ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
  • ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”
  • ืกื•ื›ื•ืช
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32 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื - ืกื•ื›ื” - ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืžื‘-ืžื’): "ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึนืช ืชึผึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื, ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึธืึถื–ึฐืจึธื— ื‘ึผึฐื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื™ึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึนืช. ืœึฐืžึทืขึทืŸ ื™ึตื“ึฐืขื•ึผ ื“ึนืจึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึทืกึผึปื›ึผื•ึนืช ื”ื•ึนืฉืึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื‘ึผึฐื”ื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึดื™ ืื•ึนืชึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืึฒื ึดื™ ื”' ืึฑืœื•ึนื”ึตื™ื›ึถื". ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื™ื’): "ื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผึนืช ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ึผึฐืึธืกึฐืคึผึฐืšึธ ืžึดื’ึผึธืจึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื™ึผึดืงึฐื‘ึถืšึธ".
ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ืžื”ื™ ืกื•ื›ื”? ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™ (ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘, ื). ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™: ื) ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”,
ื‘) ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืืจืขื™ืช.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ืœืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-80 ืก"ืž), ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื—ืœืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-56 ืก"ืž) - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื• ื“ื™ืจื” ืกืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง, ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื” ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื“, ื).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ืืœื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืคื—. ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื˜ืคื— ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื•).
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” (ื›-9 ืžื˜ืจ) - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื•. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื›ืš ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืš. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืกื›ืš, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื›ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•. 1
ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขืฅ ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจืขื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืชืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื ืชืงืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื”ืœื›ื” ื“).
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ืื• ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื—, ื‘; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื™ื). ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ื”ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืžื–ื•ื–ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืจืคื•, ื™ื).
ื”ื™ื• ื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืจืขื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’ - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื—, ื‘; ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื‘).
ื‘ - ืžืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ
ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช 'ืกื•ื›ื”'. ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื: ื) ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—. ื‘) ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•. ื’) ืฉืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ื ื‘ืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืžื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื›ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื—ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืขืคืจ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืืข"ืค ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ืžื”ืื“ืžื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข.
ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื•, ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจืงืข.
ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ื–ืขื™ื, ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืงืจืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืฉื• ืžื”ื ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืกืื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช - ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืื– ืื ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื• ืžืช ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืžืื™ื - ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ืžื. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ืžื— ืขื‘ืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื˜ืžื.
ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ืื“ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืžืกื›ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื˜-ื™ื).
ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงื ื™ื ืื• ืงืฉ, ืื ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” - ื ืขืฉืชื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœืกื›ืš, ื•ืื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ื” - ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื›ืฉืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืฆืœื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื’ื ืื ืขืฉื• ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืœืกื›ืš - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืžืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ื•ืจืž"ื ืชืจื›ื˜, ื•).
ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื›ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจื• ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ื”ื ืฉืžื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื•ื™ืกื›ื›ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื-ื‘). 2
ืืกืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ืคืฉืชืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืžืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืจืžื‘"ื, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื’).
ื’ - ืฆื™ืœืชื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื”
ื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ - ื›ืฉืจ, ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ื›ื›ื•ืœื• (ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘, ื). ื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื›ืš. ื•ืื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ืฆืœ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆืœ - ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ืจืš ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืจื™ื“ืชืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ืช ืงืœื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื”.
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ื™ืขืฉื” ืฆืœ ืจื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืฆื ื•ืฆื™ ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื. ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ื’ื ืื ื”ืกื›ืš ืื˜ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื ืงืจืŸ ื—ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื• - ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื, ื’). ื•ืื ื”ืกื›ืš ืื˜ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ื’ืฉื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•, ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ืจืช ืงื‘ืข (ืจ"ืช). ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื. ืืžื ื ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื’, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื•ืืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื”. 3
ืื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื›ืš ืฆื™ืœืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื•, ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื• ื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืชื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื“ืœื™ืœ ืฉื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืชื• - ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”. 4
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื›ืš ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉืจ, ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฆื™ืœืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื, ืฉืื ืื– ืฆื™ืœืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื• - ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ืื ืœื - ืคืกื•ืœ (ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ืœืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจ, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื, ื”).
ื“ - ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืงืจื” - ื ืกืจื™ื ื•'ืกื›ืš ืœื ืฆื—'
ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชืงืจืชื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืงืจืฉื™ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ืื™ื ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืคืกื•ืœื” ืœืกื•ื›ื”.
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืช ืชืงืจืช ืงืจืฉื™ื, ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-30 ืก"ืž), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืงืจืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืชืงืจื•ืช (ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื“, ื). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืกื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื—, ืž"ื‘ ืžื˜), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื›ืœื‘ื• ื•ื”ื’ื”"ืž). ืื‘ืœ ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื— (ื›-7.5 ืก"ืž) ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืชืงืจื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืงืขื•ื ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ืื• ื“ื‘ืง. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ืคื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš. ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืจืฉืื™, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš. 5
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืชืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžื ืกืจื™ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืงืจืช ืงื‘ืข, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ื ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-30 ืก"ืž), ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื›ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืฉืจื• ืœืกื›ืš (ืจืžื‘"ื, ื™"ื ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื, ื˜).
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘'ืกื›ืš ืœื ืฆื—', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื ืื• ื ืกืจื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฆืœืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืกื›ืš ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื™ึตื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืงืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื›ืœืœ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืจื•ืคืฃ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ืชืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื. 6
ื” - ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืš?
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื˜ืขื• ื•ื™ืกื›ื›ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืš. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืชื ืœื”ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื• ืงืจืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืื• ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื• ืžื”ืงืจืงืข. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืœื“ืขืชื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืขื• ื•ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื.
ื•ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื›ื™ ืจืง ื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื•. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืืœื ื™ื ื™ื— ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฅ, ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืจืฉืื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื•ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. 7
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืชืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืœื•, ื™ื ื™ื— ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืงืจืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš. ื•ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ื›ื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื•ืื–ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง 'ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“' ืื™ื ื• ื›ืฉืจ ืœืกื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš.
