ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ืœื•ื— ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืงื“ืฉืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืชืจ

ื”ืงื“ืฉ

ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
 ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
  • ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื
  • ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืš
  • ื›ืกืœื™ื•
ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
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997
7 ื“ืง' ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืงื“ืฉืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช

ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ืืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขืกื“ืจื•ืชืกืคืจื™ื”ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš
ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื ืคืชืจื•
 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ - ื”ืจื‘ ืจืณ ื“ื•ื‘ืขืจ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, - ื™ืดื˜ ื›ืกืœื• ืฉืดืง ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืชืงืœ"ื–, ื ืชืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืจืžืดืž ืžื”ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืง [ื‘ืขืœ ืดืคืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅืด].
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืกืงื”.
ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจืณ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืงืืœื™ืกืง ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจืณ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคืืœืืฆืง, ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืฉืฉืจื• ื™ื—ื“.
ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ [ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ], ื”ืจื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื”. ืœื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ื“ืง, ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื ืจื’ืฉ. ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ึพืฉืœื”ื‘ืช. ืœื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื, ืœื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืœื ื ืžื•ืš, ืœื ื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื ืจืคื”, ืงื•ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืœืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืžื“ื‘ืง.
ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ.
ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜, ืื—ื“ ืžืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื–ืœืื˜ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ื•ื ืชื—ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ.
ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืฉืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื”ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจื•, ื•ืจืื• ืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื”ืดืฆ ื”ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืžืขื ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืจ' ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื“ื•ื‘ [ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“] ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื™ื - ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืžืช ืžื•ืจื ื•ืจื‘ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ.
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœื• ื•ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื ืงื“ื™ืฉื ืฉืœื•. (ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ืขืžื•ื“ 367)
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ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืขื‘ืจ ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืงืœื•ื‘.
ืื– ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื ืขื ื” ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืกื™ืคื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืดื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืงืจืด, ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืชืจืฅ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื.
ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื” ื•ืืžืจ:
- ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืชืจืฅ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื? ืื ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช: ืดื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจืด - ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ื™ื - ืดื™ื•ืฆืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืด - ื”ื”ืขืœืื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ืฉืœืš ื”ืก ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื” ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืจ, ื ืคืชืจื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืคืชื— ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ืคืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื•ื‘. ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœื“ืจื’ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื ืคืชืจื• ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืฉืงืœื•ื‘ ืงืจืื• ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืดื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื”ืด. (ืœืงื•ื˜ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ื ื’ึพื“ ืขืณ 641)
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™, ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ื”.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืดืžื ื’ืŸืด ืžืœื™ื“ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื’ื ื• ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜, ื•ืฉื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื›ืœ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ืœื“ืชื•, ืžื—ื‘ืจื•, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ.
ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจืณ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื–ืœืื˜ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื. ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜ ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจืณ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื— ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉื ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช.
ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจืณ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืชื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜, ืื– ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืดื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืณ ืžื™ื›ืขืœืณืข ื–ืœืื˜ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจืด, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื• ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ.
ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื’ืณ ื—ืœืงื™ื: ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื ืœืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜, ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ืขืฉืดื˜. (ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืฉ"ื“ ืข' ื™ื–)
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ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืืžื•ืดืจ [ื”ืจืฉืดื‘] ืืžืจ ืคืขื ืœืืณ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื: ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืดืงื•ืœ ื“ืžืžื” ื“ืงื”ืด, ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืดื“ืžืžื”ืด ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื ืดื“ืงื”ืด.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืขืดื‘ ืฉื”ื” ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ืžืขื ื˜ืืŸ - ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื ื›ื—ื• ืื– ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ.
ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื ื’ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืคื“ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ืขืฉื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืืžืจื•: ืœื ื›ืš, ืœื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ืืœื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™.
ื ืขื ื” ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื•ืืžืจ ืœื”ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™: ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืชื ืžื” ืฉืื‘ื™ - ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ - ืืžืจ ืคืขื ืขืœ ื›ืš? ืขื ื” ื”ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™: ืœื, ืื™ื ื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ.
ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ืฉืคืขื ื‘ื”ืชื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื• - ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ - ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื: ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคืœื” ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™. ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืขืช. ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืจืดืœ ืžืคืจืื’ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื - ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืกืžื›ื” ื”ืชืงืจื” - ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืชืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขืœื• ืœืžืขืœื”. ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื ื•ืช ื™ืขืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคืœื” ืœื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื: ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคืœื” ื‘ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘.
ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื–ืœื’ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืื– ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืดื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชืด. ื ืขื ื” ื”ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืืžืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื›ื—ืชื™.
ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืื”ื‘ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“, ื•ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืื™ ืจืณ ืœื•ื™ืง ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœืดื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชืด, ื•ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืจืณ ืœื•ื™ืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืฉืžืข.
ืžืื– ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืจืณ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™. (ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืฉ"ื“ ืข' ื™ื–)

