ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืกืคืจื™ื”
  • ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื’
  • ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ืจืื™ื”
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
  • ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”
  • ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืฉ
  • ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื
undefined
8 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื” โ€ข 14 ื“ืง' ื”ืื–ื ื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืืช

ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœืชื ื•ืœืขืฆืžืชื. ื”ื ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืฉื•ืงืขืช, ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชืคืขืžื™ื ืžื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื”ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ืชืื•ื ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ื. ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื– ื”ื ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื ืคืชื— ืœื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืœืื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื”ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื”: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื—, ื-ื’).

ื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช. ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืžื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื™ื ื›ื ืจืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืกื›ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื” "ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" 1 . ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื”ืจ, ืจืง ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืงื• ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืืคื™ืงื•, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืชื ืื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืฉืจืง ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ืงืœ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงืจืื” ืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘, ื™ื“), ื•ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื”, ื”ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื, ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืกื”ืจื” ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื. ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืœื ืฉื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ, ืฉืื ื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืชืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื - ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชืŸ. ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื’ืžืœื ืื• ืžืฆื“ื” ืื• ื”ืกืจื˜ื‘ื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืื• ื’ื‘ืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื 2 .

ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื
ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื, ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ืืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื“ื ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืจ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืฉืœื ื™ืชืจื’ืฉ ื•ื™ืชืคืขื ืžืžืจืื”ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืš. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืืœื ืจืง ืื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ืื–ื™ ื›ืฉื™ืจืื”ื• ืฉื•ื‘ - ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช, ืฉืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจ ื•ื”ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจ ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœื—ื•ืฅ-ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.

ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื’ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื•, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืžืจืื”ื•. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืกืข ื•ื™ืจืื” ื ื”ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื ื”ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื™ื‘ืจืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช".

ืœืคื™ ื–ื”, ืื“ื ืฉื ื•ืกืข ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ื™ืกืข ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ืจืช ื™ื‘ืจืš ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ืฉื™ืขืคื™ืœ ืœื’ืžืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื™ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื—ืจืžื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืจืš ืคืขื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืกืข ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืจืื” ื•ืžืจืื” - ื™ื‘ืจืš "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช".

ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืื” ื™ื ืื• ื™ืžื”, ืžื‘ืจืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื™ืžื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ืชืงื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื” (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื ื“, ื): ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืจืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื ื—ืœื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” 'ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ'. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื 'ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ', ืืœื ืฉื”ืกืคืง ื”ื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ-ืขืจื•ืš (ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื—, ื), ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืžืฆืจื™ื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกืžื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื ื” ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืื•ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืจื›ื—, ื), ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืชืงื ื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช".

ื•ืื-ื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื“ื ืฉืžืคืœื™ื’ ืื• ื˜ืก ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื™ื‘ืจืš "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ืžืคืœื™ื’ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืงื˜, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ". ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื-ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืง ืื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื ืชืงื ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉื ืชืงื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" (ืฉื•"ืช ืžื ื—ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื, ืงื™) 3 .

ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืช
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื“ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืื• ืกื•ืคืช ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืชืžืœื ื—ื™ืœ ื•ืจืขื“ื”. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื, ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื• ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืชื™ืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ืฉื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื‘ืจืš ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช" ืื•: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื". ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื ื‘ืจืš ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืš ืื•ืชื• ืืจื•ืข ืžืจืขื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื”.

ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช". ื•ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉื”ื ืžืจืขื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื“ืจื›ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”: "ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื".

ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ืžืจืขื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช:
ื . ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืก ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
ื‘ . ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
ื’ . ืขืœ ื‘ืจืงื™ื.
ื“ . ืขืœ ืจืขืžื™ื.
ื” . ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื• ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื•.

ืื ื ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืกื•ืคื” ื–ื•ืขืคืช, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจืง ืขืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื•ืขืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” "ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื" (ืฉื•"ืข ืจื›ื–, ื).

ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•, ืขืœ ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ืจืขืžื™ื ืชืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืื• ื‘ืจื›ืช "ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื". ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืง ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืจืš, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ืจืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืจืขื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืจื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื, ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืžืœื ืขื•ืœื".

ืื“ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืš ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืจืขืžื™ื, ื’ื ืื ื™ืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืจืขืžื™ื - ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืจืขื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื—ืจืช ืื ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืจืง ืื• ื™ืฉืžืข ืจืขื - ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘: ืื ื ืกืชืœืงื• ื”ืขื ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืชื›ืกื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ืจืขืžื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ื ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ืจืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืจืื™ื™ืชื ืื• ืฉืžื™ืขืชื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ - ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืคืกืง ื”ื•ื 'ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ', ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžืขืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”. ืืœื ื™ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจืง ื”ื‘ื - ื•ืื– ื™ื–ื“ืจื– ืœื‘ืจืš ืžื™ื“ 'ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ'. ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืจืขื (ืฉื•"ืข ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื–, ื‘, ื’; ื•ืž"ื‘ ืฉื).

ืื“ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืืžื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืจืง ืื• ืฉืžืข ืจืขื, ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืคืจืง ืžืคืจืงื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข, ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืง ืœืคืจืง, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื›ื™ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื” ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจืงื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจืขืžื™ื (ืž"ื‘ ืกื•, ื™ื˜). ื•ืื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื”, ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืœื‘ืจืš.

ื‘ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื“ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”. ืื“ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืžื›ืš, ื•ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืืฆืœื•: ืื™ืš ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืจื•ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ืชืง? ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืืœ ื”ืืžืช ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ืื ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื, ืื–ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื”. ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืืจืš ืืคื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื•".
ื•ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื” ืžืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืื• ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš (ื‘"ื—).

ืื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ืื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ืื ืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื™ื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจืš. ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืž"ื, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื ืชืงื ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืชื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื - ืœื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื‘ืจืš. ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืชื”, ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœื™ื” (ืž"ื‘ ืจื›ื“, ื’ ืขืค"ื™ ื"ืจ) 4 .

ืื“ื ืฉืจื•ืื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืขืงืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ื™ื‘ืจืš: "ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”' ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืœืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืžืืจืฆื ื•", (ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ: ื‘ืžืงื•ื "ืžืืจืฆื ื•" ื™ืืžืจ: "ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”"), ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื™ืืžืจ: "ื›ืฉื ืฉืขืงืจืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ ืชืขืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืš". ื•ื›ืš ื™ื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจืš ืฉื•ื‘. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื• ืื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”' ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ืžืžื ื”, ืื• ืฉืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”. ืฉืืžื ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืจื™ืš ืืคื• ื•ืœื ื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ืชืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื”, ื•ื”' ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืขื•ืงืจื” ืžืžืงื•ืžื”.

ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื˜, ื“): "ืืœ ืชืคื ื• ืืœ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ื", ื•ืœืžื“ื• ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื–ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืช ืงืžื˜, ื; ืฉื•"ืข ื™ื•"ื“ ืงืžื‘, ื˜ื•).


^ 1 . ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื-ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื™ื-ืกื•ืฃ "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืื”ืœืš-ื‘ืืžื™ืชืš" ื˜ื–, ื˜ื–, ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื‘ืจืš, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืกื“ื•ื ื•ืขืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื˜ืื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”' ื”ื™ื (ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ืื•"ื— ืจื›ื—, ื•ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืคืจื™ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœื”ื’ืจ"ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื).
^ 2 . ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืืจื‘ืœ, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืจืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื? ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื”ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื‘, ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืชืจื’ืฉ ื™ื‘ืจืš, ื•ืฆ"ืข.
^ 3 . ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ืžืช ื”ืกืคืง ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื "ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ืฉืžื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื—"ื‘ ื™ื‘-ื˜ื•, ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—"ื’ ืจื›ื—, ื“.
^ 4 . ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉืื™ื ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื›ืฉื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื” ื™ื‘ืจื›ื•.
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il