ื•ืื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืคื ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืฉืชืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืื• ืื–ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง. ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื›ืš ืขื•ืžื“, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื’ืžืชื ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš. 8
ื• - ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื”. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื• ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืื• ื’ื“ืจ ืจืฉืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื). ื’ื ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื”ืกื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจืช ืงื‘ืข. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืคืชื•ื— ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืช ืชืงืจืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ, ื•ื–ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช ืฉื ืขื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.
ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืคืชื— ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื’ืจื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ื•ืจื•ื—ื•ืช (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœ, ื”). ืื•ืœื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ืืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืคื ื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, ืืœื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืคื—, ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื˜ืคื— ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื˜ืคื— ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช 'ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื—' (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”). ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื™ืงื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-56 ืก"ืž). ื•ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื’ื ืื ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ืื ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ืืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื–ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœ, ื’). 9
ื– - ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื), ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-80 ืก"ืž). ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ืžืŸ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงืจืงืข, ื•ืื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื•ืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืกื›ืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืกื›ืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื˜). 10
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืžืชื™ื—ืช ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ 'ืœื‘ื•ื“'. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž), ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ (ืžืื•ื—ื”). ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื, ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ื ืš ืื• ืžืื•ื–ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื“ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” (ืž"ื, ื•ืคืชื— ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ). ื•ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื’ื“ืจ-ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื” ื—ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืคื— (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช). ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื“).
ื— - ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื” ืžื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื ืฆื—)
ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 'ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืกื’ืจืชืŸ ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื“ืคื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื” (ื‘ืจื–ื ื˜). ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืงืŸ, ืงืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืงืŸ, ื•ื ื•ื— ืœืื—ืกื ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืคื•ืกืงื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืคืงืคืงื• ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืชืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ืื ื” ื•ืื ื”, ื”ืŸ ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช.
ืืžื ื ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื ืคืกืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืžืœืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื•ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืจื•ื— ืชื ืชืง ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžืงื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘'ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—' ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ื›ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื“ืจ, ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 'ืœื‘ื•ื“'. 11
ื˜ - ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ืกื•ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืชื—ืช ืชืงืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ืœืŸ - ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ื˜, ื‘).
ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ืžืงืจื ื™ ื”ื—ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ื›ื”. ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ืชืงืจื” ืื• ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”.
ืื ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื“ืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืกื›ืš ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืขื•ื‘ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉื›ื ื’ื“ ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื•, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืชืจื›ื•, ื). 12
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ืžืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆืœ, ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”ื.
ื™ - ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืกื›ืš (ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืœื”)
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ืคื•ืจืก ืกื“ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” - ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื˜). ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื˜ืคืœ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืกื›ืš.
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ื•ืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœืกื›ืš (ื›-30 ืก"ืž). ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ื•ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื•ืื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืชืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžืฉืชืœืฉืœ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ืœื ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ืืœื ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ื•ืื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž), ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื‘, ื’). ืืœื ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš. 13
ืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ืื ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืืจืขื™ืช: ืื ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื˜ื” ืื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืจืขื™, ื•ืื–ื™ ืื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (76 ืก"ืž) - ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. 14
ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (76 ืก"ืž), ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”. 15
ื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื™ ืกื›ืš ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”, ืื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-30 ืก"ืž), ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ื•ืื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž), ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื‘, ื’). ื•ืื ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืกื•ื›ื”.
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ืš ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื›ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ, ื“ื™ื ื• ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž), ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื‘ื˜ืœ ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื• (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื‘, ื‘), ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื• ืื• ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. 16
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืื“ื ืžืจืคืกืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืชื—ืช ืจืงื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืฉืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื™ืขืฉื”: ื™ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืจืคืกืช, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ืš ืชื—ืช ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื—ืช ื’ื’ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื•ืคืกื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื. ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื”. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืกื›ืš, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืงื• ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืžืจืคืกืช ื™ืขืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื— (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืขืž' ื™ื‘; ืžื ื—"ื™ ื•, ืก, ื›; ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื™, ืฆื˜).
ื™ื‘ - ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืืฃ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื”: "ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืค"ื˜ ื”"ื’; ืกื•ื›ื” ืค"ื ื”"ื‘). ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืžื, ื).
ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื–ื“ืจื–ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ื•ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืžื—ืจืช, ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื—ืžื™ืฆื ื” (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ืจืž"ื ืชืจื›ื“, ื”; ืชืจื›ื”, ื).
ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–, ื™ื’): "ื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผึนืช ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื", ื•ืื ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš - ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฆืœ - ื›ืฉืจื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืจื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžื” - ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ืฆืœ - ื›ืฉืจื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ื—, ื-ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื”, ื). ืืœื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉืื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื’, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ืกื›ืš ื›ื˜ืคื— ืขืœ ื˜ืคื—, ืื• ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ืงื ื” ื“ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื•, ื“). ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืžืฆื“ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื“ืืฉืชืงื“, ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ืกื›ืš ื˜ืคื— ืขืœ ื˜ืคื— ืื• ืงื ื” ื“ืง ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื•, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื–). 17
ืื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืฉื ืฆืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืข, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืขืฆื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš - ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™. ื•ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืžืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”.
ื™ื’ - ืชืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืฉืื•ืœื”
ื”ื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืกื›ืš, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•: "ืชืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™". ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื•ืœื ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฆืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืฉ.
ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ืื—"ื› ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš. ื•ืื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ืœื“ืขืช ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื•ืื ื”ื ื™ื— ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช. 18
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื’ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื•ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืกื™ืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืจื“ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื•ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื’ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืจืช ื”ื’ื’ื•ืŸ (ื‘"ื—, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื•, ื™ื—, ื•ื”ืจืž"ื ืชืจื›ื•, ื’, ืžืงืœ).
