทืืœึตึผื . ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืึดื
ืžึดื—ื•ึผื˜ ื•ึฐืขึทื“ ืฉื‚ึฐืจื•ึนืšึฐ ื ึทืขึทืœ ืฉืœื ื—ืžื“ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื›ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืžื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื›ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื ื™
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ)
ืœ. ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึดื™ืžึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึทึผืข ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื ื›ื) ืื™ืชื (ืคื“ืจ"ื ืคืจืง ื›"ื’) ื•ึทื™ึธึผืจึทื— ื™ึฐ-ื”ื•ึธื” ืึถืช ืจึตื™ื—ึท ื”ึทื ึดึผื™ื—ึนื—ึท . (ื— ื›ื) ืžื” ืขืฉื”
ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืคืฉื˜ ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื• ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื“ ื˜) ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ื–ึนืืช ืœึดื™ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื ึดืฉึฐืื‘ึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื™ ืžึตืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืžึตื™ ื ึนื—ึท ืขื•ึนื“ ืขึทืœ
ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืฉืช ืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื˜ ื™ื’) ืึถืช ืงึทืฉึฐืืชึดึผื™ ื ึธืชึทืชึดึผื™ ื‘ึถึผืขึธื ึธืŸ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึฐืชึธื” ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ
ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึดืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื›ึถื ื•ึดื™ืžึตื™ ื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึฒื“ึธืžึธื” .
ืž. ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื ืœืฉืžื” โ€“ ืื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืš ืžื ื•ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืื™ื ืš ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• 'ืžืฉื›ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ' ืืžื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชืžืœื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืชืœืžื“ ืฉืœื
ืœืฉืžื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืชื ื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชืš ืœื ืคืฉืš. ื‘ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื•ืžื“, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื
ืœืฉืžื” ื‘ื ืœืฉืžื”, ื•ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืฉืžื” ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ , (ื”ื’ืจ"ื) *
ื . ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืจืชื” ืขืœื™ื• - ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ ืฉืกืจ ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื• ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ื”' ื•ืืžืจ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื”. (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืขื”"ืช) ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจืฉ โ€“ ืœืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืœืงืœื”
ื‘ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื“ืžืœืช ื•ึทื™ึตึผื“ึทืข ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ื“ืข ืžืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืขืžืง ื“ื‘ืจ - ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื”ืดืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ. ืขืดื› ื•ึทื™ึตึผื“ึทืข ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืœื•ึน .
ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ - ื•ึฐืึดืชึฐืขึทืจ ื ื—ึท ืžึดืŸ ื—ึทืžึฐืจึตื™ื”ึผ ื•ึดื™ื“ึทืข ื‘ึฐึผืึดืฉึฐืืชึธึผืขื•ึนืช ื—ึถืœึฐืžึธื ื™ึทืช ื“ึฐืขึธื‘ึทื“ ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ื—ึธื ื‘ึฐึผืจึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืงึธืœึดื™ืœ ื‘ึดึผื–ึฐื›ื•ึผืชึธื ื“ึฐื’ึธืจึทื ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ื“ึฐืœึธื ื™ื•ึนืœึดื™ื“ ื‘ึทึผืจ ืจึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึธื™ึตื™. *
ื . ื "ื— ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืข"ื” ื›ืฉืžืช ื ื—. ื•ืกื™ืžื ืš ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื "ื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืช ื ื—. (ืจืื‘"ืข)
ืก. ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื• ื”ืžื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ึธืœื•ึนืšึฐ ื•ึธืฉืื•ึนื‘ , ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื”ืจืข ื›ืžื• ื—ื ื”ื›ืœื‘
ื•ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ื ืœื—ืกืจ. (ืืžืจื•ืช ื”')
ืข. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื”, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื›ื ื‘) ื•ึทืชึทึผื”ึทืจ ื•ึทืชึตึผืœึถื“ ืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” . ื"ื  ืึฒืคึดื™ืœึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึตื™ืช ื•ึธืœึธื“ ืึตื™ืŸ ืœึธื”ึผ. ื"ื  ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ื•ึฐืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ื˜ื•ึผืžึฐื˜ึฐืžึดื™ืŸ ื”ึธื™ื•ึผ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืžึทืจ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•
ื ื ื): ื”ึทื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืฆื•ึผืจ ื—ึปืฆึผึทื‘ึฐืชึผึถื ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืžึทืงึผึถื‘ึถืช ื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ื ึปืงึผึทืจึฐืชึผึถื , ื•ึผื›ึฐืชึดื™ื‘, ื”ึทื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืึทื‘ึฐืจึธื”ึธื ืึฒื‘ึดื™ื›ึถื ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืฉื‚ึธืจึธื” ืชึผึฐื—ื•ึนืœึถืœึฐื›ึถื . (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืกื“ ื‘, ื“ืขืช ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ื ื™)
ืค. ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ - ื”ื ืื” ืœื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื’ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื˜ื•ื, ื•ื”ื ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื . (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืขื ื‘), ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื
ืฉื ืื‘ื“ื• ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื™ ืฉืคื™ื–ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื”, ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืจืืชื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื” ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
ืฉืื“ื ื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื” ืœืžื” ืœื™. ื•ื–ื” ืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื˜ืขื ืคื–ืจ. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ืืžืจื•ืช ื”')
ืฆ. ืฆ"ื˜ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืง' ืฉื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืขื ืฉ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ ืง'. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช