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ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืžื”. ืœื”ืจื”ืดืง ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ื“ืง, ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื ืจื’ืฉ. ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ึพืฉืœื”ื‘ืช. ืœื”ืจื”ืดืง ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœ ื ืขื™ื, ืœื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืœื ื ืžื•ืš, ืœื ื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื ืจืคื”, ืงื•ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืœืจื—ืžื ื•ืช. ืงื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ื•ืžื“ื‘ืง.
ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ
 ื›ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืชื• ื”ื™ืดื˜, ื”ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ืชืงื›ืดื“, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื–ื•ื’ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ - ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ - ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
ืื—ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ึพืœื™ื‘ [ืžื”ืจื™ืดืœ, ื‘ืขืžื—ืดืก ืดืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืด] ืฉื”ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ.
ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืœืžื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ - ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ. ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืงืฆืช. ืื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ืžื” . . ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ. (ืœืง ื•ื˜ื™ ื“ ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ึพื“ ืขืณ 966)
ืดื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืฉืœืฉ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืžืข ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื•ืชืงื•ืŸ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจื™ื–ืดืœ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœืดื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื™ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ืื’ื“ื”, ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืžื—ืงืจ, ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื‘ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืืช ื•ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืขื–.
ื‘ืฆืืชื™ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืชื•. ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœืช ืจื™ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• [ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ืช]. ื•ื‘ืฉืžืขื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื•ืขืžืงื™ ืกื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ืื•ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” - ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉืด.
ืžื•ืจื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืงืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžืื“. ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืฉื™ืงื‘ืข ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื’ืคืดืช, ื•ื”ืžืœืืš ืœืžื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื ื” ืžื•ืจื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื“ ืขืžื”ื.
ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื”ืดืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืงืด ืืžืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืืื–ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ืจื”ืดืง ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ:
ื”ืกื‘ื - ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ - ื”ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืดืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืขืฆืžื™ืด, ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืชื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืกืชืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืชืขืฆื ืืฆืœื• [=ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื”ื•ืชื•], ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช [ืกืคืจ] ื”ืดืชื ื™ืืด ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื. (ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื”'ืชืฉืดื— ืข' 176 ื•ืื™ืœืš)
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ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืงื›ืดื“ึพืชืงื›ืดื”, ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื ืกืข ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ืœื ืžืกืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืžืกืจ ืœื”ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื—ื ืš ื•ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš.
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉืืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•?
ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“: ืขืœื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆืžืš.
ืืกืฃ ืื– ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ ืืชื.
ื›ืฉื‘ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืœื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“, ืฉืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื•, ืื™ืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื—ืกืจ ืจืง ืดื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงืด.
ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“: ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืจื‘ื™, ื•ืืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™ - ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ - ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš.
ืœืžื—ืจืช ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“: ืืชื” ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื™ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื’ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืจื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืชื ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.
ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืดืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืงืด ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืกืœื•ืœื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื”.
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืดืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“. (ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื• ืช ื”ืณืชืฉืดื“ ืขืณ 99 ื• ื ื™ืœืš)
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ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื™ืจ ืชืงืดืœ - ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ [ืœืกืคืจ] ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ [ื›ืดืง ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื”ื–ืงืŸ] ืœื ื›ื“ื• ื”ืจื”ืดืง ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง - ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื ืชืขื›ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ื’ ื”ืกื›ื•ืช ืชืงืœืดื.
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง (ืฆื• ื•, ื•) ืดืืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื”ืด, ื“ื”ื’ื ืฉื”ืืฉ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื‘ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื, ืžืดืž ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ [ืžืืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืžืœืžื˜ื”], ื›ื™ ื‘ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืขื™ืœื [=ื”ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”], ื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ืื™ื™ืชื™ [=ืžื‘ื™ืื”] ืจื•ื— ื•ืืžืฉื™ืš [=ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”] ืจื•ื—, ืจื•ื— ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ื— ืžืœืขื™ืœื [=ืžืœืžืขืœื”], ื•ืืžืฉื™ืš ืจื•ื— ืžืœืขื™ืœื ื•ืœืขื™ืœื.
ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ื•ื ืดืื“ื ื›ื™ ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ ืžื›ืืด [ื”ืื“ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”'], ื•ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื, ื•ืืฉ ื–ื• - ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืœื.
ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืžืจ ืžื•ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื™, ืืชื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืš ื ืฆืจืš ืœื”ืืฉ ืชืžื™ื“, ืœืคื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืืชื” ืชื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืœื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืดืช ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืœื ืœื”ืŸ.
ืžื•ืจื™ ื ืดืข ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืขืฉืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงืงื” ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืœื ื”ืŸ.
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ื•ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืžื— ืฆื“ืง ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ื›ืดืง ืืืžื•ืดืจ ืžื•ื”ืจืดืฉ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืืžืจ:
ื–ืงื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืดืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืด ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ืดื“, ื•ื‘ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืืžืจื• ืจื–ืดืœ (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืœื—,ื) ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืดื” ืืœื ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ.
ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื•ืจืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืดื“ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืžืขื–ืจื™ื˜ืฉ ื ืดืข ืœื”ื•ื“ ื›ืดืง ื–ืงื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ื›ืดืง ื–ืงื ื™ ื ื”ื’ ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช.
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืืœืงื™, ื”ื ื” ืฉื›ืจื• ืืชื• ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื–ื” ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื” ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื. (ืื’ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืดืง ืื“ืžื•ืดืจ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื™ืดืฆ ื ืดืข ื—ืดื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ืข ื•ืื™ืœืš. ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืชืฉืดื— ืขืณ 177)