ืจืฉืื™ ืื“ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืื•ืœื”, ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื–, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื–, ื‘). ื•ืื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืฉื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื•ื— ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืกื•ื›ืชื•, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”, ื•ื™ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืœื• ืื•ืชื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช (ื˜"ื– ื“; ื‘ื›ื•ืจ"ื™ ื“; ืž"ื‘ ื˜).
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืœื ืจืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื• ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืš. ื•ืื ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืžื ืืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ. 19
ื™ื“ - ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื”
ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™ ืฉืžื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืœื ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื›ืš ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจ, ื’ืฉื ื•ื—ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื•ืื–ื™ ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฉื”ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’, ื—-ื™). ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ื ืžืื•ื“, ืื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื, ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื”. ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืฆืขืจ - ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื—ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช (ืžื”ืจ"ื— ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืกื™' ืงืฆื“).
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืกื•ื›ืชื•, ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื”, ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืžืคืจืข ืฉืคืฉืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืจืขื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื ืฆืขืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื–ื• ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ืจืขื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืจืž, ื™ื’; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืž, ื›ื“).
ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืขืฉื” ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉืช, ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ื’ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ืกื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ืคืกื•ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืคืกื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื›ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื”, ืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื“ื™ืจืช ืืจืขื™, ื•ื’ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื” (ื™ืจืื™ื, ืจืž"ื ืชืจืž, ื“). ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืคืฉืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื”, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื›ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” (ื—ื›"ืฆ). ื•ืื ื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืงืจื•ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื‘ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” (ืขื™' ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืž, ื™ื—).
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื“ื ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ื•ืื–ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ื— ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื•ืœืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื—. ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื’ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœื ื•ืคืฉ ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืื• ื‘ืฉื›ื™ืจืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื• ืกื•ื›ื”, ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืฉืจื•.
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื“ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. 20
ื˜ื• - ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื”
ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื”, ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ืช ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื•, ื‘) "ื–ึถื” ืึตืœึดื™ ื•ึฐืึทื ึฐื•ึตื”ื•ึผ", ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืœื’, ื‘): "ื”ืชื ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช, ืขืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืื” ื•ืœื•ืœื‘ ื ืื”". ื•ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ืืคืจืกืงื™ื, ืฉืงื“ื™ื, ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ื–ืจื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืœืื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ืœืช (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘, ื). ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื›ืฉื™ืจืฆื”, ืจืฉืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื ื‘ื—ื’ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”). ื›ื™ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืื›ืœ, ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืคืจื—ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืคื” ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืœื™ื ื ืื™ื.
ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: "ื‘ึผึทืกึผึปื›ึผึนืช ืชึผึตืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื" (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืžื‘). ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื™ืจื• ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” (ื˜"ื–, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื—, ื›ื“), ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช (ืฉ"ืš, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”). ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ืฉืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” (ืขืค"ื™ ืจื™"ื• ื•ืชืฉื‘"ืฅ).
ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื—ืช, ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”.
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืœื™ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื›ื›ื‘ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืœ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืœืŸ ื’, ื‘).
ืืกื•ืจ ืœืกื›ืš ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื—ื ืจืข ืื• ืฉื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืขืœื™ื, ืฉืžื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืจืข ืื• ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื ื™ื— ืืช ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื•ื™ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื• (ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื‘). ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืื ืกื™ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ืื ื”ืจื™ื— ืจืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื•, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื” ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืจืช ืื“ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื“; ืž"ื‘ ืœื—).
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉืœื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ื” ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื”ืกื›ืš (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื˜, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื—).
ื˜ื– - ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื”
ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›ื’, ืœื“): "ื—ึทื’ ื”ึทืกึผึปื›ึผื•ึนืช ืฉืึดื‘ึฐืขึทืช ื™ึธืžึดื™ื ืœึทื”'", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื’ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช (ืกื•ื›ื” ื˜, ื). ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื. ื•ื’ื ืื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืคืœื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื” ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื’. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื’ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืจืช, ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœ, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื—, ื-ื‘). 21
ืืžื ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื›ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืชืงืจืชื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื’ื“ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ (ืกื•ื›ื” ื™, ื‘). ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืงืจืฉ ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ืกื ืœื—ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื—, ื, ืž"ื‘ ื“). ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื—ืจ. ื•ื’ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”. ื’ื ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืื• ืžืจืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื“ื™ื ื ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” (ืื’"ืž ืื•"ื— ื, ืงืคื).
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจืฉ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคืฃ ื•ืžืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื• ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ืชื‘ืœื” ื•ืžื›ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื• ื•ืœื–ื•ืจืงื• ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื—ืจ.
ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื’ืฉื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืœื•ืชื ืื—"ื› ืฉื•ื‘. ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื—ืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื• ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื”.
ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืชืœื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ื™ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื’: ืื ื™ ืžืชื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื™ืจื ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืชื™ ืฉืืจืฆื”, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื”. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ (ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœ, ื‘; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื—, ื‘).
ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจืง ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ืื•ืกืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจืฉื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื•ื›ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื•ืชืจ.
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื’ ืคื•ืงืขืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืกื›ืš ื•ืžื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื–ื•ืชื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื• ืœืคืกื•ืข ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืกื“, ื—, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื—, ื›ื“).
ื™ื– - ืคืจื’ื•ืœื”
ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืขืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืžืงื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฆืœืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื”ืื ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ?
ื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื’ืฉื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš. ืืœื ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื’ ืžืขื˜ ืกื›ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ืœื ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉื ื” (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื‘). ื•ืื ื—ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืชื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืกื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืฆื™ืœืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื”.
ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื—ื–ืง ื•ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืกื›ืš ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจืขื™, ื•ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืข. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื’ ื”ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืงืจืฉื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื’ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืชื•. ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื’ื’ ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื’ื•ืœื”, ืฆื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื•, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”.
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืชื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื” - ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืคืจื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืงืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืกื›ืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื, ื˜).
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• (ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื’), ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืคื— ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืื—"ื› ื›ืฉืจ. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื— ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื’, ื•ืื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืกื›ืš (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 18). 22