ื ื— ื‘ืŸ ืช"ืง ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ืช ืช"ืจ ืฉื ื” ื™ืจื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ. (ื‘"ืจ , ืžืขื ืœื•ืขื–)
ืง. ืง"ื  ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืชึผึฐื”ึดืœึผึธื” ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ , ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืง"ื  ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผื’ึฐื‘ึฐึผืจื•ึผ ื”ึทืžึทึผื™ึดื ืขึทืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึดึผืื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐืึทืช ื™ื•ึนื .(ื– ื›ื“) (ื”ืจื•ืงื—)
ืง. ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื—. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื• ื“ืขืชื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
ืœืขื›ื•"ื. (ื’ื ื–ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื—ืžื™ื•) ื"ื  ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื›ื•"ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ืžืœืš ืฉืžื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืžื—ื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ
ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ื•ืื‘ ืฉืžื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• - ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืžื—ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืง
ื–ื”. ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ 'ืœื ื ื—ืชื ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืœ' ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืขื›ื•"ื. ืืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืื‘ื“ื• ืžืŸ
ื”ืขื•ืœื. (ืฉื•"ืช ื’ื ื–ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™"ื—)
ืจ. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ โ€“ ื›ืชื‘ ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ : ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ 'ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”' ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื”
ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ึฐึผืขึถืฆึถื ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื–ึถึผื” ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื™ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ
ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชืœื• ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืžื” ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื”, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืคืชื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืจ ื•ื–ืจื—.
ืจ. ืจืœ"ื• ืืœืฃ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืคืจืกืื•ืช ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืขึดื™ืจ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึฐื“ึธึผืœ ื•ึฐืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ืก"ืช ืจืœ"ื• . ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ึธึผื“ื•ึนืœ ืึฒื“ื•ึนื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ ื›ึนึผื—ึท ืœึดืชึฐื‘ื•ึผื ึธืชื•ึน ืึตื™ืŸ ืžึดืกึฐืคึธึผืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืž"ื– ื”)
ื•ึฐืจึทื‘ ื›ึนึผื—ึท ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจืœ"ื•. ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืจึนืืฉืื•ึน ื‘ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ื•ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. (ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืคืจื™ื) ื•ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื’' ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื 'ืœืกืžื•ืš' ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžื“'
ืจื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•. (ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”)
ืฉ. ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืขื ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื ื— ื™ื’) ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื ืฉืชืชืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืจื ื–ื”, ื"ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืชื—ืช
ื”ื’ืคืŸ, ืื—"ื› ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ืจื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื• ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ืจื ื•ื”ืฉืงื•ื”ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืœื ื›ืœ
ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื™ึทึผื™ึดืŸ ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ, ื•ื ืชื‘ื–ื”. (ืื–ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื”) ื"ื  ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืคื ื™
ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื›ืจ, ื›ืฉืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืชื›ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉื ื—ืœืฉื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื” ืฉืงืœื˜ ืงื•ื“ื. (ืฉืคืช ืืžืช) *
ืช. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืชื ื“ืื’ืžื (ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื, ืžืงื•ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื), ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื˜ืžื ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” (ืชื•ืก' ื ื“ื” ื  ื‘) ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฆื•ื”ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื”
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจ ื˜ืžื ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืœื“ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื›ืืŸ ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืช ื–ึถืจึทืข . (ืžืฉืš ื—ื›ืžื”) *




ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช / ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ *

ื. ืึดื™ืชึตื™ื”ึผ ื‘ึผึฐื˜ื•ึผืจึธื ืคึผึฐืœึธืŸ . ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข (ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื—.) - ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื‘ืก"ื“ ื“ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื ื’ื” ื“ื—ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืฆื™ื” ืจืข ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืงื™ืข ืœืงืœื™ืคืช ื ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฆื™ ืืžืจ ืกึธืœึดื™ืง ืœึดืจึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ื’ืžืจ ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ื“ืจืงื™ืขื ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืจ. ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืจืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื•ืžื–ื’ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆืžืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื ืขืชืง ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื ืžื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช .
ื“ . ืงืคื•ืฃ : ืคืจืฉ"ื™ - ืขื•ืฃ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื•"ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืกืชื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื“ื. (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื— ื‘)
" ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื ืื™ ืืžืจ: ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขืžื ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ (ืฉืžืคืœืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืฃ ื˜ืžืื”) ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืขื•ืฃ, ื“ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ืงืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื“ื˜ืžื! ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™: ื‘ืงืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืคื•ืคื, ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœื. ื•ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ืงืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืคื•ืคื ืžื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื”? ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืกืชื•ืช ื›ืื“ื ืคืจืฉ"ื™- ืœืกืชื•ืช - ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ืŸ ื›ืื“ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื” . (ื ื“ื” ื›ื’ ื).
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจืกื™ ืœื™ืœื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ: "ืงืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืคื•ืคื - ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื•ืขืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืคื ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื•".ื”ื™ื™ื ื• : ื. ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ื‘. "ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืคื™ืŸ" ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœ"ืคื ื™ื" ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื“ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ืคื ื™" ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ื). ื’. ื”ืฉืžืขืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
ื–. ืื™ืชื (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื— ื‘) ื•ึทื™ึฐืฉึทืืœึทึผื— ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึนืจึตื‘ (ื— ื–) ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืขื•ืจื‘ ืœื ื— ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจื‘ืš ืฉื•ื ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ืืชื ื™ ืจื‘ืš ืฉื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืžืื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ืืชื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืžืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืžืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ ืฉืจ ื—ืžื” ืื• ืฉืจ ืฆื ื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืขื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืžื ืœืืฉืชื™ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืžืจ ืœื• ืจืฉืข ื‘ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ ื ืืกืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื ืืกืจ ืœื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ. ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ืฉืœื— ืื™ืชื• ื’ื ืืช ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ืชื• ื•ืืขืค"ื› ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืœื›ืช. ื"ื  ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ื.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข - ืชึผึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึธื” ื ึดื™ืฆึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึตืฉืึดื™ื‘ื•ึน ืขื•ึนืจึตื‘ ืœึฐื ึนื—ึท ื”ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืŸ ืขื•ืจื‘ ืœื ื— ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืืœื ื ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ืกืžื ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืง:) ืœืžื“ื ื• ืคื™ื•ืก ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืžืคื™ื™ืก ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ืขืœ ื“ืืžืจ ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืœื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืืœื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื–"ืœ. ืืžื ื ื›ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืืš ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ื“ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืคืจืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืœืืš ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื•ืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉื‘ ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื›ื” ื‘ื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื’ื“ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืข ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื ื”ื”ื•ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืืœื™ื• ื›ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื. ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื ื— ืœืื• ื”ืขื•ืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ื”ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”.
ืž. ืื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžื•ื— ืื ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ - ื”ืขืจื•ืš ืœื ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข. ื™ืฉ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉืžืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืงืจ, ืขืฆืœืŸ, ืœื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื˜ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืœ ืžืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžืจืชื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืœื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ื”ืื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืก, ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื–ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก, ืžืฉื"ื› ื‘ืจื–ืœ โ€“ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื–ืง, ื•ื‘ืืฉ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืฉ ื•ืžื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื•ืœื–ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืž': ืฉืื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื”"ืจ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื– ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื. ื•ืขืฆื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื (ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ื’ ื›ื˜) ื”ึฒืœื•ึนื ื›ึนื” ื“ึฐื‘ึธืจึดื™ ื›ึธึผืึตืฉื , ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื” ื) ื”ื•ึนื™ ื›ึธึผืœ ืฆึธืžึตื ืœึฐื›ื•ึผ ืœึทืžึทึผื™ึดื , ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉืžืงืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฉ ืชืœื”ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ืืฉ ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืฆืœื• ืืช ืจืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆื ื ืช ื•ืžืงืจืจืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื”"ืจ. (ืจ' ืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื)