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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•, ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•?
ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“: ืขืœื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆืžืš.
ืืกืฃ ืื– ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ ืืชื.
ื›ืฉื‘ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืœื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“, ืฉืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื•, ืื™ืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื—ืกืจ ืจืง ืดื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงืด.
ืขื ื” ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“: ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžืจื‘ื™, ื•ืืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœื™ - ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ - ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš.

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ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื ืื•ืจืกื•ืŸ

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    ื›ืกืœื™ื•

    ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื”

    ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืื“ืžื•"ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืœื™ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ

    ื›ืกืœื™ื• ืชืฉืข"ื’
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    ื ื™ืกืŸ

    ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”, ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”

    ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืก' 1 ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื“

    ืชืฉืก"ื“
ื›ืกืœื™ื•
ื›ืกืœื™ื•
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื

ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื™ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื’ื™ ืœื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ
  • ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
     ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืฉืจืงื™
  • ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
     ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืงืœื›ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ืฆ"ืœ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
     ื”ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื›ืžืŸ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ
  • ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืฉืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
     ื”ืจื”"ื’ ืฉืœืžื” ืคื™ืฉืจ ื–ืฆ"ืœ
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    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš

    ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ืš โ€“ ื—ืงืช

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืขืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ 606

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข

    ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืฉื. ืขืœ ื“ืช, ืจื ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช

    ืžื’ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ื—ืงืช

    ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš?

    ื”ืจื‘ ื ืชื ืืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื”

    ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ: ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™

    ื”ืจื‘ ืื•ืจื™ ืกื“ืŸ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืฆื‘ื

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”

    ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื”, ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช

    ื”ืจื‘ ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืจื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื

    ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื

    ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืข | ื’ื ืื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช | ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”' ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื | ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื ื‘ืจื "ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืจื”", ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”

    ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžืœืžื“ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช ืค"ืฉ

    ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื-ืช-ืค"ืฉ ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช

    ื•ึทื™ึตึผืฉึถืื‘ ื‘ึฐึผืึถืจึถืฅ ื˜ื•ึนื‘. ืžื”ื™ ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื” | ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• | ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•, ื•ืจืง ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื“ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• | ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื— ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”. ื•ืขื•ื“!

    ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ - ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื

    ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช

    ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื’' ืคืกืงื” ื”-ื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžื‘ืืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™, ืฉืฉื™ืื• ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืจืข ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ.

    ื”ืจื”"ื’ ื–ืœืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžืœืžื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜"ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    33 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™

    ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื

    ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืคืกืงื” ื–'

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ ื•ืื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืžืจื, ืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ | ื›"ื’ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    33 ื“ืง'
    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉ"ืก

    ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช

    ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืœืกื“ืจ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“ืžื™ื ืœืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืคื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื›ืœื™, ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื–ืื’ื | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ

    ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื

    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืง ื”, ืคืกืงื” ื–-ื—

    ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•- ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘: ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ | ื‘' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    30 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืœืข ืื• ื”ื›ืืชื•

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    10 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื - ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    1:00
    ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืคื™ืš - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•

    ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืงืช ืชืฉืค"ื• โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืชื›ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื• | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    23 ื“ืง'
    ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืชื•

    ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

    ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘" ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืชื•ืš ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืืจืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœืŸ.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื’ื ืฅ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
  • undefined
    35 ื“ืง'
    ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช

    ื ืคื™ืœืช ืืคื™ื™ื - ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    7 ื“ืง'
    ื›ื”ื ื™ื

    ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื

    ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ | ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    34 ื“ืง'
    ื—ืงืช

    ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ

    ื”ืจื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืขื•ืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื•ื”ื˜ื”ืจื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจื‘ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืฉืžื— ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘"ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ืืจ" ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข.

    ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ | ื’' ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืค"ื•
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    39 ื“ืง'
    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ.ื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ

    ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

    ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” - ืžืืžืจ "ื ืื“ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืกืขื™ืฃ ื“'

    ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.

    ื”ืจื‘ ืฉ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืŸ | ืœ' ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืค"ื•
ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื
ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™

ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.

ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืชืจ yeshiva.org.il