^ 1.. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ"ื— ื ืื” ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— - 8 ืก"ืž, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - 56 ืก"ืž, ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื - 80 ืก"ืž, ืืžื” - 48 ืก"ืž, ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” - 9.60 ืžื˜ืจ. (ืœื ื•"ื‘ ื•ื—ื–ื•"ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— - 9.6 ืก"ืž, ืืžื” - 57.6 ืก"ืž). ืืžื ื ืžืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื˜ืคื— ืœืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื 7.6 ืก"ืž, ื•ืืžื” - 45.6 ืก"ืž ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืค"ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื˜, 1, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ"ื— ื ืื”, ื•ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš: ื) ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื™ื”.
ื‘) ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื˜ืคื— ืฉื•ื—ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืกืคืง (ืกื•ื›ื” ื–, ื; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื’, ื‘). ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื– (ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืฉืกื’, ืก), ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจ"ื— ื ืื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช). ื’) ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืฉื˜ืคื— ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ - 8 ืก"ืž, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช 7.6, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ื˜ืคื— ื•ืืžื”. ืืžื ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจ"ื— ื ืื” ืงื•ืœื, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื”. ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ื“ืงื“ืงืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืืœื ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืขื’ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืžื” ื›-9 ืžื˜ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื”ื•ื 9.12 ืžื˜ืจ (ื•ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจ"ื— ื ืื” ื›-9.60 ืžื˜ืจ). ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›-22 ืก"ืž (ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง 22.8).
^ 2.. ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ื•ืœืจืฉ"ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ื˜ื•, ื‘, ื•ื˜ื–, ื, ื’ื–ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืื• ืžื›ืœื™, ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื“ืจ ื•ืžื’ืจืคื”, ืื ื ืฉื‘ืจื•, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉืœื ื”ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืœื’ื–ืจื”, ื•ื›"ื› ืคืž"ื’. ื•ืž"ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™, ื›ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืจื›ื˜, ื”, ืฉืื ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื ืœืกื›ืš - ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืคืงืคืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื•, ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืคืกื•ืœื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื, ื™ื“, ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื’, ืฆื”). ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื™ื’, ืกื•, ืฉื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ืกืœื ื˜ ืฉืฉื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ - ื›ืฉืจื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจ ืงืจืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืจื• ืžืืจื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื. ื•ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืขืž' ื™ื–-ื™ื—, ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ื•ืื ื‘ืื• ืžืืจื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืกืื” ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™.
^ 3.. ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื™ ืฉืงืจื ื™ ื—ืžื” ื™ื™ืจืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืš (ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจ"ืŸ, ืžืื™ืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื•ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืจืื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืจืื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื (ื‘"ื—, ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื ืชื ืืœ). ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืจืื• ืจืง ืงืจื ื™ ื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ื (ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ื‘ื›ื•ืจ"ื™, ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื, ื”). ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื˜ืขืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืžื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื›ืš ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืžื”ื•ื“ืจืช, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืืจืช ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš.
ืœืจ"ืช ืื ื”ื’ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื›ืš - ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”. ื•ืœืจื"ืฉ, ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื™ืจืื™ื, ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืชื ืื™ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื”. ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื›ืจ"ืช. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืœ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื‘ืจื›"ื™ ืชืจืœื, ื‘; ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื, ื•. ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืืฃ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืกื‘ืจืช ืจื“ื‘"ื– ื‘, ืจื›ื˜, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืง ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืœ (ื•ื›"ื› ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–, ืก; ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืขืž' ืœื–). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
^ 4.. ืจื•ื‘ ืฆืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช: ื' ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืกื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ืžื”. ื‘' ืฉื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืœ ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (53.2 ืก"ืž) ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืžื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆืœ, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื, ื‘, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ). ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” (ืžืื™ืจื™, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžืฉื•"ืข). ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื–' ืขืœ ื–' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืžืชื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืชื•, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื’ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื›ืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื”.
^ 5.. ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื˜, ื , ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกื›ืš ืืœื ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื™ืกื›ืš ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืœืกื›ืš, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืจืื• ื›ืชืงืจืช ืงื‘ืข. ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืกื›ืš (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื“, ื’-ื“).
^ 6.. ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืœื•, ื•ืžื”ื: ืžื•"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืจืฉื–"ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ื—, ื”; ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•, ืขื“; ืื– ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘, ืกื•. ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืœ' ื—ื’ื™ื ื , ืœื˜, ืœืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื. ื•ื‘ื”ืœื—"ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืกื›ืš ืงื ื™ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ืœืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืœื ืคืงืคื•ืง. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื‘, ื“; ื”, ื’.
