ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื
  • ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
undefined
8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช

ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืช ืจื—ืœ

ืฆื•ื•ืืจื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืœื ื˜, ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืจืื” ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ืืžืจ: "ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืฉืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ". ืชืžื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื: "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ืฉืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื•ืฃ ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื•?". ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื•, ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžืคืจืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื•ื— ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘, ืื•ืœื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืืžืจ: "ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืœืขื•ืฃ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื™ื..."
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืงื—ื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœืช ืฉืฉืžื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19 ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”- 20.

ืกืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13
ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืงืข"ื• (1816, ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื: ื•' ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืชืงืข"ื”) ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื•ื•ืœืงื•ื ื™ืง ืฉืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืง. ืื‘ื™ื•, ืจ' ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื ืฉืœื— ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื” ืœืžื“ ืืฆืœ ืจ' ืื‘ื ืคื•ืกื‘ื•ืœืจ, ืื‘ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืจ' ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกืžื™ื›ื• ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (!), ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกื“ืจ ื’ื˜ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื” ื ืฉื ืืช ื‘ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืขืœื• ื™ืคื”, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•.
ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• ืชื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ืกืข ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกืœื ื˜, ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืฉื ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื”: ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืคืงื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ. ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืžืกืœื ื˜.
ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืžื™ืœื ืจ' ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจืืชื• ื•ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื’ื ืžื‘ืชื• ื•ื—ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืชืœื•ื• ืืœื™ื•. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืžื ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš, ืืš ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ, ื ืื•ืช ืจ' ื–ื•ื ื“ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ืœื” ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืขืฆื• ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” (ืขื ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื) ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืช"ืจ (1840). ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืืœืฆื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื˜ื.
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื˜ื ื’ื ืžืฉื” ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ื“ื ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื•, ื•ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื›ื— ื’ื ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ื”'ืžื’ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ', ืžืื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช, ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื. ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืช ืช"ืจ, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื–ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื (1841) ื™ืฆืื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ืœื™ืคื•, ื•ืžืžื ื”, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื - ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื—ื•ืชื ื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื ืขื“ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื”.
ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื—ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืช ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“. ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืœืช, ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืจืžื™ ืžืขืœื”. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืชื™ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', ื•ื”ืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื” - ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื•. ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืžืื•ื“, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ืœื ืœื›ืกืฃ ื ื•ืฆืจื™
ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืคืš ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื•ืขืกืง ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
ืื—ื“ ืžืžืคืขืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืžืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื'. ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจ. ื›ืœ ืื‘ ืฉื›ืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš, ืืกืฃ ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืžื—ื” ืžืžื ื• ื’ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช. ื‘'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ืœืžื“ื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืขื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช. ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืคืขื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžื ื“ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ืชืจื•ืžื”. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขื ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฆื“, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืื•ืชื• ื ื“ื™ื‘. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ื• ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืคืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืžืจืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื”...
ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืงื ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืžื ื•ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ื. ื‘ื–ืงื ื•ืชื•, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืงื•ืœื.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ื— (1848) ื™ืฆื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื”, ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืืš ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™, ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ 'ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืจืฉื”' ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื’ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชืจื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืš ื”ื•ืงื ื”'ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ - ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ืฉืื•ืชื• ื ื™ื”ืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจืช. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืชื•ื ื”, ืฉืฉืงืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”'ืฉืงื•ึนืœึถืก', ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื) ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืจืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ. ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ืชื•ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ.
ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื' ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืกืขื™ืฃ, ืœืคื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืœื ืจืื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืจื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื‘ื™ืช (ืฉืคืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื) ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช, ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื ืกืชืจืช ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ืžืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืื—ื“, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื›ืฉื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก, ืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ"ื— (1878), ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœื ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื’ื ืžืงืฆื•ืข. ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืจื ื•ืชืžืš ื‘ืคื™ื ืก.
ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืžื“ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•, ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉ, ื ืžื ื” ืขืœ ืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืžื•ืช, 'ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ืขื”', ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืคืจื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ืื•ืœื ืžืื™ื“ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื• ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืจื— ื‘ืจื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืคื™ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืžื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื”. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืœื™ื‘ื” (ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ื‘ืขืœ), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื‘ื ืฉืœ ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืกืง (ื”ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ), ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื—ื‘ืจืช 'ื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ืขื”', ื•ื›ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื.ืจ. ืžืœืื›ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืก ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”: ืจ' ื™ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืขืžื“ ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืœื ื˜. ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื™"ื— (1858) ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ 'ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื 'ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื', ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืืช ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืจื‘ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืœ"ื— (1878), ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ืขื“ื”, ื•ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจ.
ื‘ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ืœืš ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ืื™ื ืžื—ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืžืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงื ืื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื“ืื’ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืžื ื•ืชื• ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื›ืฉืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืœื‘ืกืงื™ (ื”ืจื™ื“ื‘"ื–) ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื“ืื’ ืœื• ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืชื•, ืœืžืฉืจืช ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคืช. ืจื‘ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ ืืช ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืš ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื•ืœื™ ืœื?" ืขื ื” ืœื• ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ: "ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ื“ืข ื’ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ. ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืง ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”: "ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžืจ' ืื‘ื ืคื•ืกื‘ื•ืœืจ. ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ 'ื’ืื•ืŸ' ืื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš, ื•ื”'ืžืจื ื“ืืชืจื' ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื ื™", ื•ืžืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ.

ืœืœื ืฉืขื•ืช ืงื‘ืœื”
ืื•ืœื ืขื ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื. ืžืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•, ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื›ืจ ื›'ืคื•ืกืง'. ื’ื ืชื•ืจืชื• ื ื˜ืชื”, ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจ"ื, ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืกื™ืงืช ื”ืœื›ื”. ื›ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ. ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ 'ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืจืื”', ื•ืจืื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืงื”ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉ"ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืฉื’ื ืืฆืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช". ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื•ืกื•ืช, ื•ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื’. ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ืŸ.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื. ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื ื™ื ื•, ื”ืจื‘ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ 'ืชื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ' ื•ื‘ื”ื ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื•.
ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืจื‘ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขืช. ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืชืื•ืžื™ื (ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช), ื—ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง (ื‘ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ). ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช ืคืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืชืงื ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช, ื•ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช ืœื ืืจื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืก"ื” (1905), ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื“ื•.
ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• 'ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ' ืœื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืงืจืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช 'ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ', ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.
ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ืื“ืจ"ืช ื—ื–ืจ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ื ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื•, ื—ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืื” ื•ื‘ื” ืงื ืื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืงื•ืง, ืื– ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคื•, ื›ืฉืžืืŸ ื“ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ 'ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ืคื•' ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื‘ ืชืจืก"ื˜ (1909) ื—ืœื” ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื•ืœ ืขื“ ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืืžื™ืจืช ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื• ืฉืืœื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืคืกืง ืืช ืคืกืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™: "ื›ืฉืจ". ื›ืฉื”ื•ืงืœ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื• ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื•ืจ ืœื›"ื— ื‘ืื‘, ื ืคื˜ืจ. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžื—ืจืช. ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื”, ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื” ื ืืžื“ ื‘ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืกืคื“ื™ื, ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘. ื‘ืžืœืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื• ืžืฆื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช - ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ื” ื•ื›ื•ื ื” 'ืื‘ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ'.
ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืจื‘ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื” ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ื ืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืœืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืกืœื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื”.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il