ื . ื•ึทื™ึตึผื“ึทืข ืึตืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืœื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึธึผื˜ึธืŸ . ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื— ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื• ื‘ื ื• ื•ื›ื™ ืจืื” ื ื— ื–ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื ืดืœ ืขืดื“ ืฉืืจื–ืดืœ (ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืงื—:) ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ืจื‘ ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื—ื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ื ื— ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื–ื” ืฉืจื‘ืขื•. ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื“ืข ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื• ื‘ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื˜ืžืื” ืขืดื™ ืชืฉืžื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ืืžืจ ื ื— ืžื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ื”, ืขืฉื” ื’ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงืœืœื•. ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืœืœ ืœื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื ืงืœืœ ืืช ื—ื ืขืฆืžื• ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื ืขืŸ ืจืื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื—ื ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื™ืดื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื‘ื™ืจืš ืืช ื ื— ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ืขืดื› ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงืœืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื ื”'. ื•ื™ืดื ืฉื›ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืžื“ ืžื‘ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื ืขืŸ. (ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ) ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื - ื ื— ืœื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื– ื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืžืฉื ืชื• ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืขื‘ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฅ ืžืฉื›ืจื•ืชื• ื™ื“ืข ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื”, ืคื™' ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืขื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ื•ึทื™ึตึผื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึตื™ืจึปืžึดึผื ื”ึตื ืฉืคื™' ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืž"ืฉ ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึธึผื˜ึธืŸ ื™ืœ"ืค ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ืœืž"ืฉ ืฉื›ื ืขืŸ ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืœืœ ืืช ื›ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืœ"ืค ืขืœ ื—ื ืื ื—ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืงืœืœ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื›ื "ืœ ืคืกื•ืง ื™"ื—. ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื“"ืง - ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืœื•ึน ื‘ึฐึผื ื•ึน ื”ึทืงึธึผื˜ึธืŸ , ืื ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื ืืžืจ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื—ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื; ื•ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืœื•, ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื—ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื›ืกื” ืขืจื•ืชื•, ื•ื"ืช ืœืžื” ืงืœืœ ื›ื ืขืŸ? ืจืื” ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื™ ืจืข ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ื–ืจืขื• ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ืงืœืœ ื—ื, ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ (ื˜ ื) ื•ึทื™ึฐื‘ึธืจึถืšึฐ ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื ึนื—ึท ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึธึผื ึธื™ื• ื•ืœื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืืœ ื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉื• ืจื–"ืœ (ืฉื) ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื•, ื—ื ื—ื˜ื ื•ื›ื ืขืŸ ื ืชืงืœืœ? ืืœื ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื›ื• ื”ืืœ, ืืžืจ, ืœื ืชื ื•ื— ืงืœืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื›ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืฉืืžืจื•, ื›ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืจืื” ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื—ื ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืชืœื” ื”ืงืœืงืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ. ื•ืžื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ ืกืจืกื• ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื™ืงืจื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื—ื.
ืฉ. ืจืžื– ืœื• ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉืชื” ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื›ื›ื‘ืฉ ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืœื•ื ื•ื›ืจื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื•ื–ื–ื™ื” ื ืืœืžื”, ืฉืชื” ื›ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืืจื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžืชืœื›ืœืš ื‘ืžื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื ืฉืชื›ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืงื•ืฃ ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืจืงื“ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ืจืข ืœื ื— ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืžื” ื ื— ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืฉื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื›ืš, ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”. (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื ื— ื™ื’)
ื"ื  ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื‘"ืจ ืœ"ื• ื“) ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื: ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ืข, ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืชื”, ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ืชื‘ื–ื”, ื•ึทื™ึดึผืชึฐื’ึทึผืœ ื‘ึฐึผืชื•ึนืšึฐ ืึธื”ึณืœึนื” . ื•ื ื— ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ืก ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฅ ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื›ืจ .(ื”ื’ืจื™"ื“ ืกืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆ'ืง).
ืช. ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืชื ื“ืื’ืžื . ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ืœื ืฉืจื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ืœื ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืืคืจื•ื— ืืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืืคืจื•ื— ืžืขืคืจื ืงื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื•ื ืืกืจ ืžืžื™ืœื ืข"ื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ื ืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืกืจื” ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืืกืจ ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื“ื”ื ืืคืจื•ื— ืœื ื™ืฆื ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ืžืขืคืจื ืงื’ื“ื™ืœ ื›ื“ืคืจื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ื ืจืื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืชื ื“ืื’ืžื ืฉืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื“ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื”ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื“ืื’ืžื ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื“ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื—ืœื•ืง ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื”ื•ื™ ืžืขื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ื”ื ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื“' ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื“ืžื ืฉืจ ื™ืœืคื™ื ืŸ.
ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื™ืœืงื•"ืฉ) ืื ืชืืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’; ืืœื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ. ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืŸ, ืืœื ืœึฐื—ึทื™ึผื•ึนืช ื–ึถืจึทืข ืขึทืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตื™ ื›ึธืœ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ .





ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืจื” , ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” , ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”
ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืจื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช [email protected]



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ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื

ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il