^ 7.. ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื, ื‘, ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืจืขื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืกื•ืจ. ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื™"ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืจืขื™ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื™"ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืื ื ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื“ืขืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื–ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืกืงื• ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจ"ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื. ืื•ืœื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ื›"ื› ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช, ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืคื”ืž"ืฉ, ืจื–"ื” ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉืขื™ื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ืืžื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื˜ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืฉื”ืจื™"ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืกืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ืงื‘ืข, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื–), ืž"ืž ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืš ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื™ื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื•ื“ืขื™ืžื™ื”, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ (ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืจืœ, ืก), ื•ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื.
ืœื—ื–ื•"ื (ืื•"ื— ืงืžื’, ื‘) ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืœืคื™ื” ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืœื ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“. ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื ื™ื ื˜ืœื• ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื™ืคื•ืœ. ืืžื ื ื’ื ืœื—ื–ื•"ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš ืžื’ื–ืจืช ืชืงืจื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉืืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื•, ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื ืชืจื›ื˜, ื˜; ืคืž"ื’ ื"ื ืชืจื›ื˜, ื˜; ื’ืจ"ื ื™ื, ื•ืž"ื‘ ื›ื”, ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืžืขืฉื” (ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช).
^ 8.. ืื ื”ืกื›ืš ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืื• ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืš (ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืžื›ืชื ื›ื, ื‘; ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื™ื˜, ื. ื•ื›"ื› ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื•, ืขื“; ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”, ืžื“). ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ื™ื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกื›ืš. ื•ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืชืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ื—ื‘ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื•ืจืง ืœื—ื–ื•"ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืžืื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื• ื™ื•"ื˜ ื•ืชืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืžืฉื•ื ืžืœืื›ืช ื‘ื•ื ื”. ื•ืื ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืœ.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ืชืงืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื— (ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืž"ื ืชืจื›ื–, ื‘, ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืชื•ืก'), ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื–ื”, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ืชืจื›ื˜, ืœื‘, ื•ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ืชืจืœื’, ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืžืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื›ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืฉืฉ ื–ื”. (ื•ืฉืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคืก"ืช ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช 62, 26, ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื”ืงื•ืจื” ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฆืœืช ืื• ื”ืคืœืคื•ื ื™ื (ื ืกืจื™ื ื“ืงื™ื). ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื ืขืž' ืจืฅ ื•ืขืž' ืฉืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ืžืกืžืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœื•).
ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื”, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื–ื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ืกื•ืœื ืœืกื›ืš ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื•ืœืจื•ื”"ืค ื’ื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”, ื’.
^ 9.. ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ืคื— (ืกื•ื›ื” ื•, ื‘). ื•ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืกื•ื›ื” ื–, ื) ืฉื˜ืคื— ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื— (ื˜ืคื— ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ 'ืœื‘ื•ื“' (ืžืื•ื—ื”), ื•ื›ืš ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื˜ืคื— ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื— ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื•ื™"ื ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืชื—, ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืคืชื— ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื—' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื‘, ืž"ื‘ ื˜-ื™). ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืคื•ืœืฉืช, ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื—ืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื— ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ืคืŸ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื’). ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื, ืฉืื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื–' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืœื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื—. ืืžื ื ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืคืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจ ืืžื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื” ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืชื— (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœ, ื™ื—).
^ 10.. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื›ืš ืžื•ื ื— ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื• ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-22 ืก"ืž) ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื”ืงื• ืฉืžืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืš ืœื“ืคื ื•ืช (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื˜). ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื• ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื• ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ืžืฉื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœืกื›ืš (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•"ื ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื, ื•). ืื ื”ืกื›ืš ื ืžืฉืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”.
ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื” : ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช (ื›-1.80 ืžื˜ืจ), ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืกื›ืš. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืคื—ืช ื’ื’ื•, ื•ืกื™ื›ืš ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคื—ืช, ืื ื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืชืงืจื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืชืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืชืœื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ืื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืงืจื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื“' ืืžื•ืช, ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื”, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื›ืš (ืกื•ื›ื” ื™ื–, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื‘, ื). ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืกื›ืš, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื”, ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ื”ืกื›ืš, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื 'ื’ื•ื“ ืืกื™ืง ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื'. ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื›ืš, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ืืžื•ืช, ืื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“: 'ื’ื•ื“ ืืกื™ืง ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื' ื•ื’ื 'ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื”' (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื‘, ื“).
^ 11.. ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ื“, ื‘, ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืฉื“ืคื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ืคื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ืคืกื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื•ืขื•. ื•ื›"ื› ืจืžื‘"ื ื“, ื”, ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื™. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืกืœืช ืื•ืชื” (ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•"ื— ืงื›ื’; ื™ื—ื•"ื“ ื’, ืžื•). ืื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื—ื–ืง ืขื ืคื™ ืื™ืœืŸ ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื ื•ืขื• ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื•, ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคืจืฆื” ืฉืœ ื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœืงืจืงืข ื•ืคื•ืกืœืช ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ืื– ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื•ืœื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื—. ืื‘ืœ ืกืชื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคืจืฆื” - ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืกืœืช. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืก"ื’, ืžืื™ืจื™, ืจืฉื‘"ื, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ืืฉืจื™ ื•ืจ"ื™ ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืจ' ืคืจืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœ, ื™, ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื™ืชื ืชืงื• ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืชืŸ ื“ืคื ื•ืช. ื•ื›"ื› ื”ืžื‘ื™"ื˜, ืชื•ืก' ืฉื‘ืช, ืคืž"ื’, ื—ื–ื•"ื ืื•"ื— ืขื–, ื•; ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื•. ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (22.8 ืก"ืž) ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื (ื›-80 ืก"ืž), ืฉื›ืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื“ (ืžืื•ื—ื”), ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืื” ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื 24 ืก"ืž ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื 22.8 ืก"ืž, ื•ืื ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื“ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” 1). ื•ืž"ืž ืกื•ื›ืชื ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื ืคืงืคื•ืง, ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื.
^ 12.. ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื"ืฉ, ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฆืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืžื”ืขืฅ, ื•ืฆืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืžื—ืžืชื•, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืชื—ืช ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื•, ื”ืกื›ืš ื›ืฉืจ. ื”ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื•, ื, ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืขืค"ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฉื•"ืข, ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื”. ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ื‘ืื•"ื” 'ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื', ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื“ื—ืง ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื™ืœื™ื (ื"ืจ ืชืจื›ื•, ื”; ืคืž"ื’ ื"ื ื“; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื™).
ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ืขื ืคื™ ืื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžื ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฆื™ืœื ืžืจื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš (ืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ื‘ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืชืจื›ื•, ื’). ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื ืง ื‘ืžืงืจืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื, ื›ื’, ื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ืง ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ืคื•ืจื— ืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืขื™ื ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืืœื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื (ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื”ืจืฉ"ื ืกื™' ืชืจื›ื•). ื•ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืกื• ืœื“ืจื›ื, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื”, ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื ืชืจื›ื•, ื’.
^ 13.. ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื™, ื‘, ืฉืื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ืš ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื•ืฆืฆื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื˜, ื™ื˜, ื•ืชืจื›ื–, ื“. ืืœื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื”ืคืกื•ืœ: ืœืžืื•ืจ, ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื•ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื”ืœ ืชื—ืช ืื•ื”ืœ, ืื• ืกื›ืš ืชื—ืช ืกื›ืš, ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืœื ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ื›ืกื›ืš ื•ืคื•ืกืœื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจืื‘"ื“ ื•ืจื"ืฉ ืžื‘ืืจื™ื, ืฉืคืกื•ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืคื•ืกืœ ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื: ืœืจ"ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื ืื ื”ื ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ืžื”ืกื›ืš ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื. ื•ืœืจื"ื” ืจืง ืื ืฆื™ืœื ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ืžืชื ืคื•ืกืœื™ื (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื–, ื™ื. ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืกื•ื›ื” ื™, ื‘).
ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื–, ื˜ื•. ื•ืืžื ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ ืชื—ืชื™ื•. ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืชื™ื• (ืž"ื‘ ืชืจืœื‘, ื’). ืืœื ืฉืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืš (ืจืž"ื ืชืจื›ื–, ื“) ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™, ื“-ื”.
^ 14.. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจื›ื–, ื-ื’, ื•ื‘ืž"ื‘ ื–. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืื•ื”ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”: ื) ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื‘) ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ื’) ื’ื’ ืจื—ื‘ ื˜ืคื— (ืชื ืื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื˜ืคื—, ื“ื™ื ื• ื›ื’ื’ ืจื—ื‘ ื˜ืคื—). ื›ืœ ืื•ื”ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”, ื—ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืจืขื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ืชื ืื™ื, ื’ื’ ื˜ืคื— ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฆืฅ. ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื• ืจืง ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื’ ื˜ืคื— ื•ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•.
^ 15.. ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืื•ื”ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœืื•ื”ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืž"ื‘ ืชืจื›ื–, ื”; ืฉืขื”"ืฆ ื™ื). ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืžื–ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืจืฆืคื” ืขื“ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžื–ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืงืจืงืข ื”ืกื•ื›ื”.
ืžื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืžืชื™ื™ื : ืื ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฆืฅ (ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–, ืœื•; ื™, ืคื–, ื‘, ืคืก"ืช ืชืจื›ื–, ื’, 6, ื•ืฉืœื ื›ืงื ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื”, ื). ื•ืฆ"ืข ืื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจืŸ ืื• ืžื”ืงืจืฉ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืžื–ืจืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืกืชืคืง ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ืจืฆืคื” (ืจืฉื–"ื), ื•ืชื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ื•ืž"ืž ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœื ืžื“ื“ื• ืžื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
^ 16.. ืœืจ"ื—, ืจื™"ืฅ ื’ื™ืืช, ืชื•ืก' ื•ืจื"ื”, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ืช ืžืงื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื. ืœืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืจ"ืŸ, ืืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื• ืื• ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืœืจื"ืฉ ื•ืจื™"ื• ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›"ื› ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื‘ื•ืœ ื’, ื™ื“, ื•ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืขืž' ืกื—. ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื”, ื•ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืœ ื›ืจื"ืฉ ืจืฉืื™. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
ืื ื—ืœืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืื• ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉืชื™ ืกื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืคื ื•ืช (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื‘, ื‘).
ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื“' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื™' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ืกื›ืš ืคืกื•ืœ ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’' ื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœ (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื‘, ื; ืž"ื‘ ื—).
^ 17.. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš: "ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื›ื”". ื•ื›"ื› ื‘ืฉืืœืชื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืฉืื™ืœืชื ืงืคื˜ (ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืขืžืง ืฉืืœื” ืฉื). ืืžื ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืชื” (ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจื ื•, ืกื•ื“"ื” 'ืืคื™ืœื•', ืจืฉื‘"ืฉ ืฉืœื“). ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉืื ืœื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื, ืžื’, ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืคืกืง ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื”.
ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืœื›ื” ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืืฉื” ื›ืฉืจื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ื—, ื-ื‘, ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื“, ื; ืชืจืœื”, ื), ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืจ"ืช ืฉืคื•ืกืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘), ื•ื›"ื› ืž"ื ื™ื“, ื’; ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืจืœื”, ื‘; ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื, ืžื’. ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืฉืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ ืื• ืืฉื” ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
^ 18.. ืื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืกืœื™ื: ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ, ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื”, ื, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืž"ื‘ ื™, ื‘ื"ื— ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื‘. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื: ื‘"ื—, ื‘ืจื›"ื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื”; ืขืจื•ื”"ืฉ ื”; ื•ื—ื–ื•"ืข ืขืž' ืœื—. ื•ืžืกืคืง ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืื ื”ืงื™ื ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื— ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื›ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ื•ืื—"ื› ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืš, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกื›ืš, ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉืจื”. ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืคื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืขืจื™ ืœืื•ื”ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื˜ื–, ื.
^ 19.. ื”ืžืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื• ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื ืกื•ื›ื”, ื™ืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื’ื–ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจ - ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš (ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื–, ื’; ืž"ื ืชืจืœื–, ื; ืฉื•ืขื”"ืจ ื™ื). ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืคืจื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื™ื• (ื‘ืื•"ื” ืชืจืœื–, ื’, 'ื•ื›ืŸ').
ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” - ืœื ื™ืฆื, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืงืจืงืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ื–ืœื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื’ื–ื•ืœื”. ื”ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืขืฉื” ืžื”ื ืกื•ื›ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ืžืฉื•ื ืชืงื ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื) ืฉืื“ื ืฉื’ื–ืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืชืงืขื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื, ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ื”ื. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” (ืกื•ื›ื” ืœื, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื–, ื’; ืž"ื‘ ื˜ื•).
^ 20.. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืชืฉื‘ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืชื“ื•ืจื•", ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›"ื› ืคืž"ื’ ื"ื ืชืจืž, ื˜ื•; ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชืจืž, ื›ื”; ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื’, ืœื‘; ื›ื”"ื— ืชืจืž, ืขื–.
^ 21.. ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืงืฆื” ื ืžืฉืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืจ"ืŸ, ืฉื•"ืข ืชืจืœื—, ื). ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืชื•ืก', ืจื"ืฉ, ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื—, ื). ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืกื›ืš ืืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ. ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืžื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ืื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื• ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืชื ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” (ืจืž"ื ืชืจืœื—, ื), ืืžื ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื’ื ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•"ื˜ ื”ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื•ืžื•ืงืฆื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืกื•ืชืจ (ืžื•ืจ ื•ืงืฆื™ืขื”, ื‘ืื•"ื” ืฉื 'ืœื').
^ 22.. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ืจื™ื: ื”ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' (ืฉื™ื— ื ื—ื•ื ืœื˜, ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืฆื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืงืจืฉื™ื), ื”ืจื‘ ืืจื™ืืœ (ืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘, ืคื”, ืืžื ื ืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ), ื”ืจื‘ ืœืื• (ื™ื—ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”), ื”ืจื‘ ืคืจื•ืค' ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื˜). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืกืจื™ื: ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื’ื™ื ื , ืžื‘-ืžื’), ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ (ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืž' ืกื—), ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ (ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื, ืœื—). ื•ื›ืš ื ืœืขื "ื“ ืžืกื‘ืจื ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืง ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
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ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“

ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ "ืคื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื”".
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื’
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฉื›ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ

    ืื‘ ืชืฉืค"ื”
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”

    ืชืฉืข"ื“
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    58 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”

    ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื” - ืœื ืคื” ื•ืœื ืฉื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืจืง ื‘'

    ื˜"ื– ืื“ืจ ื‘' ืชืฉืข"ื
ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”
ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
     ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
     ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืจืœ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
     ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืงื‘ื™ืฅ'
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    55 ื“ืง'
    ื ื“ืจื™ื

    ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื ืชื ื•

    ื ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืฃ ื˜"ื–:

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ "ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•", ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื“ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื”ื ืื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืืกื•ืจื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืœื•ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ ืื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื) ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกื‘ืจื’ | ื”' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    59 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”

    ืกื’ื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืœืžื“ื ื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืกื’ื•ืœืชื ื›ืงื•ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘''ื. ืื—ืจ, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘''ื, ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–''ืœ ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื—ืชืžื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื• ืข''ื™ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ | ื™"ื’ ืชืžื•ื– ื”ืชืฉืค''ื•
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    41 ื“ืง'
    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ

    ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

    ืœื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื' , ืžืืžืจ 'ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืชื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืœื‘ื•ืจื.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื™"ื ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    36 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืžื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ื•ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”

    ืฉื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืฆ"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉื”ื˜ืขื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืคืจื™ืงืช ืขื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื”.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื™"ื‘ ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืคื•
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    42 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืžืงืœืœืช ื‘ืœืขื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืืช ื‘ืœืขื, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื—ื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจื™ืŸ | ื™' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    41 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื˜

    ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” "ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก" ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื–ื” "ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื". ืื“ื ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืžืขืœืชื• ื•ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื•ื– ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ื˜ื™ื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ืช - ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื”ืชืื ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื˜' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    35 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืจ

    ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืจ | ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ื—ื˜ืืช ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื˜' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:11
    ื›ืฉืจื•ืช

    ืืชื’ืจื™ ื›ืฉืจื•ืช: ื‘ืฉืจ, ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืจืงืกื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืชืงืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจื | ื˜' ืชืžื•ืฉ ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    31 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ, ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื•ืฉืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืœื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    28 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืง

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ื—ืœืง ื‘'

    ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืง ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉืื ืœื ื–ื›ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื™' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”

    ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื•ืจื”

    ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ื—ืœืง ื'

    ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ืื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘' ืœ'ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ'. 4 ืžืฉืœื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ 4 ื›ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืœื›ืœ ื›ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื’ืœื” ืขื•ืžืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ | ื˜' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ื”ืื ื’ื•ืฉ ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื™ื! ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืจื•ื— ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื ืคืฉ ืฉืคืœื”!

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื‘ืœืง

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 607

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 607

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช

    ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ ืงื™ืคื— ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ื“ืชื™ | ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ืฉืœืœ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ "ืขืฆื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื” ื›ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื”" | ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช | ืขืชื” ื™ืฆื ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื’ื“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืจืคื•ืจืžื™ื | ื›ื™ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง

    ืžึทื” ื˜ึนึผื‘ื•ึผ ืึนื”ึธืœึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืžึดืฉึฐืื›ึฐึผื ึนืชึถื™ืšึธ ื™ึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึธืึตืœ - ื›ึผื•ึผืœึผึธื ื—ึธื–ึฐืจื•ึผ ืœึดืงึฐืœึธืœึธื”, ื—ื•ึผืฅ ืžึดื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ื›ึฐื ึตืกึดื™ึผื•ึนืช ื•ึผืžึดื‘ึผึธืชึผึตื™ ืžึดื“ึฐืจึธืฉืื•ึนืช. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืฉืชื™ืฉืืจ ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื“ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจืช | ื›ึดึผื™ ืขึทืชึธึผื” ื’ึทึผื ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ื”ึธืจึทื’ึฐืชึดึผื™ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื”ึถื—ึฑื™ึตื™ืชึดื™ - ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื’ึทึผื ืžื” ื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืึนืชึฐื›ึธื” ื‘ื”' ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ืื•ึนืชึฐืšึธ, ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึฐืื•ึนืชึธื”ึผ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืžืœื ื•' | ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึดืจึฐืžึธื” ืœึนื ื™ึถื—ึฑืฆื•ึผ ื™ึฐืžึตื™ื”ึถื - ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงื•ืจื ืœื‘ืœืขื ืึทื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ื“ึธืžึดื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื 'ืื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื' ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืœืขื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื 'ืื™ืฉ ืžืจืžื”'. ื•ืขื•ื“ !

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช

    ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื”

    ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืฃ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืžื™ ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชืžืš ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ
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    ื‘ืœืง

    ืžื” ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืชื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืฉื•"ืช "ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง"

    ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืกื•ืฃ- ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื

    ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืœื•ืŸ ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืœืง ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il